川西亚高山暗针叶林恢复过程中岷江冷杉天然更新状况及其影响因子

doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2009.04.003

植物生态学报 ›› 2009, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (4): 646-657.DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2009.04.003

川西亚高山暗针叶林恢复过程中岷江冷杉天然更新状况及其影响因子

马姜明¹^,²^,³, 刘世荣¹^,^*(), 史作民¹, 张远东¹, 缪宁¹

1 中国林业科学研究院森林生态环境与保护研究所国家林业局森林生态环境重点实验室,北京 100091
2 广西师范大学珍稀濒危动植物生态与环境保护省部共建教育部重点实验室,桂林 541004
3 广西环境工程与保护评价重点实验室,桂林 541004

收稿日期:2008-07-20 修回日期:2009-02-05 出版日期:2009-07-20 发布日期:2009-07-30
通讯作者: 刘世荣
作者简介:*(liusr@caf.ac.cn)
基金资助:
国家“十一五”林业科技支撑计划项目(2006BAD03A0402);国家“十一五”林业科技支撑计划项目(2006BAD03A100302);国家重点基础研究发展规划项目(G2002CB111504);广西师范大学博士启动基金和广西环境工程与保护评价重点实验室研究基金桂科能(0802K011)

NATURAL REGENERATION OF ABIES FAXONIANA ALONG RESTORATION GRADIENTS OF SUBALPINE DARK CONIFEROUS FOREST IN WESTERN SICHUAN, CHINA

MA Jiang-Ming¹^,²^,³, LIU Shi-Rong¹^,^*(), SHI Zuo-Min¹, ZHANG Yuan-Dong¹, MIAO Ning¹

¹Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of State Forestry Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
²Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, China, Guilin 541004, China
³The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Protection and Assessment, Guilin 541004, China

Received:2008-07-20 Revised:2009-02-05 Online:2009-07-20 Published:2009-07-30
Contact: LIU Shi-Rong

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在川西亚高山米亚罗林区海拔3 100~3 600 m阴坡、半阴坡, 以立地条件基本一致的箭竹和藓类林型不同恢复阶段(20~40 a生的箭竹阔叶林、50 a生的箭竹针阔混交林、160~200 a生的箭竹原始暗针叶老龄林; 20~40 a生的藓类阔叶林、50 a生的藓类针阔混交林、160~200 a生的藓类原始暗针叶老龄林)的群落为研究对象, 共设置了50个样方(20 m×20 m), 采用空间代时间的方法分析了岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)的天然更新状况, 并采用通径分析法对其影响因子进行分析。结果表明: 箭竹和藓类两种森林类型岷江冷杉幼苗、幼树和小树的密度偏低。对于箭竹林型不同恢复阶段, 岷江冷杉幼苗密度＜幼树密度＜小树密度; 对于藓类林型不同恢复阶段, 藓类阔叶林幼树密度大于幼苗和小树密度, 藓类针阔混交林小树密度大于幼苗和幼树密度, 而藓类原始暗针叶老龄林幼苗密度大于幼树和小树密度。藓类林型岷江冷杉天然更新状况好于箭竹林型。对箭竹林型而言, 影响岷江冷杉天然更新的关键因子为母树密度、倒木蓄积量、箭竹盖度和苔藓层厚度, 其中母树密度和倒木蓄积量对岷江冷杉天然更新起着促进作用, 箭竹盖度和苔藓层厚度对岷江冷杉天然更新起着阻碍作用; 对于藓类林型而言, 影响岷江冷杉天然更新的关键因子为灌木盖度和苔藓层厚度。灌木和苔藓有利于幼苗的发生, 但不利于幼苗向幼树、小树的过渡。

关键词: 岷江冷杉, 天然更新, 影响因子, 通径分析, 川西亚高山

Abstract:

Aims Subalpine dark coniferous forests in western Sichuan, China include natural old-growth forests and successional forests that regenerated mainly following logging over the past 50 years. Both the bamboo and moss forest types are comprised of three different restoration stages: broad-leaved forest 20-40 years old, conifer/broad-leaved mixed forest 50 years old and old-growth dark coniferous forest 160-200 years old. Our objectives were to understand how subalpine dark coniferous forests naturally regenerated following disturbance and determine key factors influencing natural regeneration.
Methods We investigated densities of seedlings, saplings and small trees of the climax dominant tree species Abies faxoniana in 50 quadrats along a gradient of the different successional stages in both the bamboo and moss forest types located at 3 100-3 600 m elevation on north or northwest aspects.
Important findings The densities of seedlings, saplings and small trees of A. faxoniana were generally relatively low in both the bamboo and moss forest types, but higher than that in moss forest types. Key factors enhancing natural regeneration of A. faxoniana in the bamboo forest types were density of seed-bearing trees and the stock of fallen wood. Negative factors were coverage of bamboo and thickness of moss. In the moss forest types, the coverage of shrubs and thickness of moss enhanced the occurrence of seedlings of A. faxoniana but limited the development of saplings and small trees.

Key words: Abies faxoniana, natural regeneration, influencing factors, path analysis, subalpine of western Sichuan, China

马姜明, 刘世荣, 史作民, 张远东, 缪宁. 川西亚高山暗针叶林恢复过程中岷江冷杉天然更新状况及其影响因子. 植物生态学报, 2009, 33(4): 646-657. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2009.04.003

MA Jiang-Ming, LIU Shi-Rong, SHI Zuo-Min, ZHANG Yuan-Dong, MIAO Ning. NATURAL REGENERATION OF ABIES FAXONIANA ALONG RESTORATION GRADIENTS OF SUBALPINE DARK CONIFEROUS FOREST IN WESTERN SICHUAN, CHINA. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2009, 33(4): 646-657. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2009.04.003

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图/表 12

参考文献 44

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海拔 Elevation (m)	坡向 Slope direction	坡度 Gradient (°)	郁闭度 Canopy density (%)	主要树种 Dominant tree species
3 100~3 500	N, NE, NW	25~40	84	红桦(Betula albo-sinensis)、野樱桃(Prunus spp.)、花楸(Sorbus spp.)、槭树(Acer spp.)、岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)
3 100~3 450	N, NW	25~40	82	红桦、岷江冷杉、花楸(Sorbus spp.)、槭树(Acer spp.)
3 400~3 500	NE, N, NW	25~40	79	岷江冷杉、紫果云杉(Picea purpurea)
3 300~3 550	N, NE, NW	25~40	83	红桦、野樱桃(Prunus spp.)、花楸(Sorbus spp.)、岷江冷杉
3 350~3 500	N, NW	25~40	81	红桦、岷江冷杉、花楸(Sorbus spp.)
3 300~3 550	NE, N, NW	25~40	78	岷江冷杉、紫果云杉

海拔 Elevation (m)	坡向 Slope direction	坡度 Gradient (°)	郁闭度 Canopy density (%)	主要树种 Dominant tree species
3 100~3 500	N, NE, NW	25~40	84	红桦(Betula albo-sinensis)、野樱桃(Prunus spp.)、花楸(Sorbus spp.)、槭树(Acer spp.)、岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)
3 100~3 450	N, NW	25~40	82	红桦、岷江冷杉、花楸(Sorbus spp.)、槭树(Acer spp.)
3 400~3 500	NE, N, NW	25~40	79	岷江冷杉、紫果云杉(Picea purpurea)
3 300~3 550	N, NE, NW	25~40	83	红桦、野樱桃(Prunus spp.)、花楸(Sorbus spp.)、岷江冷杉
3 350~3 500	N, NW	25~40	81	红桦、岷江冷杉、花楸(Sorbus spp.)
3 300~3 550	NE, N, NW	25~40	78	岷江冷杉、紫果云杉

项目 Items	幼苗 Seedlings	幼树 Saplings	小树 Small trees
恢复阶段 Restoration stages	4 228.81^**	500.18^**	470.15^**
森林类型 Forest types	3 054.16^**	653.76^**	670.22^**
恢复阶段×森林类型 Interaction	2 366.74^**	7.26^**	70.59^**

项目 Items	幼苗 Seedlings	幼树 Saplings	小树 Small trees
恢复阶段 Restoration stages	4 228.81^**	500.18^**	470.15^**
森林类型 Forest types	3 054.16^**	653.76^**	670.22^**
恢复阶段×森林类型 Interaction	2 366.74^**	7.26^**	70.59^**

项目 Items	X2	X3	X4	X5	X6	Y1	Y2	Y3
林分郁闭度 (X1) Canopy density (%)	-0.578 0^*	0.474 4	~0.459 1	0.540 9^*	-0.554 6^*	-0.501 2	-0.552 1^*	-0.476 8
母树密度 (X2) Density of mother tree (stems·hm^-2)		-0.785 6^**	0.944 8^**	-0.704 1^**	0.958 6^**	0.789 2^**	0.873 2^**	0.822 3^**
草本层盖度 (X3) Coverage of herbage (%)			-0.787 7^**	0.657 9^**	-0.679 7^**	-0.871 9^**	-0.885 9^**	-0.811 4^**
倒木蓄积量 (X4) Stock of fallen wood (m³·hm^-2)				-0.627 9^*	0.898 1^**	0.788 1^**	0.868 4^**	0.797 6^**
箭竹盖度 (X5) Coverage of bamboo (%)					-0.601 1^*	-0.844 4^**	-0.860 1^**	-0.861 6^**
苔藓层厚度 (X6) Thickness of moss (cm)						0.625 8^*	0.752 5^**	0.687 0^**

川西亚高山暗针叶林恢复过程中岷江冷杉天然更新状况及其影响因子

NATURAL REGENERATION OF ABIES FAXONIANA ALONG RESTORATION GRADIENTS OF SUBALPINE DARK CONIFEROUS FOREST IN WESTERN SICHUAN, CHINA

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项目 Items	X2	X3	X4	X5	X6	Y1	Y2	Y3
X1	-0.632 4^*	0.511 0	-0.546 6^*	0.510 0	-0.538 1^*	-0.509 4	-0.544 2^*	-0.570 6^*
X2		-0.786 7^**	0.896 5^**	-0.920 8^**	0.941 9^**	0.941 3^**	0.887 6^**	0.867 7^**
X3			-0.801 0^**	0.896 2^**	-0.815 4^**	-0.769 3^**	-0.911 8^**	-0.896 0^**
X4				-0.907 2^**	0.955 1^**	0.959 6^**	0.892 7^**	0.850 9^**
X5					-0.974 1^**	-0.948 2^**	-0.967 9^**	-0.961 9^**
X6						0.992 3^**	0.932 3^**	0.915 7^**

影响因子 Influencing factors	直接效应 Direct effect	间接效应 Indirect effect						小计 Total	相关系数 Correlation coefficients
影响因子 Influencing factors	直接效应 Direct effect	X1→Y1	X2→Y1	X3→Y1	X4→Y1	X5→Y1	X6→Y1	小计 Total	相关系数 Correlation coefficients
X1	-0.025 4 (0.000 6)^a		-0.464 4 (0.023 6)	-0.157 5 (0.008 0)	-0.158 3 (0.008 0)	-0.209 3 (0.010 6)	0.513 7 (-0.026 1)	-0.475 8	-0.501 2
X2	0.803 4^* (0.645 5)	0.014 7		0.260 8 (0.419 1)	0.325 8 (0.523 6)	0.272 4 (0.437 7)	-0.888 0 (-1.426 9)	-0.014 2	0.789 2^**
X3	-0.332 0 (0.110 2)	-0.012 1	-0.631 2		-0.271 6 (0.180 4)	-0.254 6 (0.169 0)	0.629 6 (0.418 1)	-0.539 9	-0.871 9^**
X4	0.344 9^* (0.119 0)	0.011 7	0.759 1	0.261 5		0.243 0 (0.167 6)	-0.832 0 (-0.573 9)	0.443 2	0.788 1^**
X5	-0.386 9^* (0.149 7)	-0.013 8	-0.565 7	-0.218 4	-0.216 5		0.556 9 (-0.430 9)	-0.457 5	-0.844 4^**
X6	-0.926 4^* (0.858 2)	0.014 1	0.770 2	0.225 6	0.309 8	0.232 6		1.552 2	0.625 8^*

影响因子 Influencing factors	直接效应 Direct effect	间接效应 Indirect effect						小计 Total	相关系数 Correlation coefficients
影响因子 Influencing factors	直接效应 Direct effect	X1→Y2	X2→Y2	X3→Y2	X4→Y2	X5→Y2	X6→Y2	小计 Total	相关系数 Correlation coefficients
X1	-0.039 3 (0.001 5)		-0.184 8 (0.014 5)	-0.137 0 (0.010 8)	-0.194 3 (0.015 3)	-0.211 3 (0.016 6)	0.214 6 (-0.016 9)	-0.512 8	-0.552 1^*
X2	0.319 6 (0.102 2)	0.022 7		0.226 9 (0.145 1)	0.399 8 (0.255 6)	0.275 1 (0.175 9)	-0.370 9 (-0.237 1)	0.553 6	0.873 2^**
X3	-0.288 8 (0.083 4)	-0.018 7	-0.251 1		-0.333 3 (0.192 5)	-0.257 1 (0.148 5)	0.263 0 (-0.151 9)	-0.597 1	-0.885 9^**
X4	0.423 1^* (0.179 0)	0.018 1	0.302 0	0.227 5		0.245 3 (0.207 6)	-0.347 5 (-0.294 1)	0.445 3	0.868 4^**
X5	-0.390 7^* (0.152 7)	-0.021 3	-0.225 0	-0.190 0	-0.265 7		0.232 6 (-0.181 8)	-0.469 4	-0.860 1^**
X6	-0.386 9 ^* (0.149 7)	0.021 8	0.306 4	0.196 3	0.380 0	0.234 9		1.139 4	0.752 5^**

影响因子 Influencing factors	直接效应 Direct effect	间接效应 Indirect effect						小计 Total	相关系数 Correlation coefficients
影响因子 Influencing factors	直接效应 Direct effect	X1→Y3	X2→Y3	X3→Y3	X4→Y3	X5→Y3	X6→Y3	小计 Total	相关系数 Correlation coefficients
X1	0.071 4 (0.005 1)		-0.507 7 (-0.072 5)	-0.075 9 (-0.010 8)	-0.083 3 (-0.011 9)	-0.250 1 (-0.035 7)	0.368 8 (0.052 6)	-0.548 2	-0.476 8
X2	0.878 4^* (0.771 6)	-0.041 3		0.125 7 (0.220 8)	0.171 5 (0.301 3)	0.325 5 (0.571 8)	-0.637 5 (-1.119 9)	-0.056 1	0.822 3^**
X3	-0.160 0 (0.025 6)	0.033 9	-0.690 1		-0.143 0 (0.045 7)	-0.304 2 (0.097 3)	0.452 0 (-0.144 6)	-0.651 4	-0.811 4^**
X4	0.181 5 (0.032 9)	-0.032 8	0.829 9	0.126 0		0.290 3 (0.105 4)	-0.597 3 (-0.216 8)	0.616 1	0.797 6^**
X5	-0.462 3^* (0.213 7)	0.038 6	-0.618 4	-0.105 2	-0.114 0		0.399 8 (-0.369 6)	-0.399 3	-0.861 6^**
X6	-0.665 0^* (0.442 2)	-0.039 6	0.842 0	0.108 7	0.163 0	0.277 9		1.352 0	0.687 0^**

[1]	王燕玲, 招礼军, 朱栗琼, 莫若果, 林婷, 赵小雨. 广西天然红鳞蒲桃种群幼苗数量特征及动态分析[J]. 植物生态学报, 2023, 47(9): 1278-1286.
[2]	李冠军, 陈珑, 余雯静, 苏亲桂, 吴承祯, 苏军, 李键. 固体培养内生真菌对土壤盐胁迫下木麻黄幼苗渗透调节和抗氧化系统的影响[J]. 植物生态学报, 2023, 47(6): 804-821.
[3]	郑周涛, 张扬建. 1982-2018年青藏高原水分利用效率变化及归因分析[J]. 植物生态学报, 2022, 46(12): 1486-1496.
[4]	蒋芬, 黄娟, 褚国伟, 程严, 刘旭军, 刘菊秀, 列志旸. 增温对南亚热带森林土壤磷形态的影响及其对有效磷的贡献[J]. 植物生态学报, 2021, 45(2): 197-206.
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[8]	谭丽萍, 刘苏峡, 莫兴国, 杨丽虎, 林忠辉. 华北人工林水热碳通量环境影响因子分析[J]. 植物生态学报, 2015, 39(8): 773-784.
[9]	李茂萍, 缪宁, 喻泓, 马姜明. 青藏高原东缘红桦-岷江冷杉次生林中大径级保留木对其他林木的影响[J]. 植物生态学报, 2014, 38(12): 1263-1272.
[10]	夏磊, 吴福忠, 杨万勤. 季节性冻融期间土壤动物对岷江冷杉凋落叶质量损失的贡献[J]. 植物生态学报, 2011, 35(11): 1127-1135.
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影响因子 Influencing factors	直接效应 Direct effect	间接效应 Indirect effect						小计 Total	相关系数 Correlation coefficients
影响因子 Influencing factors	直接效应 Direct effect	X1→Y1	X2→Y1	X3→Y1	X4→Y1	X5→Y1	X6→Y1	小计 Total	相关系数 Correlation coefficients
X1	0.067 1 (0.004 5)^a		-0.095 9 (-0.012 9)	0.021 9 (0.002 9)	-0.059 7 (-0.008 0)	0.129 4 (0.017 4)	-0.572 2 (-0.076 8)	-0.576 5	-0.509 4
X2	0.151 7 (0.023 0)	-0.042 4		-0.033 8 (-0.010 3)	0.097 9 (0.029 7)	-0.233 7 (-0.070 9)	1.001 6 (0.303 9)	0.789 7	0.941 3^**
X3	0.043 0 (0.001 8)	0.034 3	-0.119 4		-0.087 5 (-0.007 5)	0.227 4 (0.019 5)	-0.867 1 (-0.074 5)	-0.812 3	-0.769 3^**
X4	0.109 2 (0.011 9)	-0.036 7	0.136 0	-0.034 4		-0.230 2 (-0.050 3)	1.015 7 (0.221 9)	0.850 4	0.959 6^**
X5	0.253 8 (0.064 4)	0.034 2	-0.139 7	0.038 5	-0.099 1		-1.035 9 (-0.525 7)	-1.202 0	-0.948 2^**
X6	1.063 4^** (1.130 8)	-0.036 1	0.142 9	-0.035 0	0.104 3	-0.247 2		-0.071 1	0.992 3^**

影响因子 Influencing factors	直接效应 Direct effect	间接效应 Indirect effect						小计 Total	相关系数 Correlation coefficients
影响因子 Influencing factors	直接效应 Direct effect	X1→Y1	X2→Y1	X3→Y1	X4→Y1	X5→Y1	X6→Y1	小计 Total	相关系数 Correlation coefficients
X1	0.067 1 (0.004 5)^a		-0.095 9 (-0.012 9)	0.021 9 (0.002 9)	-0.059 7 (-0.008 0)	0.129 4 (0.017 4)	-0.572 2 (-0.076 8)	-0.576 5	-0.509 4
X2	0.151 7 (0.023 0)	-0.042 4		-0.033 8 (-0.010 3)	0.097 9 (0.029 7)	-0.233 7 (-0.070 9)	1.001 6 (0.303 9)	0.789 7	0.941 3^**
X3	0.043 0 (0.001 8)	0.034 3	-0.119 4		-0.087 5 (-0.007 5)	0.227 4 (0.019 5)	-0.867 1 (-0.074 5)	-0.812 3	-0.769 3^**
X4	0.109 2 (0.011 9)	-0.036 7	0.136 0	-0.034 4		-0.230 2 (-0.050 3)	1.015 7 (0.221 9)	0.850 4	0.959 6^**
X5	0.253 8 (0.064 4)	0.034 2	-0.139 7	0.038 5	-0.099 1		-1.035 9 (-0.525 7)	-1.202 0	-0.948 2^**
X6	1.063 4^** (1.130 8)	-0.036 1	0.142 9	-0.035 0	0.104 3	-0.247 2		-0.071 1	0.992 3^**

影响因子 Influencing factors	直接效应 Direct effect	间接效应 Indirect effect						小计 Total	相关系数 Correlation coefficients
影响因子 Influencing factors	直接效应 Direct effect	X1→Y2	X2→Y2	X3→Y2	X4→Y2	X5→Y2	X6→Y2	小计 Total	相关系数 Correlation coefficients
X1	-0.073 6 (0.005 4)		0.019 5 (-0.002 9)	-0.011 0 (0.001 6)	-0.182 6 (0.026 9)	-0.662 4 (0.097 5)	0.365 8 (-0.053 8)	-0.470 6	-0.544 2^*
X2	-0.030 9 (0.001 0)	0.046 5		0.016 9 (-0.001 0)	0.299 4 (-0.018 5)	1.195 9 (-0.073 9)	-0.640 3 (0.039 6)	0.918 5	0.887 6^**
X3	-0.021 5 (0.000 5)	-0.037 6	0.024 3		-0.267 5 (0.011 5)	-1.164 0 (0.050 1)	0.554 3 (-0.023 8)	-0.890 5	-0.911 8^**
X4	0.334 0 (0.111 6)	0.040 2	-0.027 7	0.017 2		1.178 3 (0.787 1)	-0.649 3 (-0.433 7)	0.558 7	0.892 7^**
X5	-1.298 8^** (1.686 9)	-0.037 5	0.028 5	-0.019 3	-0.303 0		0.662 2 (-1.720 1)	0.330 8	-0.967 9^**
X6	-0.679 8^* (0.462 1)	0.039 6	-0.029 1	0.017 5	0.319 0	1.265 2		1.612 2	0.932 3^**

影响因子 Influencing factors	直接效应 Direct effect	间接效应 Indirect effect						小计 Total	相关系数 Correlation coefficients
影响因子 Influencing factors	直接效应 Direct effect	X1→Y2	X2→Y2	X3→Y2	X4→Y2	X5→Y2	X6→Y2	小计 Total	相关系数 Correlation coefficients
X1	-0.073 6 (0.005 4)		0.019 5 (-0.002 9)	-0.011 0 (0.001 6)	-0.182 6 (0.026 9)	-0.662 4 (0.097 5)	0.365 8 (-0.053 8)	-0.470 6	-0.544 2^*
X2	-0.030 9 (0.001 0)	0.046 5		0.016 9 (-0.001 0)	0.299 4 (-0.018 5)	1.195 9 (-0.073 9)	-0.640 3 (0.039 6)	0.918 5	0.887 6^**
X3	-0.021 5 (0.000 5)	-0.037 6	0.024 3		-0.267 5 (0.011 5)	-1.164 0 (0.050 1)	0.554 3 (-0.023 8)	-0.890 5	-0.911 8^**
X4	0.334 0 (0.111 6)	0.040 2	-0.027 7	0.017 2		1.178 3 (0.787 1)	-0.649 3 (-0.433 7)	0.558 7	0.892 7^**
X5	-1.298 8^** (1.686 9)	-0.037 5	0.028 5	-0.019 3	-0.303 0		0.662 2 (-1.720 1)	0.330 8	-0.967 9^**
X6	-0.679 8^* (0.462 1)	0.039 6	-0.029 1	0.017 5	0.319 0	1.265 2		1.612 2	0.932 3^**