二代野猪放牧对夹金山针阔混交林物种多样性与土壤理化性质的影响

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2021.0107

植物生态学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (2): 197-207.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2021.0107

二代野猪放牧对夹金山针阔混交林物种多样性与土壤理化性质的影响

郝建锋¹^,², 周润惠¹, 姚小兰³, 喻静¹, 陈聪琳¹, 向琳¹, 王姚瑶¹, 苏天成¹, 齐锦秋¹^,⁴^,^*()

¹四川农业大学林学院, 成都 611130
²四川农业大学水土保持与荒漠化防治实验室, 成都 611130
³海南大学生态与环境学院, 海口 570228
⁴四川农业大学木材工业与家具工程实验室, 成都 611130

收稿日期:2021-03-23 接受日期:2021-07-16 出版日期:2022-02-20 发布日期:2021-08-06
通讯作者: 齐锦秋
作者简介:*(704060294@qq.com)
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(32071591);国家重点研发计划(2016YFC050330301)

Effects of the second generation wild boar grazing on species diversity and soil physicochemical properties of coniferous-broad-leaved mixed forest in Jiajin Mountain, China

HAO Jian-Feng¹^,², ZHOU Run-Hui¹, YAO Xiao-Lan³, YU Jing¹, CHEN Cong-Lin¹, XIANG Lin¹, WANG Yao-Yao¹, SU Tian-Cheng¹, QI Jin-Qiu¹^,⁴^,^*()

¹College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
²Laboratory of Soil & Water Conservation and Desertification Combating, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
³College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
⁴Laboratory of Wood Industry and Furniture Engineering, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China

Received:2021-03-23 Accepted:2021-07-16 Online:2022-02-20 Published:2021-08-06
Contact: QI Jin-Qiu
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071591);National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFC050330301)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了深入认识二代野猪放牧对夹金山针阔混交林物种多样性特征和土壤理化性质的影响, 以便为该区域针阔混交林的生态稳定性维持以及科学放牧提供参考, 该研究在全面踏查的基础上, 根据牧道数量、面积、野猪行为特征及活动范围划分4种放牧干扰强度(由强到弱依次为I、II、III、IV), 并设置无干扰状态作为对照(CK), 探讨不同放牧干扰强度对物种多样性和土壤理化性质的影响以及二者之间的作用关系。主要结果: (1)共记录到维管植物172种, 隶属于55科117属, 轻度干扰(IV)下乔灌草的科、属、种数目均达到最高。(2)乔灌草3层多样性指数对干扰强度的响应基本一致, IV级干扰下丰富度指数(S)、Shannon多样性指数(H′)和Simpson优势度指数(D)达到最大, 高于CK, 随干扰增强多样性水平均趋下降; 各干扰强度间Pielou均匀度指数(E)差异不显著。(3)相比于CK, 野猪放牧致使土壤含水量、最大含水量、全氮含量下降, 放牧压力越大, 下降比例越大; 土壤孔隙度、全磷、速效磷、有机质含量在IV级干扰时有所增加, I-III级干扰下明显削减; 土壤密度随干扰增强而增大。(4)冗余分析结果表明: 土壤有机质含量、速效磷含量、土壤密度、土壤含水量、土壤孔隙度、全磷含量、全氮含量与多样性指数间均存在极显著相关关系。综上, 轻度干扰有利于群落物种多样性、土壤肥力提高及土壤结构改善, 是夹金山针阔混交林生态稳定性维持的积极因素。为日益扩大的放牧业和渐趋频繁的人为活动干扰背景下, 该区的森林生态环境保护和可持续发展提供了参考。

关键词: 二代野猪放牧, 针阔混交林, 物种多样性, 土壤理化性质, 冗余分析

Abstract:

Aims The purpose of this study was to understand the effects of the second generation wild boar grazing on species diversity and soil physicochemical properties of coniferous-broad-leaved mixed forest in the Jiajin Mountain, and to provide reference for the maintenance of ecological stability and scientific grazing of the mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest in this area.

Methods On the basis of comprehensive investigation, according to the number, area, behavior characteristics and activity range of wild boar, four grazing disturbance intensity (from strong to weak was followed by I, II, III, IV) were divided, and no disturbance state was set as control (CK) to explore species diversity and soil physicochemical properties under different grazing disturbance intensity.

Important findings (1) 172 species of vascular plants, belonging to 55 families and 117 genera, were recorded, with the families, genera and species of trees, shrubs and herbs reaching the highest under slight disturbance intensity (IV). (2) The responses of tree, shrub and herb diversity index to the disturbance gradient were basically the same, but the richness index (S), Shannon diversity index (H') and Simpson dominance index (D) reached the maximum under the IV level disturbance intensity, which were higher than those in CK. The diversity level tended to decline with the increase of disturbance intensity (IV-I). In addition, for Pielou evenness index (E), there was no significant difference among different disturbance intensity levels. (3) Compared with CK, soil water content, maximum water content and total nitrogen content decreased under wild boar grazing. The greater the grazing pressure, the greater the proportion of decline. The content of soil total porosity, total phosphorus, available phosphorus and organic matter content increased in the IV level of interference, and decreased significantly under the I-III level interference; the soil density increased with the increase of disturbance intensity. (4) Redundancy analysis showed that soil organic matter content, available phosphorus content, soil density, soil water content, soil porosity, total phosphorus content, total nitrogen content and diversity index were significantly correlated. The light disturbance intensity is beneficial to the richness of community species diversity, the improvement of soil fertility and soil structure, which is a positive factor for the maintenance of ecological stability of the mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest in the Jiajin Mountain. The study provides a reference for the forest ecological environment protection and sustainable development in this area under the background of increasingly expanding grazing and animal husbandry and increasingly frequent disturbance of human activities.

Key words: the second generation wild boar grazing, coniferous-broad-leaved mixed forest, species diversity, soil physicochemical property, redundancy analysis (RDA)

郝建锋, 周润惠, 姚小兰, 喻静, 陈聪琳, 向琳, 王姚瑶, 苏天成, 齐锦秋. 二代野猪放牧对夹金山针阔混交林物种多样性与土壤理化性质的影响. 植物生态学报, 2022, 46(2): 197-207. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2021.0107

HAO Jian-Feng, ZHOU Run-Hui, YAO Xiao-Lan, YU Jing, CHEN Cong-Lin, XIANG Lin, WANG Yao-Yao, SU Tian-Cheng, QI Jin-Qiu. Effects of the second generation wild boar grazing on species diversity and soil physicochemical properties of coniferous-broad-leaved mixed forest in Jiajin Mountain, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2022, 46(2): 197-207. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2021.0107

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2021.0107

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2022/V46/I2/197

图/表 8

图1 夹金山针阔混交林样地位置图。CK, 对照区(样地17-20); I, 重度干扰(样地1-4); II, 中重度干扰(样地5-8); III, 中度干扰(样地9-12); IV, 轻度干扰(样地13-16)。

Fig. 1 Site location of mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest in the Jiajin Mountain. CK, control area (plot 17-20); I, heavy disturbance (plot 1-4); II, moderate to heavy disturbance (plot 5-8); III, moderate disturbance (plot 9-12); IV, slight disturbance (plot 13-16).

表1 夹金山针阔混交林不同放牧干扰强度样地概况

Table 1 General characteristics of different grazing disturbance intensity of mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest plot in the Jiajin Mountain

干扰强度 Disturbance intensity	样地编号 No. of plot	坡度 Slope (°)	坡向 Aspect (°)	海拔 Altitude (m)	平均胸径 Average diameter at breast height (cm)	平均高度 Average height (m)	密度 Density (Ind.·hm^-2)
I	1	25	NE63	2 977	12.39	7.89	883
	2	25	NE45	2 895	12.00	8.23	900
	3	24	NE56	2 896	10.75	7.16	885
	4	24	NE47	2 864	11.90	7.94	946
II	5	25	NE67	2 995	11.29	7.19	1 050
	6	24	NE58	2 990	10.55	7.19	1 066
	7	23	NE56	2 994	14.71	8.40	1 053
	8	25	NE65	2 968	12.74	8.25	1 040
III	9	28	NE81	3 000	12.08	7.72	1 066
	10	25	NE46	3 010	15.04	8.57	1 066
	11	26	NE78	3 002	12.20	8.02	1 079
	12	26	NE80	3 018	15.52	8.58	1 056
IV	13	20	NE76	3 047	11.19	6.77	1 100
	14	23	NE66	2 996	13.10	7.77	1 125
	15	23	NE63	3 025	11.14	7.30	1 143
	16	24	NE53	3 004	11.55	7.62	1 133
CK	17	25	NE64	3 050	10.41	6.92	1 180
	18	25	NE62	3 021	12.29	8.01	1 233
	19	24	NE66	2 998	10.37	6.72	1 156
	20	26	NE59	3 016	12.94	8.89	1 206

图2 不同放牧干扰强度下夹金山针阔混交林群落物种组成。CK, 对照区; I, 重度干扰; II, 中重度干扰; III, 中度干扰; IV, 轻度干扰。

Fig. 2 Species composition of coniferous-broad-leaved mixed forest in the Jiajin Mountain under different grazing disturbance intensities. CK, control area; I, heavy disturbance; II, moderate to heavy disturbance; III, moderate disturbance; IV, slight disturbance.

图3 不同放牧干扰强度下夹金山针阔混交林群落的物种多样性指数(平均值±标准误)。CK, 对照区; I, 重度干扰; II, 中重度干扰; III, 中度干扰; IV, 轻度干扰。不同小写字母代表在不同干扰强度下存在显著差异(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 3 Species diversity index of coniferous-broad-leaved mixed forest communities in the Jiajin Mountain under different grazing disturbance intensities (mean ± SE). CK, control area; I, heavy disturbance; II, moderate to heavy disturbance; III, moderate disturbance; IV, slight disturbance. Different lowercase letters represent significant differences among different grazing disturbance intensities (p < 0.05).

图4 不同放牧干扰强度下夹金山针阔混交林土壤水分-物理性质(平均值±标准误)。CK, 对照区; I, 重度干扰; II, 中重度干扰; III, 中度干扰; IV, 轻度干扰。不同小写字母代表存在显著差异(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 4 Soil moisture-physical properties of coniferous-broad- leaved mixed forest in the Jiajin Mountain under different grazing disturbance intensities (mean ± SE). CK, control area; I, heavy disturbance; II, moderate to heavy disturbance; III, moderate disturbance; IV, slight disturbance. Different lowercase letters represent significant differences (p < 0.05).

表2 不同放牧干扰强度下夹金山针阔混交林土壤化学性质(平均值±标准误)

Table 2 Soil chemical properties of coniferous-broad-leaved mixed forest in the Jiajin Mountain under different grazing disturbance intensities (mean ± SE)

土壤化学性质 Soil chemical property	干扰强度 Disturbance intensity
土壤化学性质 Soil chemical property	I	II	III	IV	CK
pH	4.74 ± 0.24^b	5.58 ± 0.42^ab	5.30 ± 0.27^ab	5.60 ± 0.43^ab	6.46 ± 0.09^a
全氮含量 Total nitrogen content (mg·g^-1)	3.29 ± 0.09^b	3.48 ± 0.33^b	4.30 ± 0.04^a	4.42 ± 0.08^a	4.78 ± 0.35^a
全磷含量 Total phosphorus content (mg·g^-1)	3.19 ± 0.44^b	4.84 ± 0.19^a	4.64 ± 0.34^a	5.49 ± 0.24^a	4.87 ± 0.12^a
速效磷含量 Available phosphorus content (mg·kg^-1)	66.97 ± 4.91^d	83.72 ± 6.58^cd	120.01 ± 3.18^c	377.60 ± 18.77^b	220.78 ± 17.96^a
有机质含量 Organic matter content (mg·g^-1)	33.31 ± 3.61^b	60.46 ± 1.00^a	62.71 ± 3.90^a	74.44 ± 3.64^a	68.35 ± 4.21^a

表3 夹金山针阔混交林物种多样性与土壤理化因子的冗余分析(RDA)排序及蒙特卡洛置换检验结果

Table 3 Results of redundancy analysis sequencing and Monte-Carlo permutation test on species diversity and soil physicochemical properties of coniferous- broad-leaved mixed forest in the Jiajin Mountain

土壤理化因子 Soil physicochemical factor	RDA 1	RDA 2	F	解释变异量 Explains variation (%)	p
有机质含量 Organic matter content	-0.862 3	0.103 3	25.1	58.2	0.002^**
有效磷含量 Available phosphorus content	-0.840 8	-0.083 9	22.3	55.4	0.002^**
土壤密度 Soil density	0.812 6	0.132 1	19.4	51.9	0.002^**
土壤含水量 Soil water content	-0.698 0	-0.138 2	11.4	38.9	0.002^**
土壤孔隙度 Soil porosity	-0.640 2	-0.266 3	8.7	32.6	0.004^**
全磷含量 Total phosphorus content	-0.634 7	0.209 7	8.5	32.0	0.004^**
全氮含量 Total nitrogen content	-0.578 9	-0.304 3	6.8	27.3	0.006^**
pH	-0.426 3	0.400 1	3.4	15.8	0.062
特征参数 Characteristic parameter
特征值 Eigenvalues	0.708 2	0.047 0
累积解释变异 Explained variation (%)	70.82	75.51
多样性-土壤因子关系的累积解释量 Cumulative explanatory quantity of relationship between diversity and soil factors (%)	88.56	94.43

图5 物种多样性与土壤理化因子的冗余分析(RDA)排序图。灰色虚线箭头表示草本层物种多样性指数, 黑色虚线箭头表示乔木层物种多样性指数, 黑色实线箭头表示灌木层物种多样性指数, 灰色实线箭头表示土壤理化因子。H-S, 草本层丰富度指数; H-H', 草本层多样性指数; H-D, 草本层优势度指数; H-E, 草本层均匀度指数; S-S, 灌木层丰富度指数; S-H', 灌木层多样性指数; S-D, 灌木层优势度指数; S-E, 灌木层均匀度指数; T-S, 乔木层丰富度指数; T-H', 乔木层多样性指数; T-D, 乔木层优势度指数; T-E, 乔木层均匀度指数。AP, 有效磷含量; OM, 有机质含量; SD, 土壤密度; SP, 土壤孔隙度; SWC, 土壤含水量; TN, 全氮含量; TP, 全磷含量。

Fig. 5 Redundancy analysis (RDA) ordination map of species diversity and soil physicochemical factors. The gray dotted line arrow represents the species diversity index of the herb layer, the black dotted line arrow represents the species diversity index of the tree layer, the black solid line arrow represents the species diversity index of the shrub layer, and the gray solid line arrow represents the soil physical and chemical factors. H-S, species richness index of herb layer; H-H', Shannon-Wiener diversity index of herb layer; H-D, Simpson dominance index of herb layer; H-E, Pielou evenness index of herb layer; S-S, species richness index of shrub layer; S-H', Shannon-Wiener diversity index of shrub layer; S-D, Simpson dominance index of shrub layer; S-E, Pielou evenness index of shrub layer; T-S, species richness index of tree layer; T-H', Shannon-Wiener diversity index of tree layer; T-D, Simpson dominance index of tree layer; T-E, Pielou evenness index of tree layer. AP, available phosphorus content; OM, organic matter content; SD, soil density; SP, soil porosity; SWC, soil water content content; TN, total nitrogen content; TP, total phosphorus content.

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二代野猪放牧对夹金山针阔混交林物种多样性与土壤理化性质的影响

Effects of the second generation wild boar grazing on species diversity and soil physicochemical properties of coniferous-broad-leaved mixed forest in Jiajin Mountain, China

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