影响加拿大一枝黄花种子非随机脱落的因素

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2015.0025

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为揭示加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis)种群扩散机制, 明确种子的脱落及风传扩散在其种群蔓延中的作用, 在人工环境下测定了不同湍流强度、风速和湿度处理下种子脱落的差异, 并对脱落种子与未脱落种子进行形态学特征对比。结果表明: 加拿大一枝黄花的种子脱落受湍流、风速和湿度等因素的共同影响。水平气流下种子的脱落阈值为5.1 m·s^-1, 并随着风速增加, 种子的脱落率增加。与模拟水平气流相比, 模拟垂直气流下种子的脱落阈值显著偏小。相对于层流状态, 湍流的存在显著提高了种子的脱落率, 平均增幅超过300%; 但单纯提高湍流强度对种子脱落率的影响不显著。增加湿度则显著降低种子的脱落率。种子形态学特征对比结果表明, 脱落种子的冠毛数量和冠毛夹角显著高于未脱落种子。该研究结果为研究加拿大一枝黄花种子脱落规律和风传扩散机制提供了科学依据, 也为其他入侵性杂草种子的扩散机制及入侵过程提供了借鉴。

关键词: 加拿大一枝黄花, 种子, 非随机脱落, 风传扩散, 湍流

Abstract: Aims

Solidago canadensis is one of the major invasive weeds that impose serious threats to native plants. Seeds possess traits suitable for the long distance dispersal by wind. However, the initialization of wind dispersal and the seed release under the influence of abiotic conditions are poorly understood.

Methods

Wind tunnel experiments were designed to study the effects of horizontal and vertical wind with different turbulence intensities and humidities on seed abscission in S. canadensis. Four horizontal wind speeds (4, 6, 8 and 10 m·s^-1), five turbulence intensities (0.14, 0.11, 0.08, 0.07 and 0.02) and two relative humidities were used in the wind tunnel experiments. The proportion of seed releases from the inflorescences was measured and calculated in the laboratory. Both attached and falling seeds were measured to test their difference in morphological traits.

Important findings

The seed abscission in S. canadensis was a nonrandom process, and was influenced by factors such as wind speed, turbulence, humidity and seed maturity, etc. Under the horizontal airflow condition, the seed release threshold was 5.1 m·s^-1. However, the seed release threshold under vertical airflow condition was markedly smaller. Compared with the laminar flow condition, turbulence greatly increased the seed releasing rate by more than 300% on average. Under the turbulent conditions, the turbulence intensity alone did not significantly influence the proportion of seed release. High humidity decreased the seed releasing rate from the inflorescences. In addition, falling seeds tended to have greater pappus numbers and flat angles comparing to the attached seeds.

Key words: Solidago canadensis, seed, nonrandom abscission, wind dispersal, turbulence

张海亮, 朱敏, 李干金. 影响加拿大一枝黄花种子非随机脱落的因素. 植物生态学报, 2015, 39(3): 258-263. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2015.0025

ZHANG Hai-Liang,ZHU Min,LI Gan-Jin. Factors influencing the nonrandom abscission of Solidago canadensis seeds. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2015, 39(3): 258-263. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2015.0025

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2015.0025

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2015/V39/I3/258

图/表 5

表1 垂直与水平气流下的种子脱落阈值(平均值±标准偏差)

Table 1 Seed release threshold under the simulated vertical and horizontal airflow in wind tunnel (mean ± SD)

风向 Wind direction	种子脱落阈值 Seed release threshold (m·s^-1)
水平气流 Horizontal airflow	5.10 ± 0.70^a
下沉气流 Descending airflow	1.83 ± 0.71^b
上升气流 Ascending airflow	2.50 ± 0.79^b

表2 水平风速与湍流强度对种子脱落率影响的双因素方差分析

Table 2 Two-way ANOVA of the effects of wind speed and turbulence intensity on the proportion of seed release

	df	SS	MS	F	p
水平风速 Horizontal wind speed (W)	3	1.902	0.634	27.704	0.000
湍流强度 Turbulence intensity (T)	4	0.596	0.149	6.530	0.000
W × T	12	0.300	0.025	1.100	0.369

图1 不同水平风速处理下5种湍流强度(T)的种子脱落率(平均值±标准偏差)。不同小写字母表示在同一风速不同湍流强度下差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 1 Proportion of seed release with increasing wind speed under five turbulence intensities (T) (mean ± SD). Different small leffers indicate. Different small letters indicate significant difference (p < 0.05) under the same wind speed and different turbulence intensities.

图2 三个风速与湍流强度处理下不同湿度下种子脱落率的差异(平均值±标准偏差)。不同小写字母表示不同湿度下差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 2 Proportion of seed release for the inflorescences with moisture under three wind speed and turbulence intensity treatments (mean ± SD). Different small letters indicate significant difference (p < 0.05) under different moisture.

表3 未脱落种子与脱落种子的形态性状差异(平均值±标准偏差, n = 50)

Table 3 Morphological differences between the falling and attached seeds (mean ± SD, n = 50)

形态性状 Morphological characteristics	未脱落种子 Attached seeds	脱落种子 Falling seeds
瘦果长 Length of achene (mm)	1.01 ± 0.16^a	0.93 ± 0.12^b
瘦果宽 Width of achene (mm)	0.27 ± 0.05^a	0.25 ± 0.05^a
冠毛长 Length of pappus (mm)	2.46 ± 0.43^a	2.22 ± 0.24^b
冠毛数量 Number of pappi	28.88 ± 4.03^a	31.78 ± 3.07^b
冠毛夹角 Pappus angle (º)	144.79 ± 33.64^a	180.69 ± 24.70^b
单粒重 Single grain weight (mg)	0.07 ± 0.03^a	0.10 ± 0.04^b

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