山脚基带调查低估了青藏高原山地物种丰富度: 以珠峰绒布河流域山体垂直带为例

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2024.0236

植物生态学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (3): 404-414.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0236 cstr: 32100.14.cjpe.2024.0236

山脚基带调查低估了青藏高原山地物种丰富度: 以珠峰绒布河流域山体垂直带为例

李博文¹, 周阳¹, 吕静雅¹^,⁴, 阿旺², 陈兰英², 刘世章², 伍晶², 吕汪汪¹, 孙建平¹, 贾跃凤³, 赵矿⁵, 汪诗平¹^,^*()()

¹中国科学院青藏高原研究所青藏高原地球系统与资源环境全国重点实验室, 北京 100101
²西藏大学生态环境学院, 拉萨 850000
³西藏低碳草牧科技有限公司, 拉萨 850030
⁴中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
⁵西藏自治区生态环境监测中心, 拉萨 850000

收稿日期:2024-07-26 接受日期:2024-12-10 出版日期:2025-03-20 发布日期:2025-01-02
通讯作者: * 汪诗平(wangsp@itpcas.ac.cn)
基金资助:
西藏自治区生态坏境厅项目;国家自然科学基金(32201358);拉萨市科学技术局项目(QYXTCX-LS2022-04);拉萨市科学技术局项目(2023000097)

Underestimation of mountain species richness on the Qingzang Plateau when using base zone surveys: a case study of mountain vertical vegetation spectrum in the Rongbu River watershed of Mount Qomolangma

LI Bo-Wen¹, ZHOU Yang¹, LÜ Jing-Ya¹^,⁴, A Wang², CHEN Lan-Ying², LIU Shi-Zhang², WU Jing², LÜ Wang-Wang¹, SUN Jian-Ping¹, JIA Yue-Feng³, ZHAO Kuang⁵, WANG Shi-Ping¹^,^*()()

¹State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
²School of Ecology and Environment, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
³Xizang Low-carbon Grassland and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd., Lhasa 850030, China
⁴University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
⁵Ecological Environment Monitoring Center of Xizang Autonomous Region, Lhasa 850000, China

Received:2024-07-26 Accepted:2024-12-10 Online:2025-03-20 Published:2025-01-02
Contact: * WANG Shi-Ping(wangsp@itpcas.ac.cn)
Supported by:
Project of Ecology and Evnironment Department of Xizang Autonomous Region;National Natural Science Foundation of China(32201358);Projects of Lhasa Science and Technology Bureau(QYXTCX-LS2022-04);Projects of Lhasa Science and Technology Bureau(2023000097)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

山体物种丰富度及其海拔格局研究是生态学研究的重点内容。以往研究较多关注某个独立山体的物种丰富度, 而对区域尺度内物种丰富度海拔格局的研究多是基于公路沿线或山脚监测的结果, 忽略了山体垂直带物种丰富度的变化。该研究在珠穆朗玛峰绒布河流域选取河流两岸基带海拔分布范围为3 785-5 155 m的8个山体, 结合样线法和样方法调查了8个山体垂直带的物种丰富度。研究表明: (1)共记录了81种植物物种, 其中垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)、西藏早熟禾(Poa tibetica)、藓状雪灵芝(Arenaria bryophylla)和笔直黄耆(Astragalus strictus)等在整个流域的8个山体上均有记录; (2)流域尺度上, 单位面积(1 m²)物种丰富度随海拔的变化呈单峰曲线分布。而在各独立山体上, 单位面积物种丰富度沿海拔梯度的分布模式不尽相同, 既有U形分布、正相关, 也有无显著关系的模式; (3)整体上, 山体下部区域的累计物种丰富度要低于山体中上部的累计物种丰富度, 山体阴坡的单位面积物种丰富度要高于山体阳坡。该研究揭示了山体山脚基带的物种丰富度和整个山体的物种丰富度相差很大, 仅在公路沿线或山脚基带处的植物调查会低估整个山体13.5%-54.8%的物种丰富度。因此, 需要开展更多青藏高原山地生态系统物种丰富度在山体空间尺度上分布格局及其关键影响因素和机制的研究。

关键词: 绒布河流域, 山体物种丰富度, 植被垂直带谱, 空间格局, 珠穆朗玛峰

Abstract:

Aims Species richness patterns along altitudinal gradients in mountain ecosystems have been a central theme in ecological research. While past studies often investigated species richness on individual mountains, regional-scale analyses have typically relied on samples collected along roadsides or foothills, potentially neglecting the crucial aspect of vertical zonation in mountain biodiversity.
Methods Eight mountains along the Rongbu River with varying base altitudes (ranging from 3 785 m to 5 155 m) were selected for the study. Employing transect and quadrat methods, species richness was comprehensively surveyed across the vertical zones of these mountains.
Important findings (1) A total of 81 plant species were recorded in this survey, including species such as Elymus nutans, Poa tibetica, Arenaria bryophylla, and Astragalus strictus, all of which were documented across all eight mountains in the basin. (2) On a watershed scale, species richness per unit area (1 m²) followed a unimodal curve with respect to altitude. However, on individual mountain ranges, the distribution patterns of species richness per unit area along the altitude gradient varied, showing U-shaped distributions, positive correlations, or no significant relationships. (3) Overall, the cumulative species richness in the lower parts of the mountains was lower than in the middle and upper parts. Additionally, the species richness per unit area was higher on the shady slopes of the mountains compared to the sunny slopes. This study revealed a significant disparity between species richness in the base zone of the mountains and the overall species richness of the entire mountain. This finding indicates that plant surveys conducted solely along roadsides or at the mountain base significantly underestimate the species richness of the entire mountain by 13.5% to 54.8%. Therefore, it is imperative to pay particular attention to the distribution patterns of species richness across mountain spatial scales and their key influencing factors in mountain ecosystems, especially on the Qingzang Plateau.

Key words: Rongbu River watershed, mountain species richness, vertical vegetation spectrum, spatial patterns, Mount Qomolangma

李博文, 周阳, 吕静雅, 阿旺, 陈兰英, 刘世章, 伍晶, 吕汪汪, 孙建平, 贾跃凤, 赵矿, 汪诗平. 山脚基带调查低估了青藏高原山地物种丰富度: 以珠峰绒布河流域山体垂直带为例. 植物生态学报, 2025, 49(3): 404-414. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0236

LI Bo-Wen, ZHOU Yang, LÜ Jing-Ya, A Wang, CHEN Lan-Ying, LIU Shi-Zhang, WU Jing, LÜ Wang-Wang, SUN Jian-Ping, JIA Yue-Feng, ZHAO Kuang, WANG Shi-Ping. Underestimation of mountain species richness on the Qingzang Plateau when using base zone surveys: a case study of mountain vertical vegetation spectrum in the Rongbu River watershed of Mount Qomolangma. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2025, 49(3): 404-414. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0236

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2024.0236

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2025/V49/I3/404

图/表 8

图1 绒布河流域和调查山体的分布(A)及山体调查区域划分示意图(B)。M01-M08分别表示绒布河流域从上游到下游所调查的8个山体坡面; A1、A2、A3分别表示将山体根据海拔高度划分的3个海拔段; E1、E2、E3分别表示每个山体所划分的3种调查情景。

Fig. 1 Distribution of the Rongbu River watershed and surveyed mountains (A) and schematic diagram of the surveyed mountain regions (B). M01-M08 represent eight mountain slopes investigated in the Rongbu River watershed, numbered sequentially from upstream to downstream. A1, A2 and A3 represent three altitude zones classified based on altitude. E1, E2 and E3 represent three survey scenarios defined for each mountain slope.

表1 绒布河流域不同海拔梯度山体详细信息

Table 1 Detailed information in all mountains surveyed in the Rongbu River watershed

山体编号 Mountain No.	山体基带海拔 Mountain base altitude (m)	调查海拔上限 Upper altitude (m)	样线长度 Transect length (m)	垂直落差 Altitude difference (m)	年降水量 Annual Precipitation (mm)	年平均气温 Mean annual air temperature (℃)	坡向 Slope	坐标 Coordinate
M01	5 155	5 274	700	119	1 101	-6.4	西南 Southwest	86.89° E, 28.08° N
M02	5 150	5 281	300	131	685	-6.2	东北 Northeast	86.85° E, 28.13° N
M03	4 619	5 041	1 000	422	403	0.9	西北 Northwest	86.85° E, 28.30° N
M04	4 695	5 029	400	334	451	1.7	西南 Southwest	86.85° E, 28.33° N
M05	4 327	4 755	600	428	330	3.1	东北 Northeast	86.94° E, 28.37° N
M06	4 365	4 652	500	287	342	3.5	西南 Southwest	86.97° E, 28.37° N
M07	3 785	4 123	600	338	734	2.2	东北 Northeast	87.35° E, 28.32° N
M08	3 810	4 313	500	503	734	2.2	西南 Southwest	87.36° E, 28.31° N

表2 绒布河流域不同山体划分不同海拔段信息表

Table 2 Information on different mountains categorized by altitude ranges in the Rongbu River watershed

山体编号 Mountain ID	海拔区间 Altitude range	物种丰富度 Species richness	海拔下限 Lower limit of altitude (m)	海拔上限 Upper limit of altitude (m)
M01	A1	32	5 155	5 195
	A2	13	5 195	5 235
	A3	15	5 235	5 275
M02	A1	16	5 150	5 194
	A2	19	5 194	5 238
	A3	24	5 238	5 281
M03	A1	30	4 619	4 760
	A2	31	4 760	4 901
	A3	36	4 901	5 041
M04	A1	19	4 695	4 807
	A2	24	4 807	4 918
	A3	24	4 918	5 029
M05	A1	24	4 327	4 470
	A2	29	4 470	4 613
	A3	33	4 613	4 755
M06	A1	20	4 365	4 461
	A2	35	4 461	4 567
	A3	28	4 567	4 652
M07	A1	14	3 785	3 898
	A2	20	3 898	4 011
	A3	23	4 011	4 123
M08	A1	10	3 810	3 978
	A2	13	3 978	4 146
	A3	11	4 146	4 313

图2 绒布河流域各个山体累计物种丰富度沿海拔高度的变化。M01-M08表示绒布河上游到下游所调查的8个独立山体, 详细信息见表2。

Fig. 2 Variation in cumulative species richness of each mountain along the altitude gradient in the Rongbu River watershed. M01-M08 denote eight independent mountains surveyed from upstream to downstream of the Rongbu River, details see Table 2.

图3 绒布河流域不同山体范围调查情景下累计物种丰富度的变化。E1表示仅调查山体下部, E2表示调查山体中部和下部, E3表示调查整个山体。

Fig. 3 Variation in cumulative species richness with mountain survey altitude range at the watershed scale of Rongbu River (aggregate results of eight mountains). E1 represents surveys limited to the lower part of the mountain, E2 represents surveys in both the middle and lower parts of the mountain, and E3 represents surveys covering the entire mountain.

图4 绒布河流域不同基带海拔梯度阴坡和阳坡单位面积物种丰富度的比较。BA1-BA4分别表示从绒布河上游至绒布河下游4个不同的基带海拔高度(分别为5 153、4 657、4 346和3 798 m)。*表示阴坡和阳坡单位面积物种丰富度差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 4 Comparison of species richness per unit area on shady and sunny slopes across different base zone altitude gradients in Rongbu River watershed. BA1-BA4 represent four different base zone altitude gradients from the upstream to the downstream of the Rongbu River (5 153, 4 657, 4 346 and 3 798 m, respectively). * indicates a significant difference in species richness per unit area between the shady and sunny slopes (p < 0.05).

图5 绒布河流域各个山体垂直带物种丰富度和海拔的关系。A-H分别为山体M01-M08的结果, 山体详细信息见表2。灰色的点表示所调查的每个样方物种丰富度。拟合结果的R2和p值标注在了每个子图的上方。如果拟合曲线的p < 0.05, 则用黑色实线绘制拟合曲线。

Fig. 5 Relationship between species richness across altitude gradients on individual mountains in Rongbu River watershed. A-H represent Mountains M01-M08, mountain details see Table 2. Grey points indicate species richness surveyed in each plot. R2 and p values of the fits are annotated in the top of each subplot. Solid black line represents a significant fitted curve (p < 0.05).

图6 绒布河流域尺度上, 不同山体山脚累计物种丰富度和山体中上部以及山体累计物种丰富度的关系。A2、A3和All, 分别表示山体中部、上部和整个山体内的区域。

Fig. 6 Relationship between cumulative species richness in the base zone and cumulative species richness in the middle and upper parts of mountains within the Rongbu River watershed. A2, A3, and All represent regions within the middle part and upper part of the mountain, and the entire mountain, respectively.

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山脚基带调查低估了青藏高原山地物种丰富度: 以珠峰绒布河流域山体垂直带为例

Underestimation of mountain species richness on the Qingzang Plateau when using base zone surveys: a case study of mountain vertical vegetation spectrum in the Rongbu River watershed of Mount Qomolangma

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