温带草原不同土地利用方式下优势种植物和生态系统的气体交换

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00075

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在内蒙古温带草原围封、放牧和割草3种处理下的样地内, 对生态系统尺度和大针茅(Stipa grandis)、冷蒿(Artemisia frigida)、羊草(Leymus chinensis) 3种优势种植物叶片尺度上的气体交换和水分关系进行了测定, 对比研究了植物碳水对环境的响应。结果表明, 在优势种单株尺度和生态系统尺度上, 大气-植被CO₂交换因草地利用方式的不同而具有不同的表现。在生态系统层面, 放牧样地的群落净CO₂气体交换量和总初级生产力都与围封样地和割草样地有差异, 群落总初级生产力受生态系统呼吸的影响。在放牧处理下, 群落净CO₂气体交换量日变化表现为生态系统对碳的吸收, 而围封和割草则以碳释放为主。单叶光合速率出现负值并随时间推移而恢复的现象, 应是植物对干旱高温、高光照的特殊反应。生态系统水分利用效率没有明显不同, 但各样地的蒸散能力有趋势上的变化; 对于同种植物, 放牧样地植物单叶水分利用效率的日变化波动幅度最大, 围封样地最小。

关键词: 优势种, 气体交换, 草地利用方式, 温带草原, 水分利用效率

Abstract:

Aims Ecosystem carbon uptake or release is influenced by land uses. However, few quantitative studies have been made to give accurate explanations. Based on field measurements of gas exchange and water relations at the leaf scale and the ecosystem scale in temperate grasslands locating in northern China, we aim to 1) clarify the difference in carbon exchange between the leaf scale and the ecosystem scale in different land uses; 2) understand how human activities influence the carbon pools at the ecosystem scale by analyzing changes in gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (R_eco); and 3) explore whether water condition in semi-arid steppe restricts CO₂ absorption at the ecosystem level.
Methods We selected three dominant spcies, Stipa grandis, Artemisia frigida and Leymus chinensis, based on quadrat surveys. Some ecophysiological indexes were measured using a modified LI-6400 in the sample plots of three land use patterns: enclosed plots, mowed plots and grazed plots. We calculated net ecosystem CO₂ exchange (NEE), GPP, R_eco and water use efficiency (WUE) with the measured results. All data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and t-test of SPSS.
Important findings By comparing the carbon exchange of dominant species at the ecosystem scale, we found that carbon exchange varies with change of land use. NEE and GPP of the ecosystem in the grazed plots are different from those in the enclosed plots and the mowed plots, and GPP is more dependent on R_eco. In grazed plots, the diurnal change of NEE shows C uptake, but in the other two plot types it appears to release C. The phenomenon that negative net photosynthetic rate (P_n) returns to positive values from midday to dusk should be a special reaction of plants living in grasslands to protect themselves under high light and temperature conditions. There is no difference in WUE at the ecosystem scale, but the tendency of evapotranspiration (ET) is not the same; nevertheless, the degree of fluctuation of WUE for the same species at the leaf scale is largest in the grazed plots and smallest in the enclosed plots.

Key words: dominant species, gas exchange, grassland use pattern, temperate grassland, water use efficiency

张梓瑜,龚吉蕊,刘敏,黄永梅,晏欣,祁瑜,王忆慧. 温带草原不同土地利用方式下优势种植物和生态系统的气体交换. 植物生态学报, 2013, 37(8): 718-727. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00075

ZHANG Zi-Yu,Gong Ji-Rui,LIU Min,HUANG Yong-Mei,YAN Xin,QI Yu,WANG Yi-Hui. Dominant species and ecosystem gas exchange in temperate grassland under different land use patterns. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2013, 37(8): 718-727. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00075

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00075

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2013/V37/I8/718

图/表 6

表1 3种不同类型样地优势种的重要值(平均值±标准误差, n = 5)

Table 1 Importance value of dominant species in three different types of plots (mean ± SE, n = 5)

优势种 Dominant species	围封样地 Enclosed plot	割草样地 Mowed plot	放牧样地 Grazed plot
冷蒿 Artemisia frigida	0.11 ± 0.08	0.16 ± 0.07	0.06 ± 0.01
羊草 Leymus chinensis	0.08 ± 0.12	0.14 ± 0.04	0.22 ± 0.05
大针茅 Stipa grandis	0.07 ± 0.08	0.10 ± 0.02	0.15 ± 0.08

图1 生态系统与优势种植物CO2交换的日变化(平均值±标准偏差)。A, 围封样地。B, 割草样地。C, 放牧样地。a, 大针茅。 b, 冷蒿。c, 羊草。

Fig. 1 Diurnal changes of CO2 exchange of dominant plants and ecosystem (mean ± SD). A, Enclosed plot. B, Mowed plot. C, Grazed plot. a, Stipa grandis. b, Artemisia frigida. c, Leymus chinensis.

图2 生态系统总初级生产力(GPP)和呼吸(Reco)的日变化(平均值±标准偏差)。A, 围封样地。B, 割草样地。C, 放牧样地。

Fig. 2 Diurnal changes of gross primary productivity (GPP) and respiration (Reco) of ecosystem (mean ± SD). A, Enclosed plot. B, Mowed plot. C, Grazed plot.

图3 生态系统水分利用效率(A)和蒸散量(B)的日变化(平均值±标准偏差)。a, 围封样地。b, 割草样地。c, 放牧样地。

Fig. 3 Diurnal changes of water use efficiency (A) and evapotranspiration (B) in ecosystem (mean ± SD). a, Enclosed plot. b, Mowed plot. c, Grazed plot.

图4 优势种植物单叶水分利用效率的日变化(平均值±标准偏差)。A, 围封样地。B, 割草样地。C, 放牧样地。a, 大针茅。b, 冷蒿。c, 羊草。

Fig. 4 Diurnal change of water use efficiency per leaf of dominant plant species (mean ± SD). A, Enclosed plot. B, Mowed plot. C, Grazed plot. a, Stipa grandis. b, Artemisia frigida. c, Leymus chinensis.

表2 优势种CO2和H2O在生态系统水分利用效率为最小值时的差异

Table 2 Difference of CO2 and H2O of dominant species at minimum water use efficiency of ecosystem

样地类型 Plot type	植物 Plant	叶片CO₂贡献值 Contribution of CO₂ in leaves	叶片H₂O贡献值 Contribution of H₂O in leaves
围封 Enclosed plot	大针茅 Stipa grandis	0.27	2.31
	冷蒿 Artemisia frigida	1.14	0.73
	羊草 Leymus chinensis	0.40	2.15
割草 Mowed plot	大针茅 Stipa grandis	0.94	1.09
	冷蒿 Artemisia frigida	1.57	0.17
	羊草 Leymus chinensis	0.28	2.19
放牧 Grazed plot	大针茅 Stipa grandis	1.18	0.58
	冷蒿 Artemisia frigida	1.20	0.28
	羊草 Leymus chinensis	1.22	0.21

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