西双版纳土地利用/覆盖变化与地形的关系

doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.05.014

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

土地利用/覆盖变化是全球变化研究的重要领域。该文利用6个时期的MSS/TM/ETM影像和1:50 000DEM数据分析了1976~2007年西双版纳地区不同地形下的土地利用/覆盖变化动态, 结果表明: 1)31年间, 该区土地利用/覆盖变化剧烈, 有林地面积由1976年的69.0%下降到2007年的43.6%, 橡胶园面积由1976年的1.3%增加到2007年的11.8%; 2)有林地在海拔1 600 m以下不断减少, 而橡胶园的海拔分布上限则持续增加, 由1976年的1 000 m上升至2007年的1 400 m, 面积在400~1 000 m处占优。农业用地主要分布在海拔400~600 m, 在600 m之上迅速减少; 3)各坡度带上的有林地面积逐年减少, 橡胶园则逐年增加, 而灌木林与旱地则先升后降; 橡胶园、农业用地等主要分布在坡度较缓的区域, 坡度越大, 有林地越多; 1988年后, 橡胶园面积在坡度5°以下基本保持不变, 但在坡度大于5°的区域持续扩张; 4)坡向对橡胶园与农业用地等分布的影响较大, 南坡的橡胶发展最为迅速, 且有向北坡发展的趋势。有林地在北坡分布比例较大, 旱地在北坡分布比例较小。人口增加与橡胶园和茶园等经济种植园的不断扩展是导致西双版纳土地利用/覆盖变化的直接因素。要实现西双版纳的可持续发展, 必须控制经济种植园的盲目扩张, 科学合理垦殖, 保护热带森林。

关键词: 土地利用/覆盖, DEM, 海拔, 坡度, 坡向, 空间格局, 橡胶园, 森林砍伐

Abstract:

Aims Land-use and land-cover changes are important in the study of global change. Our objective is to understand the impact of topography on land use and cover change in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China, from 1976 to 2007.

Methods Based on GIS techniques, we used six periods of Landsat MSS/TM/ETM images and 1:50 000 digital elevation model (DEM) to analyze patterns of land use and cover change and transfer rates as affected by topography.

Important findings The magnitude, pace and spatial reach of land use and cover changes in Xishuangbanna were unprecedented. The most significant changes were a decrease of forest area from 13 193 to 8 336 km²and an expansion of area of rubber plantations from 249 to 2 256 km²at low elevation. Topographic features, especially elevation and slope, exerted significant influence on the distribution pattern, intensity and velocity of land use and cover changes. Changes varied along elevation gradients, slope gradients and aspects. Forest cover continuously decreased below 1 600 m, while the upper limit of rubber plantations increased continuously from 1 000 to 1 400 m and was dominant between 400 and 1 000 m. Farmland was dominant below 600 m and decreased rapidly with increasing elevation. Along all slope gradients, forest cover decreased gradually, while rubber plantation increased, but shrubland and dry land first increased and then decreased. Rubber plantations and farmland were mainly on gentle slopes, while forest occupied the majority of steep slopes. After 1988, rubber plantation cover was unchanged below slopes of 5˚, but continuously expanded above slopes of 5˚. Aspect had large influence on the distribution pattern of cash crops and agricultural land. Rubber plantations on south aspects rapid expanded in comparison to a trend of general increase on north aspects, where forests reached a maximum and dry lands a minimum. Economic interests and population growth lead to excessive deforestation and reclamation in this region. Especially in recent years, the continuous conversion of forests to both rubber plantations and tea gardens has yielded negative effects which have led to further fragmentation affecting the biodiversity and security of natural ecosystems. For local sustainable development, the government must control the expansion of rubber plantations into forest and higher elevations, safeguard relatively intact of tropical ecosystems and manage land sustainably over the long term.

Key words: land use/cover, DEM, elevation, slope, aspect, spatial pattern, rubber plantation, deforestation

李增加, 马友鑫, 李红梅, 彭明春, 刘文俊. 西双版纳土地利用/覆盖变化与地形的关系. 植物生态学报, 2008, 32(5): 1091-1103. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.05.014

LI Zeng-Jia, MA You-Xin, LI Hong-Mei, PENG Ming-Chun, LIU Wun-Jun. RELATION OF LAND USE AND COVER CHANGE TO TOPOGRAPHY IN XISHUANGBANNA, SOUTHWEST CHINA. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2008, 32(5): 1091-1103. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.05.014

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.05.014

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2008/V32/I5/1091

图/表 10

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类型 Type	A1	A2	A3	A4	A5	A6	A7	A8	A9	A10	A11	Xi+	UA (%)
A1	69	5	1	2							1	78	88.5
A2	1	27	1									29	93.1
A3		11	43	1	1			2				58	74.1
A4		1		75				7				83	90.4
A5		1			6			1				8	75.0
A6		1				40			1			42	95.2
A7						1	9			1		11	95.2
A8		1	2		2			31	3		1	40	81.8
A9		1						1	25			27	77.5
A10		1								13		14	92.9
A11										2	8	10	80.0
X+i	70	49	47	78	9	41	9	42	29	16	10	OA=86.5
PA (%)	98.6	55.1	91.5	96.2	66.7	97.6	100	73.8	86.2	81.3	80.0	OA=86.5

类型 Type	A1	A2	A3	A4	A5	A6	A7	A8	A9	A10	A11	Xi+	UA (%)
A1	69	5	1	2							1	78	88.5
A2	1	27	1									29	93.1
A3		11	43	1	1			2				58	74.1
A4		1		75				7				83	90.4
A5		1			6			1				8	75.0
A6		1				40			1			42	95.2
A7						1	9			1		11	95.2
A8		1	2		2			31	3		1	40	81.8
A9		1						1	25			27	77.5
A10		1								13		14	92.9
A11										2	8	10	80.0
X+i	70	49	47	78	9	41	9	42	29	16	10	OA=86.5
PA (%)	98.6	55.1	91.5	96.2	66.7	97.6	100	73.8	86.2	81.3	80.0	OA=86.5

级别 Grade	海拔 Elevation (m)	坡度 Slope (°)	坡向 Aspect
1	400~600	<5	平地 Flat
2	600~800	5~8	北 North
3	800~1 000	8~15	东 East
4	1 000~1 200	15~25	南 South
5	1 200~1 400	25~35	西 West
6	1 400~1 600	>35
7	1 600~1 800
8	1 800~2 000
9	>2 000

级别 Grade	海拔 Elevation (m)	坡度 Slope (°)	坡向 Aspect
1	400~600	<5	平地 Flat
2	600~800	5~8	北 North
3	800~1 000	8~15	东 East
4	1 000~1 200	15~25	南 South
5	1 200~1 400	25~35	西 West
6	1 400~1 600	>35
7	1 600~1 800
8	1 800~2 000
9	>2 000

海拔段 Altitude (m)	总面积 Total area (hm²)	土地利用/覆盖类型 Land use/cover types	年变化率 Annual change in percentage (%)
海拔段 Altitude (m)	总面积 Total area (hm²)	土地利用/覆盖类型 Land use/cover types	1976~1988	1988~1992	1992~1999	1999~2003	2003~2007
<600	56 162	有林地 Forest	-0.85	0.49	-0.39	-1.38	-0.95
		灌木林地 Shrubland	0.05	0.95	-0.43	0.85	-0.28
		橡胶园 Rubber plantation	0.61	2.76	0.34	0.27	0.39
		农业用地 Farmland	0.02	-3.77	0.22	0.09	0.56
		建设用地 Construction land	-	0.04	0.26	0.24	0.14
600~1 000	735 674	有林地 Forest	-0.94	0.37	-1.76	-1.48	-3.04
		灌木林地 Shrubland	0.06	0.22	0.50	0.63	1.86
		橡胶园 Rubber plantation	0.47	0.81	0.80	1.55	1.10
		农业用地 Farmland	0.38	-1.50	0.55	-0.74	0.19
		建设用地 Construction land	-	0.05	0.00	0.02	0.00
1 000~1 400	820 524	有林地 Forest	-0.47	-0.04	-0.21	-0.40	-2.24
		灌木林地 Shrubland	0.04	0.69	0.27	0.16	1.92
		橡胶园 Rubber plantation	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.01	0.11
		农业用地 Farmland	0.34	-0.76	0.19	0.16	0.27
		建设用地 Construction land	-	0.01	0.00	0.01	0.00
>1 400	302 905	有林地 Forest	-0.84	-0.41	0.18	-0.59	0.56
		灌木林地 Shrubland	0.18	0.92	-0.49	0.63	-0.68
		橡胶园 Rubber plantation	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
		农业用地 Farmland	0.14	-0.58	0.44	-0.29	-0.45
		建设用地 Construction land	-	0.01	0.00	0.00	0.00