温带过渡区4种典型天然林土壤有机碳组分与碳库管理指数变化特征

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2024.0316

植物生态学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (11): 1957-1972.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0316 cstr: 32100.14.cjpe.2024.0316

• 研究论文 • 上一篇

温带过渡区4种典型天然林土壤有机碳组分与碳库管理指数变化特征

胡璟¹, 吕世琪³, 李冰¹, 马志波², 符利勇², 殷建章¹, 肖玖金⁴, 闫佳源¹, 胡宗达¹^,^*()

¹自然资源部耕地资源调查监测与保护利用重点实验室, 四川农业大学资源学院, 成都 611130
²中国林业科学研究院资源信息研究所, 北京 100091
³山西文峪河国家级湿地公园管理局, 山西交城 030500
⁴四川农业大学林学院, 成都 611130

收稿日期:2024-09-20 接受日期:2025-01-09 出版日期:2025-11-20 发布日期:2025-11-20
通讯作者: *胡宗达(huzd98@163.com)
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2021YFD2200405)

Characteristics of soil organic carbon fractions and carbon pool management index in four typical natural forests in temperature-transition zone

HU Jing¹, LÜ Shi-Qi³, LI Bing¹, MA Zhi-Bo², FU Li-Yong², YIN Jian-Zhang¹, XIAO Jiu-Jin⁴, YAN Jia-Yuan¹, HU Zong-Da¹^,^*()

¹Key Laboratory of Investigation and Monitoring, Protection and Utilization for Cultivated Land Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
²Institute of Forest Resource Information Techniques, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
³National Wetland Park Management Bureau of Shanxi Wenyuhe, Jiaocheng, Shanxi 030500, China
⁴College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China

Received:2024-09-20 Accepted:2025-01-09 Online:2025-11-20 Published:2025-11-20
Supported by:
National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFD2200405)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

探究温带过渡区典型天然林土壤有机碳组分与碳(C)库管理指数变化特征及其影响因素, 对提升土壤C储量和林地质量并制定合理有效的营林管护措施具有十分重要的现实意义。以山西庞泉沟国家级自然保护区境内的白桦(Betula platyphylla)林(BP)、青杄(Picea wilsonii) +华北落叶松(Larix gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii) +桦树(Betula)针阔混交林(PLB)、白杄(Picea meyeri) +青杄针叶混交林(PP)和华北落叶松林(LP)等4种林型为对象, 以灌草地为对照(CK), 采集0-20 cm土层土壤样品, 分析了土壤有机碳(SOC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、易氧化有机碳(EOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)和惰性有机碳(ROC)含量以及C库管理指数(CPMI)对林型变化的响应及其影响因素。发现: (1) SOC含量为PP ˃ PLB ˃ BP ˃ LP, 较CK分别增加了74.22%、41.62%、39.05%和3.01%; 4种天然林林型的DOC、EOC、MBC和ROC含量变化趋势与SOC相似, 但DOC和MBC含量变化不显著。(2) DOC:SOC和ROC:SOC受林型显著影响, LP的DOC:SOC和BP的ROC:SOC分别显著高于和低于其他3种天然林; 其余C组分含量对SOC含量的贡献未见显著变化, 均表现为PP中最低和LP中最高。(3) CPMI受林型显著影响, 其变化趋势与SOC含量相似。冗余分析和随机森林分析显示: 全氮和硝态氮含量是影响C组分含量和CPMI的主导因素, 其次是土壤含水量、有效钾含量和pH值。总体上, 混交林尤其是针叶混交林提高了土壤C组分含量和CPMI, 改善了土壤质量, 有助于土壤C储存; 土壤氮含量、水分含量及土壤酸碱度在预测温带过渡区森林生态系统土壤C库变化中起着关键的作用。因此, 适当增加土壤氮含量和改善物种多样性可能是提高温带过渡区天然林土壤C固存的有效手段。

关键词: 林型, 土壤有机碳, 土壤有机碳组分, 土壤碳库管理指数, 温带过渡区

Abstract:

Aims The present study aimed to quantify the characteristics of soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions and the carbon (C) pool management index (CPMI) in the topsoil (0‒20 cm) of the four different natural forest types in the temperate climate-transition area in Pangquangou National Nature Reserve, Shanxi Province. The study’s findings may offer a potential valuable reference and significant insight into enhancing soil C storage and the forestland quality, as well as the sustainable forest management within native woodlands in the future.

Methods A total of four forest types, which were characterized by similar site conditions, were selected to investigate the variations and influencing factors of soil C fractions and the CPMI in the topsoil layer. Here, soil samples were collected from representative forestlands, including Betula platyphylla forest (BP), Picea wilsonii + Larix gmeliniivar. principis-rupprechtii + Betula conifer-broadleaf mixed forests (PLB), P. meyeri + P. wilsonii conifer mixed forest (PP), L. principis-rupprechtii forest (LP) and scrub-grass land (CK), respectively. The contents of SOC and its fractions were measured, and CPMI was calculated. Pearson correlation and redundancy analysis (RDA) were used to examine the relationships between soil environmental factors and carbon pool characteristics. Random forest analysis (RFA) was used to identify the soil properties significantly affecting the soil C fractions and CPMI.

Important findings The buildup of SOC and its fractions, as well as soil C pool index (CPI) and CPMI, was influenced by the distinct species composition and forest structure of different forest types. First, the contents of SOC were as follows: PP ˃ PLB ˃ BP ˃ LP, which increased by 74.22%, 41.62%, 39.05% and 3.01% respectively in the topsoil layer compared to CK. For soil C components, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), easily oxidizable organic carbon (EOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and recalcitrant organic carbon (ROC) contents from the different forest types followed similar trends to the concentration of SOC at the surface layer where PP recorded the maximum concentration. Here we show that MBC and DOC contents did not vary significantly among different forest types. Second, our data clearly evidenced that the DOC:SOC and ROC:SOC were significantly higher and lower in LP and BP, respectively, in comparison to the other three forest types. Conversely, the EOC:SOC, MBC:SOC and AOC:SOC remained consistent, and no significant differences were observed among the four forest types, with the PP exhibiting the lowest values. Third, the variation tendency of CPMI followed the same trend as SOC, while the CPMI in LP was significantly lower than that observed in other forest types. RDA revealed that TN and NO₃^--N contents play a prominent role in the variation characteristics of soil C pools in the natural forests in the temperate climate-transition zone. Furthermore, we observed that soil water content and available potassium had a significant impact on soil C fractions, while the CPMI was significantly affected by soil water, pH and TP. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that both temperate mixed forests, especially coniferous mixed forests promoted SOC stock by increasing C pool fractions contents, which in turn promoted soil fertility and quality of the forest land in a temperate transition zone. The results of this study emphasize the key role of the interplay between soil nitrogen, soil water and soil pH in predicting soil C pool in temperate forests. Consequently, these results should be considered by the forestry sectors, and suggest that the forest ecological restoration should promote biodiversity especially conifer species in the context of improving C stock and soil quality in temperate forests. Thus, it is predicted that increasing soil nitrogen and species diversity may be an effective measure for improving soil C sequestration in natural forest ecosystems in the temperate climate-transition zone.

Key words: forest type, soil organic carbon, soil organic carbon fractions, soil carbon pool management index, temperate-transition zone

胡璟, 吕世琪, 李冰, 马志波, 符利勇, 殷建章, 肖玖金, 闫佳源, 胡宗达. 温带过渡区4种典型天然林土壤有机碳组分与碳库管理指数变化特征. 植物生态学报, 2025, 49(11): 1957-1972. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0316

HU Jing, LÜ Shi-Qi, LI Bing, MA Zhi-Bo, FU Li-Yong, YIN Jian-Zhang, XIAO Jiu-Jin, YAN Jia-Yuan, HU Zong-Da. Characteristics of soil organic carbon fractions and carbon pool management index in four typical natural forests in temperature-transition zone. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2025, 49(11): 1957-1972. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0316

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2024.0316

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2025/V49/I11/1957

图/表 7

表1 不同林型样地的基本特征(平均值±标准误)

Table 1 Basic characteristics of the studied sample plots (mean ± SE)

林型 Forest type	海拔 Mean altitude (m)	坡度 Mean slop (°)	平均郁闭度 Mean canopy density (%)	平均林分密度 Mean stand density (stems·hm^-2)	平均胸径 Mean DBH (cm)	乔木层平均树高 Tree layer mean tree height (m)
BP	2 027	26	73.50 ± 1.38^b	2 637 ± 400^a	17.57 ± 1.21^c	15.88 ± 0.56^b
PLB	2 036	28	79.33 ± 2.34^a	1 554 ± 693^b	23.91 ± 2.76^b	16.39 ± 1.42^b
PP	2 157	28	76.00 ± 1.79^ab	1 166 ± 281^b	27.97 ± 2.00^a	21.48 ± 0.43^a
LP	1 974	25	75.83 ± 2.14^b	1 662 ± 279^b	25.88 ± 2.87^ab	18.61 ± 0.91^b
CK	2 017	33	‒	‒	‒	‒
林型 Forest type	灌木层平均盖度 Shrub layer mean coverage (%)	灌木层平均高度 Shrub layer mean height (m)	草本平均盖度 Herbaceous mean coverage (%)	草本平均高度 Herb layer mean height (cm)	苔藓层平均盖度 Moss layer mean coverage (%)	凋落物平均厚度 Litter mean thickness (cm)
BP	13.03 ± 2.11^b	5.27 ± 0.99^b	41.65 ± 3.61^a	8.35 ± 0.56^a	‒	2.41 ± 0.94^a
PLB	22.62 ± 12.22^a	7.76 ± 1.63^b	31.80 ± 3.88^b	7.95 ± 2.29^a	7.78 ± 2.16^b	1.64 ± 0.25^b
PP	4.70 ± 4.14^b	11.97 ± 3.71^a	31.00 ± 3.28^b	7.27 ± 0.81^a	38.85 ± 7.88^a	1.74 ± 0.45^ab
LP	18.61 ± 2.24^b	7.73 ± 0.50^b	28.22 ± 2.72^b	6.91 ± 0.78^a	8.95 ± 7.35^b	1.86 ± 0.40^ab
CK	‒	1.00 ± 0.28	66.50 ± 13.98	4.60 ± 5.70	‒	‒

表2 不同林型土壤理化性质(平均值±标准误)

Table 2 Selected physical-chemical properties of soil at different forest types (mean ± SE)

土壤理化性质 Soil physical-chemical property	BP	PLB	PP	LP	CK	Sig. (p)
土壤容重 Soil bulk density (g·cm^-3)	1.13 ± 0.04^a	1.05 ± 0.08^a	0.98 ± 0.10^a	1.11 ± 0.04^a	1.14 ± 0.07^ns	0.434
含水量 Water content (%)	20.32 ± 2.31^b	24.56 ± 3.07^ab	30.13 ± 3.22^a	21.45 ± 1.07^b	28.90 ± 2.36^ns	0.058
pH	6.49 ± 0.05^a	6.08 ± 0.07^b	6.44 ± 0.05^a	5.89 ± 0.09^b	5.80 ± 0.08^**	<0.001
土壤有机碳含量 Soil organic carbon content (g·kg^-1)	52.12 ± 16.22^ab	53.08 ± 12.64^ab	65.31 ± 11.30^a	38.61 ± 15.75^b	37.48 ± 4.75^***	0.032
可溶性有机碳含量 Dissolved organic carbon content (mg·kg^-1)	251.55 ± 23.68^b	264.18 ± 29.54^b	303.40 ± 22.77^a	259.92 ± 46.61^b	242.17 ± 20.60^ns	0.051
易氧化有机碳含量 Easily oxidizable organic carbon content (g·kg^-1)	7.80 ± 0.82^b	8.28 ± 0.39^ab	8.80 ± 0.84^a	5.83 ± 0.74^c	4.11 ± 1.94^***	<0.001
微生物生物量碳含量 Microbial biomass carbon content (mg·kg^-1)	729.79 ± 45.50^a	742.33 ± 65.93^a	808.69 ± 53.86^a	652.63 ± 62.90^a	569.45 ± 36.25^*	0.324
惰性有机碳含量 Recalcitrant organic carbon content (g·kg^-1)	32.73 ± 8.01^b	42.20 ± 10.18^ab	53.06 ± 9.31^a	35.33 ± 15.15^b	31.85 ± 11.05^*	0.021
活性有机碳含量 Active organic carbon content (g·kg^-1)	8.78 ± 0.36^b	9.28 ± 0.21^ab	9.92 ± 0.37^a	6.75 ± 0.37^c	4.93 ± 10.79^***	<0.001

图1 不同林型土壤碳组分含量占有机碳百分比的变化特征(平均值±标准误)。BP, 白桦林; CK, 灌草丛; LP, 华北落叶松林; PLB, 青杄+华北落叶松+桦木针阔混交林; PP, 白杄+青杄针叶混交林。AOC:SOC, 活性有机碳含量: 土壤有机碳含量; DOC:SOC, 可溶性有机碳含量:土壤有机碳含量; EOC:SOC, 易氧化有机碳含量:土壤有机碳含量; GMC, 几何平均值; MBC:SOC, 微生物生物量有机碳含量:土壤有机碳含量; ROC:SOC, 惰性有机碳含量:土壤有机碳含量。图中不同小写字母表示不同林型间差异显著(p < 0.05)。ns表示天然林型与CK之间没有显著差异(p > 0.05); p值是指采用单因素方差分析检验不同指标在4种林型之间的差异显著性(α = 0.05); *, p < 0.05; ***, p < 0.001。

Fig. 1 Variation characteristics of the percent of soil C pool fractions in soil organic carbon content from the different forest types (mean ± SE). BP, Betula platyphylla forest; CK, scrub-grassland; LP, Larix gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii forest; PLB, Picea wilsonii + Larix gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii + B. platyphylla mixed conifer-broadleaf forest; PP, P. meyeri + P. wilsonii mixed conifer forest. AOC:SOC, ratio of active organic carbon contents to soil organic carbon contents; DOC:SOC, ratio of dissolved organic carbon contents to soil organic carbon contents; EOC:SOC, ratio of easily oxidizable organic carbon contents to soil organic carbon contents; GMC, geometric means of active organic carbon; MBC:SOC, ratio of microbial biomass carbon contents to soil organic carbon contents; ROC:SOC, ratio of recalcitrant organic carbon contents to soil organic carbon contents. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between different forest types in the figure (p < 0.05). ns imply no significant differences between natural forest types and CK in the figure (p > 0.05); p values refer to the significant differences in the percentages of each soil carbon pool component to total soil organic carbon among the four forest types, using one-way ANOVA testing at the 0.05 level; *, p < 0.05; ***, p < 0.001.

表3 不同林型土壤有机碳稳定性与土壤碳库管理指数(平均值±标准误)

Table 3 Lability of soil organic carbon and carbon (C) pool management indexes in different forest types (mean ± SE)

林型 Forest type	稳态碳含量 Soil steady-state C content (C_SS, g·kg^-1)	碳库活度 C pool active degree (CPA)	碳库活度指数 C pool active indexes (CAI)	碳库指数 C pool indexes (CPI)	碳库管理指数 C pool management indexes (CPMI)
BP	44.32 ± 6.36^ab	0.19 ± 0.02^a	1.49 ± 0.16^a	1.39 ± 0.18^ab	194.05 ± 7.14^a
PLB	44.81 ± 5.08^ab	0.19 ± 0.02^a	1.52 ± 0.12^a	1.42 ± 0.14^ab	207.01 ± 4.04^a
PP	56.50 ± 4.30^a	0.16 ± 0.01^a	1.25 ± 0.06^a	1.74 ± 0.12^a	213.64 ± 7.53^a
LP	32.78 ± 6.21^b	0.20 ± 0.03^a	1.59 ± 0.24^a	1.03 ± 0.17^b	146.71 ± 6.98^b
CK	33.37 ± 4.80^**	0.13 ± 0.03^ns	1.00	1.00	100.00
Sig. (p)	0.053	0.523	0.462	0.033	<0.001

图2 土壤碳库管理指数与环境变量之间的关系(n = 24)。AK, 有效钾含量; AOC, 活性有机碳含量; AP, 有效磷; BD, 土壤容重; CSS, 土壤稳态碳含量; CPI, 碳库指数; CPMI, 碳库管理指数; D, Simpson指数; DOC, 可溶性有机碳含量; EOC, 易氧化有机碳含量; G, Gleason指数; GMC, 活性有机碳含量的几何平均值; H′, Shannon-Wiener指数; J, Pielou均匀度指数; MBC, 微生物量碳含量; NH4+-N, 铵态氮含量; NO3--N, 硝态氮含量; ROC, 惰性有机碳含量; SOC, 土壤有机碳含量; SW, 土壤含水量; TK, 全钾含量; TN, 总氮含量; TP, 总磷含量。不同颜色表示相关类型及Pearson相关系数, 实线和虚线分别表示显著和不显著相关。*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001。

Fig. 2 Relationship between the carbon (C) pool management indexes and environmental variables under different forest types based on the Pearson correlation and mantel test analysis (n = 24). AK, available potassium content; AOC, active organic carbon content; AP, available phosphorus content; BD, soil bulk density; CSS, soil stable carbon content; CPI, carbon pool index; CPMI, carbon pool management index; D, Simpson index; DOC, dissolved organic carbon content; EOC, easily oxidizable organic carbon content; G, Gleason index; GMC, geometric mean value of active organic carbon content; H′, Shannon-Wiener index; J, Pielou evenness index; MBC, soil microbial biomass carbon content; NH4+-N, ammonium nitrogen content; NO3--N, nitrate nitrogen content; ROC, recalcitrant organic carbon content; SOC, soil organic carbon content; SW, soil water content; TK, total potassium content; TN, total nitrogen content; TP, total phosphorus content. Different colors indicate the corresponding types and Pearson correlation coefficients, and solid lines and dashed lines represent significant and insignificant correlations, respectively. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001.

图3 土壤碳组分(A)和土壤碳库管理指数(B)与土壤环境因子的冗余分析(RDA)。指标同图2。*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001。

Fig. 3 Redundancy analysis (RDA) of soil carbon (C) pool fractions (A) and C pool management indexes (B) and soil environment factors. Index see Fig. 2. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001.

图4 随机森林分析检测土壤环境因子对土壤碳(C)组分含量和C库管理指数变化的相对重要性。*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01。指标同图2。

Fig. 4 Random forest analysis indicating the effects of soil environmental variables on the contents of soil organic carbon (C) and C pool fractions, and soil carbon pool management indexes. * and ** correspond to p < 0.05 and 0.01, respectively. Index see Fig. 2.

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温带过渡区4种典型天然林土壤有机碳组分与碳库管理指数变化特征

Characteristics of soil organic carbon fractions and carbon pool management index in four typical natural forests in temperature-transition zone

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