‘塞外红’苹果-大豆复合系统根系时空分布与种间竞争策略

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2024.0177

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了解新型果豆复合系统种间竞争策略, 寻找兼顾生态效益与经济效益的果豆复合种植搭配, 设置‘塞外红’苹果(Malus pumila ‘Saiwaihong’) -大豆(Glycine max)种植模式。通过对‘塞外红’-大豆复合系统根长密度(RLD)、比根长(SRL)、根垂直中心、竞争能力指数、种间相对竞争能力的研究, 揭示‘塞外红’-大豆复合系统种间竞争策略。结果显示: 间作果树、大豆RLD均低于单作, SRL趋势相反。大豆根系主要分布在0-20 cm土壤深度、距果树150-200 cm处, 随土壤深度增加、距果树距离减少而减少。间作‘塞外红’根系主要分布在20-40 cm土壤深度, 随生育时期推移, 细根垂直中心下移幅度增大。‘塞外红’-大豆复合系统中各植物采取不同种间竞争策略。大豆细根通过提高SRL, 降低根质量的方式在复合系统表层土壤中成为强势竞争者; 间作‘塞外红’采取下移根系分布中心、延长根长、增加根质量的方式减少与间作大豆生态位重叠和资源竞争。‘塞外红’整体的种间相对竞争能力强于大豆, 但在表土层依然有大豆竞争能力指数强于‘塞外红’的情况发生。间作大豆产量比单作降低了34.12%, ‘塞外红’产量无显著差异, 复合系统土地当量比(LER)、收益当量比(IER)均大于1。说明‘塞外红’-大豆复合系统地下竞争较弱, 具有良好的间作优势, 适宜在新疆种植。研究结果可为干旱半干旱区农林复合系统种植选择提供参考。

关键词: 果豆复合系统, 根系分布, 种间竞争, ‘塞外红’苹果, 果树, 间作, 干旱半干旱区

Abstract:

Aims In order to understand the interspecific competition strategy of the new fruit-soybean agroforestry system and find a planting pattern that balances ecological and economic benefits, the Malus pumila‘Saiwaihong’ - Glycine max agroforestry system (MS) was set up.

Methods Through the study on root length density (RLD), specific root length (SRL), root vertical center, competitiveness index and interspecific relative competitiveness of the MS, their interspecific competition strategy was revealed.

Important findings The results showed that the RLD of intercropping fruit trees and soybean was lower than that of monoculture, and the trend of SRL was opposite. Soybean roots were mainly distributed at 0-20 cm soil depth and 150-200 cm away from the fruit tree, and decreased with the increase of soil depth and the decrease of distance from the fruit tree. The root system of intercropping ‘Saiwaihong’ mainly distributed in the soil depth of 20-40 cm. Within the growth period, the vertical center of fine roots moved downward. In the MS, each plant adopted different interspecific competition strategies. Fine roots of soybean became a strong competitor in the surface soil of the MS by increasing SRL and reducing root mass. Intercropping ‘Saiwaihong’ could reduce niche overlap and resource competition with intercropping soybean by moving down the root distribution center, lengthening root length and increasing root mass. The overall interspecific relative competitiveness of ‘Saiwaihong’ was stronger than that of soybean, but the competitiveness index of soybean was still stronger than that of ‘Saiwaihong’ in the topsoil. The yield of intercropping soybean was 34.12% lower than that of monoculture. There was no significant difference in the yield of ‘Saiwaihong’. The land equivalent ratio (LER) and income equivalent ratio (IER) of the agroforestry system were greater than one. The results showed that the underground competition of MS was weak, and it had good intercropping advantages which were suitable for planting in Xinjiang. The results of this study can provide a reference for the selection of planting patterns of agroforestry systems in arid and semi-arid areas.

Key words: fruit-soybean agroforestry system, root distribution, interspecific competition, Malus pumila ‘Saiwaihong’, fruit tree, intercropping, arid and semi-arid areas

王秀媛, 申磊, 刘婷婷, 尉雯雯, 张帅, 张伟. ‘塞外红’苹果-大豆复合系统根系时空分布与种间竞争策略. 植物生态学报, 2025, 49(5): 748-759. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0177

WANG Xiu-Yuan, SHEN Lei, LIU Ting-Ting, WEI Wen-Wen, ZHANG Shuai, ZHANG Wei. Spatial and temporal distribution of root system and interspecific competition strategy in Malus pumila ‘Saiwaihong’ - Glycine max agroforestry system. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2025, 49(5): 748-759. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0177

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2024.0177

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2025/V49/I5/748

图/表 7

图1 ‘塞外红’苹果-大豆单间作系统田间布局。

Fig. 1 Field layout of sole-cropping and intercropping systems of Malus pumila ‘Saiwaihong’ and Glycine max.

表1 ‘塞外红’苹果-大豆种植与田间管理信息表

Table 1 Planting and field management information of Malus pumila ‘Saiwaihong’ and Glycine max

处理 Treatment	追肥总量 Total topdressing (kg·hm^-2)		灌溉总量 Total irrigation (m³·hm^-2)	树高 Tree height (m)		冠幅 Crown width (m)
处理 Treatment	水溶肥 Water soluble fertilizer	尿素 Urea	灌溉总量 Total irrigation (m³·hm^-2)	2020	2021	2020	2021
单作大豆 Sole	120	150	3 600	-	-	-	-
间作大豆 Int	120	150	2 400	-	-	-	-
单作‘塞外红’ M	225	-	3 750	2.96	3.36	1.58	1.63
间作‘塞外红’ INT	225	-	3 750	2.89	3.27	1.51	1.61

图2 ‘塞外红’苹果-大豆单、间作根长密度(RLD)时空变化。R3, 大豆始荚期; R6, 大豆鼓粒期; V4, 大豆第四复叶展开期。图中黑色小写字母为单、间作‘塞外红’显著性比较结果, 红色大写字母为距果树200 cm处单、间作大豆显著性比较结果; 不同字母表示差异显著(p < 0.05)。本实验以大豆生育时间设定采样时间。

Fig. 2 Temporal and spatial variation of root length density (RLD) in sole-cropping and intercropping of Malus pumila ‘Saiwaihong’ and Glycine max. Int, intercropping soybean; INT, intercropping ‘Saiwaihong’; M, sole-cropped ‘Saiwaihong’; Sole, sole-cropped soybean. R3, beginning pod stage of soybean; R6, full seed stage of soybean; V4, fourth-node stage of soybean. The black lowercase letters are the results of the significance comparison between INT and M; the red uppercase letters are the results of the significance comparison between Int and Sole at the distance of 200 cm from the fruit trees; different letters indicate significant difference (p < 0.05). In this experiment, the sampling time was set based on the growth stage of soybean.

图3 ‘塞外红’苹果和大豆单、间作比根长(SRL)时空变化。R3, 大豆始荚期; R6, 大豆鼓粒期; V4, 大豆第四复叶展开期。图中黑色小写字母为单、间作‘塞外红’显著性比较结果, 红色大写字母为距果树200 cm处单、间作大豆显著性比较结果; 不同字母表示差异显著(p < 0.05)。本实验以大豆生育时间设定采样时间。

Fig. 3 Temporal and spatial variation of specific root length (SRL) in sole-cropping and intercropping of Malus pumila ‘Saiwaihong’ and Glycine max. Int, intercropping soybean; INT, intercropping ‘Saiwaihong’; M, sole-cropped ‘Saiwaihong’; Sole, sole-cropped soybean. R3, beginning pod stage of soybean; R6, full seed stage of soybean; V4, fourth-node stage of soybean. The black lowercase letters are the results of the significance comparison between INT and M; the red capital letters are the results of the significance comparison between Int and Sole at the distance of 200 cm from the fruit trees; different letters indicate significant difference (p < 0.05). In this experiment, the sampling time was set based on the growth stage of soybean.

图4 ‘塞外红’苹果-大豆复合系统细根垂直中心时空变化(平均值±标准差)。R3, 大豆始荚期; R6, 大豆鼓粒期; V4, 大豆第四复叶展开期。本实验以大豆生育时间设定采样时间。

Fig. 4 Temporal and spatial variation of fine root vertical center in Malus pumila ‘Saiwaihong’ + Glycine max agroforestry systems (mean ± SD). Int, intercropping soybean; INT, intercropping ‘Saiwaihong’; M, sole-cropped ‘Saiwaihong’; Sole, sole-cropped soybean. R3, beginning pod stage of soybean; R6, full seed stage of soybean; V4, fourth-node stage of soybean. In this experiment, the sampling time was set based on the growth stage of soybean.

图5 ‘塞外红’苹果-大豆复合系统竞争能力指数(平均值±标准差)。A, 垂直方向竞争能力指数。B, 水平方向竞争能力指数。Lms, ‘塞外红’对大豆的竞争能力指数; Lsm, 大豆对‘塞外红’的竞争能力指数。不同小写字母表示相同物种不同土层差异显著(p < 0.05); 不同大写字母表示不同物种同一土层差异显著(p < 0.05)。NA表示无数据。R3, 大豆始荚期; R6, 大豆鼓粒期; V4, 大豆第四复叶展开期。本实验以大豆生育时间设定采样时间。

Fig. 5 Competitiveness index of Malus pumila ‘Saiwaihong’ + Glycine max agroforestry system (mean ± SD). A, Competitiveness index of vertical. B, Competitiveness index of horizontal. Lms, competitiveness index from Malus pumila ‘Saiwaihong’ to soybean. Lsm, competitiveness index from soybean to Malus pumila ‘Saiwaihong’. Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference for the same species between different soil layers (p < 0.05); different uppercase letters indicate significant difference among different species in the same soil layer (p < 0.05). NA means no data. R3, beginning pod stage of soybean; R6, full seed stage of soybean; V4, fourth-node stage of soybean. In this experiment, the sampling time was set based on the growth stage of soybean.

表2 单、间作大豆和‘塞外红’苹果产量及产量构成因子(平均值±标准差)

Table 2 Yield and yield components of Malus pumila ‘Saiwaihong’ and Glycine max in sole-cropping and intercropping systems (mean ± SD)

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	株数 Plant number (plant·hm^-2)	单株荚数 Pods number (pod·plant^-1)	单荚粒数 Seeds number per pod (seed·pod^-1)	百粒质量 100 grain mass (g)	总产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	土地当量比 LER	收益当量比 IER	种间相对竞争力 (大豆对‘塞外红’) Aggressivity (A_sm)
2020	Sole	2.4 × 10⁵	32.57 ± 5.36^b	2.31 ± 1.04^a	24.52 ± 2.47^a	4 427.53 ± 237.74^a	-	-	-
	Int	1.1 × 10⁵	39.29 ± 6.77^a	2.94 ± 1.13^a	22.85 ± 1.36^b	2 903.41 ± 510.96^b	-	-	-
	M	1 100	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	INT	1 100	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
2021	Sole	2.4 × 10⁵	31.06 ± 3.20^b	2.46 ± 0.89^b	25.76 ± 1.65^a	4 723.82 ± 384.95^a	-	-	-
	Int	1.1 × 10⁵	38.32 ± 5.51^a	3.11 ± 1.48^a	23.84 ± 1.36^b	3 125.25 ± 420.19^b	-	-	-
	M	1 100	-	-	-	5 560.02 ± 210.24^a	1.564	1.106	-0.04
	INT	1 100	-	-	-	5 015.68 ± 129.72^a	-	-	-

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