新疆古尔班通古特沙漠土壤N2O、CH4和CO2通量及其对氮沉降增加的响应

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2016.0258

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

沙漠土壤在全球土壤主要温室气体通量中扮演着重要角色, 但是在环境变化条件下的通量估算结果存在很大的不确定性。在新疆古尔班通古特沙漠设定N0、N0.5、N1、N3、N6和N24 6个样方, 以0、0.5、1.0、3.0、6.0和24.0 g·m^-2·a^-16个不同模拟氮(N)沉降浓度进行N处理, 两年后开始对施N样方进行为期两个生长季的N₂O、CH₄和CO₂通量测定。研究表明生长季对照样方(N0)的N₂O、CH₄和CO₂的平均通量分别为4.8 μg·m^-2·h^-1、-30.5 μg·m^-2·h^-1和46.7 mg·m^-2·h^-1, 季节变化显著影响3种气体的通量。N0、N0.5和N1在春季和夏季具有相似的N₂O排放速率, 排放速率高于秋季, 而N6和N24的N₂O排放主要受N输入时间影响; CH₄的吸收在春季和夏季相对较高, 秋季较低; CO₂的排放量在第一年春季和夏季之间变化较小, 但高于秋季排放量, 第二年CO₂动态与N浓度相关。N增加通常能显著促进N₂O的排放, 但受测定季节和年度的影响, 且各处理的N₂O排放因子大小无明显规律; CH₄的吸收受N增加影响不显著; CO₂的排放在第一年不受N增加的影响, 第二年高浓度N增加对春季和夏季CO₂排放具有限制作用, 对秋季影响不显著。结构方程模型的研究表明, 对N₂O、CH₄和CO₂的动态变化影响较大的因子分别是施N浓度、土壤温度或土壤含水量和植株密度。整个生长季由N带来的净通量和增温潜力非常小。

关键词: 氮沉降, N₂O, CH₄, CO₂, 生物量, 结构方程模型

Abstract:

Aims Desert soils play an important role in the exchange of major greenhouse gas (GHG) between atmosphere and soil. However, many uncertainties existed in understanding of desert soil role, especially in efflux evaluation under a changing environment. Methods We conducted plot-based field study in center of the Gurbantünggüt Desert, Xinjiang, and applied six rates of simulated nitrogen (N) deposition on the plots, i.e. 0 (N0), 0.5 (N0.5), 1.0 (N1), 3.0 (N3), 6.0 (N6) and 24.0 (N24) g·m^-2·a^-1. The exchange rates of N₂O, CH₄ and CO₂ during two growing seasons were measured for two years after N applications. Important findings The average efflux of two growing seasons from control plots (N0) were 4.8 μg·m^-2·h^-1, -30.5 μg·m^-2·h^-1 and 46.7 mg·m^-2·h^-1 for N₂O, CH₄and CO_2,respectively. The effluxes varied significantly among seasons. N0, N0.5 and N1 showed similar exchange of N₂O in spring and summer, which was relatively higher than in autumn, while the rates of N₂O in N6 and N24 were controled by time points of N applications. The uptake of CH₄ was relatively higher in both spring and summer, and lower in autumn. Emission of CO₂ changed minor from spring to summer, and greatly decreased in autumn in the first measured year. In the second year, the emission patterns were changed by rates of N added. N additions generally stimulated the emission of N₂O, while the effects varied in different seasons and years. In addition, no obvious trends were found in the emission factor of N₂O. The uptake of CH₄ was not significantly affected by N additions. N additions did not change CO₂ emissions in the first year, while high N significantly reduced the CO₂ emissions in spring and summer of the second year, without affected in autumn. Structure equation model analysis on the factors suggested that N₂O, CH₄ and CO₂ were dominantly affected by the N application rates, soil temperature or moisture and plant density, respectively. Over the growing seasons, both the net efflux and the global warming potential caused by N additions were small.

Key words: nitrogen deposition, N₂O, CH₄, CO₂, biomass, structural equation model

周晓兵, 张元明, 陶冶, 吴林. 新疆古尔班通古特沙漠土壤N₂O、CH₄和CO₂通量及其对氮沉降增加的响应. 植物生态学报, 2017, 41(3): 290-300. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2016.0258

Xiao-Bing ZHOU, Yuan-Ming ZHANG, Ye TAO, Lin WU. Effluxes of nitrous oxide, methane and carbon dioxide and their responses to increasing nitrogen deposition in the Gurbantünggüt Desert of Xinjiang, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2017, 41(3): 290-300. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2016.0258

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https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2017/V41/I3/290

图/表 10

图1 2010和2011年研究区域降水和气温变化。

Fig. 1 Changes in air temperature and precipitation of the study area for 2010 and 2011.

图2 2010和2011年气体采集时各施氮(N)处理土壤温度和土壤含水量变化。N0、N0.5、N1、N3、N6和N24分别是6个样方, 以0、0.5、1.0、3.0、6.0和24.0 g·m-2·a-1 6个不同模拟N沉降浓度进行N处理。

Fig. 2 Changes in soil temperature and moisture at different nitrogen (N) treatments on the gas collected day in 2010 and 2011. N0, N0.5, N1, N3, N6 and N24 indicate 0, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 6.0 and 24.0 g·m-2 ·a-1 of simulated N deposition on the studied plots, respectively.

表1 季节、氮(N)及其交互作用影响3种温室气体通量的重复测量的方差分析

Table 1 Results of repeated measures ANOVAS for the gas efflux on the effects of seasons, nitrogen (N) treatments and their interactions

	自由度 Degree of freedom	N₂O	CH₄	CO₂
季节 Season	9	13.41^**	12.40^**	63.09^**
N	5	53.19^**	1.84	1.55
季节× N Season × N	45	5.07^**	0.55	2.42^**

图3 2010和2011年N2O (A)、CH4 (B)、CO2 (C)通量的季节变化。N0、N0.5、N1、N3、N6和N24分别是6个样方, 以0、0.5、1.0、3.0、6.0和24.0 g·m-2·a-1 6个不同模拟氮(N)沉降浓度进行N处理。

Fig. 3 Seasonal changes in N2O (A), CH4 (B) and CO2 (C) effluxes in 2010 and 2011. N0, N0.5, N1, N3, N6 and N24 indicate 0, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 6.0 and 24.0 g·m-2·a-1 of simulated nitrogen (N) deposition on the studied plots, respectively.

图4 不同N浓度添加下N2O通量(平均值±标准误差)。A, 5月。B, 8月。C, 10月。*表示两年间差异显著。不同小写字母表示同一年不同处理间差异显著。N0、N0.5、N1、N3、N6和N24分别是6个样方, 以0、0.5、1.0、3.0、6.0和24.0 g·m-2·a-1 6个不同模拟氮(N)沉降浓度进行N处理。

Fig. 4 N2O effluxes under different concentration nitrogen (N) treatments (mean ± SE). A, May. B, August. C, October. * indicates significant differences between two years. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments in the same year. N0, N0.5, N1, N3, N6 and N24 indicate 0, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 6.0 and 24.0 g·m-2 ·a-1 of simulated N deposition on the studied plots, respectively.

图5 不同N浓度添加下CH4吸收速率(平均值±标准误差)。A, 5月。B, 8月。C, 10月。*表示两年间差异显著。不同小写字母表示同一年不同处理间差异显著。N0、N0.5、N1、N3、N6和N24分别是6个样方, 以0、0.5、1.0、3.0、6.0和24.0 g·m-2·a-1 6个不同模拟氮(N)沉降浓度进行N处理。

Fig. 5 CH4 effluxes under different nitrogen (N) treatments (mean± SE). A, May. B, August. C, October. * indicates significant differences between two years. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments in the same year. N0, N0.5, N1, N3, N6 and N24 indicate 0, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 6.0 and 24.0 g·m-2·a-1 of simulated N deposition on the plots, respectively.

表2 N2O在各个处理的排放因子

Table 2 Emission factor of N2O in different nitrogen (N)-added treatments

年 Year	N0.5	N1	N3	N6	N24
2010	0.05	0.11	0.09	0.16	0.11
2011	-0.33	0	0.03	0.04	0.03

图6 不同N浓度添加下CO2排放速率(平均值±标准误差)。A, 5月。B, 8月。C, 10月。* 表示两年间差异显著。不同小写字母表示同一年不同处理间差异显著。N0、N0.5、N1、N3、N6和N24分别是6个样方, 以0、0.5、1.0、3.0、6.0和24.0 g·m-2·a-1 6个不同模拟氮(N)沉降浓度进行N处理。

Fig. 6 CO2 effluxes under different nitrogen (N) treatments (mean ± SE). A, May. B, August. C, October. * indicates significant differences between two years. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments in the same year. N0, N0.5, N1, N3, N6 and N24 indicate 0, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 6.0 and 24.0 g·m-2·a-1 of simulated N deposition on the plots, respectively.

表3 生长季各氮(N)处理的温室气体通量和增温潜力与对照(N0)之间的比值

Table 3 The ratios of greenhouse gas effluxes and global warming potentials of nitrogen (N) added plots (N0.5, N1, N3, N6, N24) to controls (N0) during growing seasons

氮处理 N treatment	2010				2011
氮处理 N treatment	N₂O	CH₄	CO₂	增温潜力 GWP	N₂O	CH₄	CO₂	增温潜力 GWP
N0.5	1.02	0.92	0.98	0.99	0.89	0.89	0.91	0.91
N1	1.08	0.98	1.04	1.04	1.00	1.06	1.03	1.03
N3	1.19	0.88	1.14	1.15	1.07	0.86	0.91	0.94
N6	1.67	1.03	1.27	1.29	1.15	1.13	0.72	1.06
N24	2.81	0.90	1.06	1.12	1.48	1.00	0.55	0.92

图7 结构方程模型模拟生物和环境因子对温室气体的影响。A, N2O (χ2 = 0.00, p = 0.988; RMSEA = 0.000, p = 0.989)。B, CH4 (χ2 = 0.00, p = 0.988; RMSEA = 0.000, p = 0.989)。C, CO2 (χ2 = 5.12, p = 0.402; RMSEA = 0.020, p = 0.487)。其中, 实线指效应为正, 虚线指效应为负。箭头不同粗细与箭头旁载重系数成正比。RMSEA, 近似误差均方根。*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01。

Fig. 7 Final fitted structural equation models depicting relative effects of biotic and abiotic variables on the effulxes of greenhouse gas. A, N2O (χ2 = 0.00, p = 0.988; RMSEA = 0.000, p = 0.989). B, CH4 (χ2 = 0.00, p = 0.988; RMSEA = 0.000, p = 0.989). C, CO2 (χ2 = 5.12, p = 0.402; RMSEA = 0.020, p = 0.487). Continuous and dashed arrows indicate positve and negative relationships, respectively. Arrow width is scaled to be proportional to path coefficients which appear adjacent to arrows. RMSEA, root mean square error of approximation. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01.

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新疆古尔班通古特沙漠土壤N₂O、CH₄和CO₂通量及其对氮沉降增加的响应

Effluxes of nitrous oxide, methane and carbon dioxide and their responses to increasing nitrogen deposition in the Gurbantünggüt Desert of Xinjiang, China

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