放牧对内蒙古锡林河流域草地群落植物茎叶生物量资源分配的影响

doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2009.06.006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以内蒙古锡林河流域沿水分梯度分布的灰脉苔草(Carex appendiculata)、贝加尔针茅(Stipa baicalensis)、羊草(Leymus chinensis)、大针茅(Stipa grandis)、小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)和冷蒿(Artemisia frigida) 6个草地群落为对象, 研究了围封禁牧与放牧样地中144个共有植物种的高度、丛幅面积、茎、叶和株(丛)生物量、茎叶比等性状。结果表明: 1)在个体水平上, 放牧样地中植物的生殖枝高度、营养枝高度、丛幅面积、单株(丛)生物量、茎、叶生物量和茎叶比均显著低于围封禁牧样地, 植物在放牧干扰下表现出明显的小型化现象; 2)在群落水平上, 放牧亦显著降低了群落总生物量和茎、叶生物量; 3)过度放牧显著改变了物种的资源分配策略, 使生物量向叶的分配比例增加, 向茎的分配比例减少。资源优先向同化器官分配可能是植物对长期放牧干扰的一种重要适应对策; 4)轻度放牧对物种的资源分配没有显著影响, 单株(丛)生物量和群落茎、叶及总生物量均表现出增加趋势, 这与过度放牧的影响正好相反。过度放牧引起的植物个体小型化改变了生态系统中物种的资源分配策略, 进而对生态系统功能产生重要的影响。

关键词: 放牧, 植物形态性状, 个体小型化, 茎叶比, 资源分配

Abstract:

Aims Our objective is to determine whether 1) characteristics of gazing-induced individual miniaturization differ among plant species and across grassland communities, 2) miniaturized plants have detectable changes in resource allocation, and 3) grazing-induced changes in plant resource allocation affect ecosystem functioning at the plant community level.
Methods Resource allocation of 144 common species from grassland communities, i.e. Carex appendiculata meadow,Stipa baicalensis meadow steppe,Leymus chinensis typical steppe,Stipa grandis typical steppe, Caragana microphylla typical steppe, and Artemisia frigida typical steppe, were investigated along a soil moisture gradient in the Xilin River Basin, Inner Mongolia. We measured morphological traits, including reproductive height, vegetative height, canopy coverage, leaf biomass, stem biomass, stem:leaf ratio, and total biomass of common species at the individual and community levels from paired ungrazed and grazed plots.
Important findings Long-term grazing across the six grassland communities significantly decreased average plant morphological traits such as reproductive height, vegetative height, canopy coverage, leaf biomass, stem biomass, stem:leaf ratio, and total individual biomass in 55%-94% of the common plant species, indicating that individuals tend to miniaturize in response to overgrazing. At the community level, grazing also decreased stem, leaf, and total aboveground biomass. Plant species increased their biomass allocation to leaves, but decreased biomass allocation to stems in grazed plots as compared to the ungrazed plots. This suggests that the increase in resource allocation to photosynthetic organs (e.g., leaves) is likely an important strategy of plants adapting to long-term grazing. In contrast, light grazing increased plant biomass production at both individual and community levels at the meadow steppe. In addition, soil moisture may have important effects on plant resource allocation, with high biomass allocation to stems in wet habitats.

Key words: grazing, morphological traits, individual miniaturization, stem:leaf ratio, resource allocation

任海彦, 郑淑霞, 白永飞. 放牧对内蒙古锡林河流域草地群落植物茎叶生物量资源分配的影响. 植物生态学报, 2009, 33(6): 1065-1074. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2009.06.006

REN Hai-Yan, ZHENG Shu-Xia, BAI Yong-Fei. EFFECTS OF GRAZING ON FOLIAGE BIOMASS ALLOCATION OF GRASSLAND COMMUNITIES IN XILIN RIVER BASIN, INNER MONGOLIA. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2009, 33(6): 1065-1074. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2009.06.006

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2009.06.006

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2009/V33/I6/1065

图/表 7

表1 内蒙古锡林河流域6个草地群落放牧和禁牧样地的基本特征

Table 1 Characteristics of the six pairs of ungrazed and grazed grassland communities in Xilin River Basin, Inner Mongolia

图1 不同草地群落禁牧样地和放牧样地植物个体平均功能性状的比较 Average: 6个群落所有观测值的平均值 Average value of 6 communities C.a.: 灰脉苔草群落 Carex appendiculata community S.b.: 贝加尔针茅群落 Stipa baicalensis community L.c.: 羊草群落 Leymus chinensis community S.g.: 大针茅群落 Stipa grandis community C.m.: 小叶锦鸡儿群落 Caragana microphylla community A.f.: 冷蒿群落Artemisia frigida community *: p<0.05 **: p<0.01 ns: 差异不显著(p>0.05) No significant differences at p>0.05

Fig. 1 Comparisons of plant functional traits between the ungrazed and grazed plots across different grassland communities

表2 6对草地群落中放牧和围封禁牧样地共有种功能性状和生物量分配格局

Table 2 Plant functional traits and biomass allocation patterns of common species between the ungrazed and grazed plots across the six grassland communities

群落名称 Community type	共有种总数 Total number of common species	对放牧的响应方式Response patterns to grazing	生殖枝高度 Reproductive height (cm)	叶层平均高度 Vegetative height (cm)	丛幅面积 Canopy coverage (m²)	单株生物量Biomass per individual (g·plant^-1)	茎生物量 Stem biomass (g· plant^-1)	叶生物量 Leaf biomass (g· plant^-1)	茎叶比 Stem: leaf ratio	茎百分比 Stem biomass percentage	叶百分比Leaf biomass percentage
灰脉苔草草甸 Carex appendiculata meadow	35	-	32	34	23	24	26	22	20	18	12
		+	1	1	10	5	6	6	7	7	16
		0	2	0	2	6	3	7	8	10	7
贝加尔针茅草甸草原 Stipa baicalensis meadow steppe	49	-	21	24	30	21	21	19	16	16	19
		+	11	14	14	20	22	17	16	15	15
		0	17	11	5	8	6	13	17	18	15
羊草草原 Leymus chinensis typical steppe	12	-	12	10	9	11	11	11	8	6	1
		+	0	0	3	0	0	0	1	2	8
		0	0	2	0	1	1	1	3	4	3
大针茅草原* Stipa grandis typical steppe	9	-	9	8	8	8	7	7	7	7	0
		+	0	0	1	1	1	1	2	2	8
		0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	1
小叶锦鸡儿草原 Caragana microphylla typical steppe	12	-	10	11	10	10	10	9	7	6	3
		+	0	0	2	1	2	1	3	4	6
		0	2	1	0	1	0	2	2	2	3
冷蒿草原 Artemisia frigida typical steppe	24	-	22	17	13	10	10	12	14	13	7
		+	2	3	9	11	10	9	5	6	13
		0	0	4	2	3	4	3	5	5	4

图2 不同群落中禁牧样地和放牧样地植株茎生物量、叶生物量和茎叶比图注同图1

Fig. 2 Average stem biomass, leaf biomass, and stem:leaf ratio between the ungrazed and grazed plots across different grassland communities Notes see Fig. 1

图3 不同群落中禁牧样地和放牧样地植物个体茎和叶生物量的分配图注同图1

Fig. 3 Biomass allocations to stem and leaf between the ungrazed and grazed plots across different communities Notes see Fig. 1

图4 不同群落禁牧样地和放牧样地群落地上植物总生物量和茎、叶生物量图注同图1

Fig. 4 Total community biomass and biomass of stems and leaves between the ungrazed and grazed plots Notes see Fig. 1

表3 放牧对植物茎叶比的影响

Table 3 Effect of grazing on plant stem:leaf ratio across species, community types, and vegetation types

响应变量 Responsive variables	df	F	p
放牧 Grazing (G)	1	53.54	0.000
物种 Species (S)	144	15.68	0.000
群落类型 Community type (CT)	5	3.15	0.008
植被类型 Vegetation type (VT)	2	1.31	0.271
放牧×物种 G×S	140	11.15	0.000
植被类型×物种 VT×S	24	0.74	0.812
群落类型×物种 CT×S	55	0.91	0.665
放牧×植被类型 G×VT	2	0.41	0.812
放牧×群落类型 G×CT	5	0.45	0.665
放牧×植被类型×物种 G×VT×S	22	1.30	0.157
放牧×群落类型×物种 G×CT×S	51	0.84	0.785

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