海拔梯度对昆仑山北坡中部草原植物与土壤微生物群落结构与多样性的影响

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2024.0157

植物生态学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (5): 732-747.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0157 cstr: 32100.14.cjpe.2024.0157

所属专题：草原与草业

海拔梯度对昆仑山北坡中部草原植物与土壤微生物群落结构与多样性的影响

马富龙¹^,², 王雨晴³, 郝瑜³, 段继超⁴, 刘霏霏⁴, 席琳乔⁴, 韩路¹^,²^,^*()

¹塔里木大学农学院, 新疆阿拉尔 843300
²塔里木大学南疆绿洲农业资源与环境研究中心, 新疆阿拉尔 843300
³塔里木大学生命科学与技术学院, 新疆阿拉尔 843300
⁴塔里木大学动物科学与技术学院, 新疆阿拉尔 843300

收稿日期:2024-05-13 接受日期:2024-11-12 出版日期:2025-05-20 发布日期:2024-11-14
通讯作者: *韩路(hlzky@163.com)
基金资助:
新疆生产建设兵团财政科技计划(BT1122316);新疆生产建设兵团财政科技计划(2023CB006)

Effects of altitude gradient on plant and soil microbial community structure and diversity in the middle part of the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains, China

MA Fu-Long¹^,², WANG Yu-Qing³, HAO Yu³, DUAN Ji-Chao⁴, LIU Fei-Fei⁴, XI Lin-Qiao⁴, HAN Lu¹^,²^,^*()

¹College of Agriculture, Tarim University, Aral, Xinjiang 843300, China
²Southern Xinjiang Oasis Agricultural Resources and Environment Research Center, Tarim University, Aral, Xinjiang 843300, China
³College of Life Science and Technology, Tarim University, Aral, Xinjiang 843300, China
⁴College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Aral, Xinjiang 843300, China

Received:2024-05-13 Accepted:2024-11-12 Online:2025-05-20 Published:2024-11-14
Supported by:
Science and Technology Program of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps(BT1122316);Science and Technology Program of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps(2023CB006)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

植物与土壤微生物在调节陆地生态系统功能和稳定性中起着至关重要的作用, 探讨植物、土壤微生物群落物种组成与多样性的海拔变化格局及其驱动机制对理解全球变化下陆地生态系统的响应与生物多样性维持机制意义深远。该研究以昆仑山北坡山地草原为对象, 在3个草原类型设置垂直梯度实验, 通过群落调查、室内实验与Illumina高通量测序技术并结合气候数据, 研究了干旱区山地草原植物、土壤微生物群落结构与多样性沿海拔梯度(2 200-3 800 m)的变化格局及其潜在关系。结果表明: 干旱区山地草原植物群落物种多样性、生物量与土壤细菌、真菌群落物种多样性及土壤养分含量沿海拔梯度呈单调递增格局, 至高寒草原最高; 土壤真菌对梯度环境变化较细菌敏感, 海拔梯度变化引起植物群落与土壤真菌群落发生了变化, 而土壤细菌群落结构未发生明显变化。植物群落物种多样性、生物量与土壤微生物群落物种多样性显著相关, 与细菌多样性的联系强于真菌。植物、土壤微生物群落物种多样性与年降水量、土壤养分(碳、磷、钾)含量呈显著正相关关系, 而与年平均气温呈显著负相关关系。格局分析表明, 海拔(地理距离)、气候因子对植物、土壤微生物多样性的解释率大于土壤因子, 海拔梯度引起的气候因子变化(年降水量、气温)是植物、土壤微生物群落变化的主导驱动因素, 但作用不同; 而土壤养分对植物、土壤微生物群落物种多样性也起着重要的作用。综上所述, 干旱区山地局域尺度上草原植物与土壤微生物群落的区域分布格局主要受海拔高度变化引起的气候因子与土壤因子共同调控。该研究揭示了干旱区气候因子是驱动山地草原生态系统植物、土壤微生物群落分布格局与结构变化的主导因子, 土壤微生物(尤其是细菌)多样性对提高草原群落生产力发挥重要作用。

关键词: 干旱区, 山地草原, 群落结构, 生物多样性, 海拔梯度, 驱动机制

Abstract:

Aims Plants and soil microorganisms play crucial roles in regulating the function and stability of terrestrial ecosystems. Exploring the variations in community composition and diversity of plants and soil microorganisms and their driving mechanisms along altitude gradients provides a better understanding of their responses to changes in terrestrial ecosystems and the mechanisms that maintain biodiversity under global change.

Methods In this study, a vertical gradient experiment was conducted across three grassland types on the northern slope of Kunlun Mountains. High-throughput sequencing was employed to assess soil bacterial and fungal communities. The study examined the patterns of variation in community structure, composition, and species diversity of plants and soil microorganisms along an altitudinal gradient (2 200-3 800 m) and explored their potential interrelationships.

Important findings The species diversity and productivity of plants, as well as the diversity of soil microorganisms (including bacteria and fungi) and soil nutrients content, all increased monotonically along the altitudinal gradient, with peak values observed in the alpine steppe. Soil fungi were more sensitive to environmental gradient than bacteria. The aboveground plant community and soil fungal community showed significant variation along the altitude gradient, while the structure and composition of the soil bacterial community remained largely unchanged. The species diversity and aboveground biomass of the plant community were significantly correlated with the diversity of the soil microbial community, with a stronger relationship observed with bacterial diversity than with fungal diversity. The species diversity of soil microorganisms and plants was positively correlated with mean annual precipitation (MAP) and soil carbon and nutrient (phosphorus and potassium) contents, but negatively correlated with mean annual air temperature (MAT). The pattern analysis showed that altitude (geographical distance) and climate factors had greater contributions to microbial and plant diversity than soil factors. The variation in climate factors (MAT and MAP) due to the altitude gradient was the dominant drivers of community dynamics in both plant and soil microorganisms, though their roles differed. Soil nutrients also played an important role in the diversity of both soil microorganisms and plants. In summary, the regional distribution pattern of aboveground plant and soil microbial communities in mountain steppe ecosystems is co-regulated by climate and soil factors associated with the altitude gradient in arid regions. This study highlights that climatic factors in arid areas are the dominant drivers of variations in the distribution pattern and structural composition of plant and soil microbial communities. Moreover, soil microbial diversity, especially bacterial diversity, plays a crucial role in enhancing grassland community productivity. The findings of this research provide valuable insights for grassland ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation in arid regions.

Key words: arid region, mountain steppe, community structure, biodiversity, altitude gradient, driving mechanism

马富龙, 王雨晴, 郝瑜, 段继超, 刘霏霏, 席琳乔, 韩路. 海拔梯度对昆仑山北坡中部草原植物与土壤微生物群落结构与多样性的影响. 植物生态学报, 2025, 49(5): 732-747. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0157

MA Fu-Long, WANG Yu-Qing, HAO Yu, DUAN Ji-Chao, LIU Fei-Fei, XI Lin-Qiao, HAN Lu. Effects of altitude gradient on plant and soil microbial community structure and diversity in the middle part of the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2025, 49(5): 732-747. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0157

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2024.0157

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2025/V49/I5/732

图/表 11

图1 昆仑山北坡中段草原调查点分布图。

Fig. 1 Distribution map of survey points in the middle section of the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains.

表1 昆仑山北坡中段草原主要环境因子及其与海拔的关系(平均值±标准差)

Table 1 Major environmental factors and their relationship with altitude in the middle section of the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains (mean ± SD)

环境因子 Environmental factor	温性荒漠草原 Ds (2 200-2 600 m)	温性典型草原 Ws (2 800-3 200 m)	高寒草原 As (3 400-3 800 m)	r
土壤水分含量 Soil moisture (%)	8.22 ± 0.53^c	13.31 ± 0.68^b	17.89 ± 0.66^a	0.992^**
土壤密度 Soil density (g·cm^-3)	1.45 ± 0.01^a	1.35 ± 0.04^b	1.22 ± 0.02^c	0.984^**
土壤pH pH value of soil	7.72 ± 0.02^a	7.73 ± 0.08^a	7.75 ± 0.04^a	0.185
总盐含量 Total salt content (g·kg^-1)	137.33 ± 12.32^a	94.19 ± 11.26^b	132.46 ± 6.54^a	-0.247
有机质含量 Organic matter content (g·kg^-1)	2.52 ± 0.63^c	9.14 ± 0.34^b	24.20 ± 0.49^a	0.736^*
全氮含量 Total nitrogen content (mg·kg^-1)	0.21 ± 0.00^c	3.93 ± 0.00^b	5.03 ± 0.00^a	0.768^*
速效磷含量 Available phosphorus content (mg·kg^-1)	0.09 ± 0.01^c	0.55 ± 0.02^b	0.85 ± 0.05^a	0.673
速效钾含量 Available potassium content (mg·kg^-1)	106.74 ± 1.55^c	155.38 ± 2.62^b	180.94 ± 5.18^a	0.765^*
年平均气温 Mean annual air temperature (℃)	7.97 ± 0.60^a	4.09 ± 0.20^b	1.13 ± 0.76^c	-0.994^**
年降水量 Mean annual precipitation (mm)	29 ± 0.0^a	33 ± 0.0^b	34 ± 0.1^c	0.999^**
风速 Wind speed (m·s^-1)	1.63 ± 0.06^b	1.93 ± 0.02^b	2.11 ± 0.19^a	0.969^**
水蒸气压 Water vapor pressure (kPa)	0.50 ± 0.01^a	0.35 ± 0.01^b	0.28 ± 0.02^c	-0.992^**

表2 昆仑山北坡中段山地草原植物群落组成沿海拔高度的分布

Table 2 Distribution of alpine meadow plant communities in the middle section of the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains along an elevation gradient

功能群 Functional group	温性荒漠草原 Ds		温性典型草原 Ws		高寒草原 As
功能群 Functional group	物种 Species	重要值 IV	物种 Species	重要值 IV	物种 Species	重要值 IV
	新疆绢蒿 Seriphidium rhodanthum	0.452	寒生羊茅 Festuca kryloviana	0.357	西山银穗草 Leucopoa olgae	0.352
	驼绒藜 Krascheninnikovia ceratoides	0.389	昆仑针茅 Stipa roborowskyi	0.198	紫花针茅 Stipa purpurea	0.236
	内蒙古旱蒿 Artemisia xerophytica	0.058	藏新黄耆 Astragalus tibetanus	0.160	草 Koeleria cristata	0.195
	合头草 Sympegma regelii	0.030	新疆绢蒿 Seriphidium rhodanthum	0.149	珠芽蓼 Polygonum viviparum	0.122
	昆仑针茅 Stipa roborowskyi	0.022	密穗早熟禾 Poa spiciformis	0.018	寒生羊茅 Festuca kryloviana	0.069
	骆驼蓬 Peganum harmala	0.012	野葱 Allium chrysanthum	0.050	二裂委陵菜 Potentilla bifurca	0.064
	雾冰藜 Grubovia dasyphylla	0.008	紫花针茅 Stipa purpurea	0.037	车前 Plantago asiatica	0.060
	倒披针叶虫实 Corispermum lehmannianum	0.005	劲直鹤虱 Lappula stricta	0.032	垂穗披碱草 Elymus nutans	0.060
			垂穗披碱草 Elymus nutans	0.019	高原委陵菜 Potentilla pamiroalaica	0.052
			半卧狗娃花 Aster semiprostratus	0.008	矮火绒草 Leontopodium nanum	0.046
			车前 Plantago asiatica	0.009	丘陵老鹳草 Geranium collinum	0.037
					蒲公英 Taraxacum mongolicum	0.033
					新疆龙胆 Gentiana karelinii	0.017
					肋柱花 Lomatogonium carinthiacum	0.014
一年生 Annual	2		1		2
二年生、多年生 Biennial, perennial	6		10		12

表3 昆仑山北坡海拔对草原植物群落物种多样性的影响(平均值±标准差)

Table 3 Effect of altitude on species diversity of plant community in the mountain steppe on the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains (mean ± SD)

指标 Index	温性荒漠草原 Ds (2 200-2 600 m)	温性典型草原 Ws (2 800-3 200 m)	高寒草原 As (3 400-3 800 m)
地上生物量 Aboveground biomass (kg·hm^-2)	1 133.36 ± 47.21^b	5 896.99 ± 256.07^a	7 293.66 ± 312.29^a
盖度 Coverage (%)	46.33 ± 13.05^b	81.67 ± 7.77^a	96.00 ± 2.65^a
Patrick指数 Patrick index	6.00 ± 0.58^b	8.00 ± 1.00^b	11.00 ± 1.00^a
Margalef指数 Margalef index	1.80 ± 0.14^b	2.46 ± 0.15^a	2.59 ± 0.30^a
Shannon-Wiener指数 Shannon-Wiener index	0.74 ± 0.03^b	0.88 ± 0.01^a	0.78 ± 0.06^b
Simpson指数 Simpson index	0.67 ± 0.04^b	0.75 ± 0.03^a	0.76 ± 0.03^a
Pielou指数 Pielou index	0.88 ± 0.20^a	0.89 ± 0.12^a	1.12 ± 0.12^a

图2 昆仑山北坡中段海拔高度对草原土壤细菌(A、C)、真菌(B、D)群落结构的影响。A、B中1、2和3表示不同土层, 分别为0-5、5-10和10-20 cm。As, 高寒草原; Ds, 温性荒漠草原; NMDS, 非度量多维尺度分析; Ws, 温性典型草原。

Fig. 2 Effect of altitude gradient on bacterial (A, C) and fungal (B, D) community composition in steppe soil on the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains. In A, B, 1, 2 and 3 represent different soil layers, which is 0-5, 5-10, and 10-20 cm, respectively. As, alpine steppe; Ds, temperate desert steppe; NMDS, non-metric multidimensional scaling; Ws, temperate typical steppe.

表4 昆仑山北坡海拔梯度对山地草原土壤微生物多样性的影响(平均值±标准差)

Table 4 Effect of the altitude gradient on soil microbial diversity in mountain steppes on the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains (mean ± SD)

海拔梯度 Altitude gradient	细菌 Bacteria			真菌 Fungi
海拔梯度 Altitude gradient	温性荒漠草原 Ds (2 200-2 600 m)	温性典型草原 Ws (2 800-3 200 m)	高寒草原 As (3 400-3 800 m)	温性荒漠草原 Ds (2 200-2 600 m)	温性典型草原 Ws (2 800-3 200 m)	高寒草原 As (3 400-3 800 m)
OTUs	1 290.50 ± 187.00^c	1 614.01 ± 63.81^b	1 943.72 ± 100.30^a	120.17 ± 14.51^b	264.67 ± 91.04^b	632.83 ± 416.39^a
ACE指数 ACE index	1 301.92 ± 183.32^c	1 648.84 ± 56.51^b	2 005.83 ± 93.50^a	214.86 ± 102.59^a	286.46 ± 92.67^a	675.77 ± 419.56^a
Chao1指数 Chao1 index	1 303.00 ± 187.16^c	1 641.54 ± 58.84^b	1 990.32 ± 98.93^a	144.10 ± 29.61^b	278.51 ± 93.90^ab	673.64 ± 421.20^a
Simpson指数 Simpson index	0.996 ± 0.000^a	0.996 ± 0.001^a	0.996 ± 0.001^a	0.98 ± 0.001^a	0.93 ± 0.011^ab	0.84 ± 0.110^b
Shannon-Wiener指数 Shannon-Wiener index	9.552 ± 0.174^a	9.495 ± 0.082^a	9.477 ± 0.204^a	5.343 ± 1.780^a	5.594 ± 0.256^a	6.130 ± 0.033^a
PD指数 PD index	126.85 ± 15.41^b	142.62 ± 7.70^b	177.10 ± 4.45^a	30.18 ± 2.71^c	113.75 ± 56.06^b	226.39 ± 36.44^a

图3 昆仑山北坡中段环境因子与草原植物群落(A)、细菌(B)及真菌(C)多样性的关系。AB, 地上生物量; ACE, ACE指数; AK, 土壤速效钾含量; Alt, 海拔; AP, 土壤速效磷含量; Avt, 年平均气温; Chao1, Chao1指数; Coverage, 盖度; D, Simpson指数; D1, Margalef指数; E, Pielou指数; H', Shannon-Wiener指数; OM, 土壤有机质含量; OTU, 操作性分类单元数量; PD, 系统发育指数; Pre, 年降水量; S, Patrick指数; TDS, 土壤总盐含量; TN, 土壤全氮含量; Wap, 水蒸气压; Wis, 风速。

Fig. 3 Relationships between environmental factors and the diversity of grassland plants (A), bacteria (B), and fungi (C) on the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains. AB, aboveground biomass; ACE, ACE index; AK, soil available potassium content; Alt, altitude; AP, soil available phosphorus content; Avt, annual average air temperature; Chao1, Chao1 index; D, Simpson index; D1, Margalef index; E, Pielou index; H', Shannon-Wiener index; OM, soil organic matter content; OTU, number of operational taxonomic units; PD, phylogenetic diversity index; Pre, annual precipitation; S, Patrick index; TDS, total soil salt content; TN, soil total nitrogen content; Wap, water vapor pressure; Wis, wind speed.

图4 昆仑山北坡中段山地草原植物群落与细菌(A、C)、真菌(B、D)多样性的关系。各指标详见图3。*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01。

Fig. 4 Relationships between plants and bacterial (A, C) and fungal (B, D) diversity in the mountain steppe on the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains. See Fig. 3 for details of each index. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01.

图5 昆仑山北坡中段环境因子与山地草原植物(A)、细菌(B)及真菌(C)的冗余分析(RDA)。AB, 地上生物量; ACE, ACE指数; AK, 土壤速效钾含量; Alt, 海拔; AP, 土壤速效磷含量; Avt, 年平均气温; Chao1, Chao1指数; Coverage, 盖度; D, Simpson指数; D1, Margalef指数; E, Pielou指数; H', Shannon-Wiener指数; OM, 土壤有机质含量; OTU, 操作性分类单元数量; PD, 系统发育指数; Pre, 年降水量; S, Patrick指数; TDS, 土壤总盐含量; TN, 土壤全氮含量; Wap, 水蒸气压; Wis, 风速。

Fig. 5 Redundancy analysis of environmental and biological factors on steppe plants (A), bacterial (B) and fungal (C) communities on the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains. AB, aboveground biomass; ACE, ACE index; AK, soil available potassium content; Alt, altitude; AP, soil available phosphorus content; Avt, mean annual air temperature; Chao1, Chao1 index; E, Pielou index; D, Simpson index; D1, Margalef index; H', Shannon-Wiener index; OM, soil organic matter content; OTU, number of operational taxonomic units; PD, phylogenetic diversity index; Pre, mean annual precipitation; S, species richness (Patrick index); TDS, soil total salt content; TN, soil total nitrogen content; Wap, water vapor pressure; Wis, wind speed.

图6 昆仑山北坡中段环境因子对植物(A)、细菌(B)及真菌(C)多样性的相对贡献。

Fig. 6 Relative contribution of environmental factors on plant (A), bacteria (B) and fungi (C) diversity with variance decomposition analysis in north slope of the Kunlun Mountains.

图7 昆仑山北坡中段环境因子对草原植物(A)、细菌(B)及真菌(C)多样性的影响。AK, 土壤速效钾含量; Alt, 海拔; AP, 土壤速效磷含量; Avt, 年平均气温; OM, 土壤有机质含量; pH, 土壤pH; Pre, 年降水量; TDS, 土壤总盐含量; TN, 土壤全氮含量; Wap, 水蒸气压; Wis, 风速。

Fig. 7 Relative importance of environmental factors on steppe plants (A), bacterial (B) and fungal (C) diversity using random forest analysis on the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains. AK, soil available potassium content; Alt, altitude; AP, soil available phosphorus content; Avt, mean annual air temperature; Pre, mean annual precipitation; OM, soil organic matter content; pH, soil pH; TDS, soil total salt content; TN, soil total nitrogen content; Wap, water vapor pressure; Wis, wind speed.

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海拔梯度对昆仑山北坡中部草原植物与土壤微生物群落结构与多样性的影响

Effects of altitude gradient on plant and soil microbial community structure and diversity in the middle part of the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains, China

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