干旱对亚热带人工针叶林碳交换的影响

doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.05.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

干旱对陆地生态系统的影响已成为全球变化研究的焦点问题之一。该研究基于生态系统过程模型——CEVSA2, 结合涡度相关通量观测, 分析了不同程度干旱对亚热带人工针叶林碳交换的影响及其关键控制因素。结果表明: 1)干旱使生态系统碳交换显著下降, 2003和2004年的干旱使得年净生态系统生产力(Net ecosystem production,NEP)相比无干旱影响情景的模拟结果分别减少了63%和47%; 2)光合和呼吸对干旱具有不同的响应, 干旱时光合的下降比呼吸更为显著, 这导致了NEP的显著下降; 3)当饱和水气压差(Vapor pressure deficit, VPD)达到1.5 kPa以上时, 生态系统的光合、呼吸和净碳吸收均开始下降, 当VPD大于2.5 kPa、土壤相对含水量(土壤含水量/土壤饱和含水量)(Relative soil water content, RSW)低于40%时, 生态系统的碳收支由碳汇转为碳源; 4)土壤干旱是造成碳交换下降的主要驱动因素, 对年NEP下降的平均贡献率为46%, 而大气干旱的贡献率仅为4%。

关键词: CEVSA2模型, 干旱, 碳交换, 亚热带人工针叶林, 涡度相关

Abstract:

Aims Drought effects on terrestrial ecosystems are a key issue in global change research. This study was designed to 1) analyze effects of drought on carbon exchange in a subtropical coniferous plantation; 2) elucidate the sensitivity of carbon exchange to different degree of water deficit and the critical values when the ecosystem converts from carbon sink to source and 3) investigate the main factors that control ecosystem carbon exchange when drought occurs.

Methods The CEVSA2 model, which incorporated several significant modifications based on the CEVSA process-based ecosystem model and has been tested by using eddy covariance observation in different forest ecosystems, was parameterized by using site-specific ecophysiological measurements. Drought scenarios were designed to analyze effects on annual carbon budget and to elucidate the main control factors.

Important findings Drought decreases ecosystem production and carbon exchange significantly. Compared with simulation of no drought effect scenario, the droughts in 2003 and 2004 decrease annual net ecosystem production (NEP) by 63% and 47%, respectively. Ecosystem photosynthesis and respiration respond to drought differently, and the more rapid decrease of gross ecosystem production (GEP) than ecosystem respiration (Re) lead to the decrease of NEP when drought occurs. As daily average vapor pressure deficit (VPD) rises above 1.5 kPa, GEP, Re and NEP begin to decrease; When VPD rises above 2.5 kPa and relative soil water content (RSW; soil water content/saturated soil water content) decreases below 40%, the ecosystem converts from a carbon sink to source. Soil water deficit, which is the main factor controlling the ecosystem carbon exchange, accounts for 46% to the decrease of total annual NEP in 2003 and 2004, and atmospheric drought accounts for only 4%.

Key words: CEVSA2 model, drought effect, carbon exchange, subtropical coniferous plantation, eddy covariance

顾峰雪, 于贵瑞, 温学发, 陶波, 李克让, 刘允芬. 干旱对亚热带人工针叶林碳交换的影响. 植物生态学报, 2008, 32(5): 1041-1051. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.05.009

GU Feng-Xue, YU Gui-Rui, WEN Xue-Fa, TAO Bo, LI Ke-Rang, LIU Yun-Fen. DROUGHT EFFECTS ON CARBON EXCHANGE IN A SUBTROPICAL CONIFEROUS PLANTATION IN CHINA. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2008, 32(5): 1041-1051. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.05.009

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.05.009

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2008/V32/I5/1041

图/表 9

参考文献 37

[1]	Alexandrov VA, Hoogenboom G (2000). Vulnerability and adaptation assessments of agricultural crops under climate change in the southeastern USA. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 67,45-63.
[2]	Arora VK, Boer GJ (2005). A parameterization of leaf phenology for the terrestrial ecosystem component of climate models. Global Change Biology, 11,39-59.
[3]	Baldocchi DD, Wilson KB (2001). Modeling CO ₂ and water vapor exchange of a temperate broadleaved forest across hourly to decadal time scales. Ecological Modelling, 142,155-184.
[4]	Cao MK, Woodward FI (1998). Dynamic responses of terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycling to global climate change. Nature, 393,249-252.
[5]	Churkina G, Running SW (1998). Contrasting climatic controls on the estimated productivity of global terrestrial biomes. Ecosystems, 1,206-215.
[6]	Granier A, Reichstein M, Breda N, Janssens IA, Falge E, Ciais P, Grunwald T, Aubinet M, Bergigier P, Bernhofer C, Buchmann N, Facini O, Grassi G, Heinesch B, Ilvesniemi H, Keronen P, Knohl A, Kostner B, Lagergren F, Lindroth A, Longdoz B, Loustau D, Mateus J, Montagnani L, Nys C, Moors E, Papale D, Peiffer M, Pilegaard K, Pita G, Pumpanen J, Rambal S, Rebmann C, Rodrigues A, Seufert G, Tenhunen J, Vesala T, Wang Q (2007). Evidence for soil water control on carbon and water dynamics in European forests during the extremely dry year: 2003. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 143,123-145.
[7]	Grant RF, Arain A, Arora V, Barr A, Black TA, Chen J, Wang S, Yuan F, Zhang Y (2005). Intercomparison of techniques to model high temperature effects on CO ₂ and energy exchange in temperate and boreal coniferous forests. Ecological Modelling, 188,217-252.
[8]	Gu FX, Cao MK, Wen XF, Liu YF, Tao B (2006). A comparison between simulated and measured CO ₂ and water flux in a sub-tropical coniferous forest. Science in China Series D—Earth Sciences, 49 (Suppl.II),241-251.
[9]	Gu FX (顾峰雪), Cao MK (曹明奎), Yu GR (于贵瑞), Wen XF (温学发), Tao B (陶波), Liu YF (刘允芬), Zhang LM (张雷明) (2007). Modeling carbon exchange in different forest ecosystems by CEVSA model: comparison with eddy covariance measurements. Advances in Earth Science (地球科学进展), 22,223-234. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]	Harley PC, Tenhunen, JD, Lange OL(1986). Use of an analytical model to study limitations on net photosynthesis in Arbutus unedo under field conditions. Oecologia, 70,393-401. DOI URL PMID
[11]	Huang XZ (黄祥忠), Hao YB (郝彦宾), Wang YF (王艳芬), Zhou XQ (周小奇), Han X (韩喜), He JJ (贺俊杰) (2006). Impacts of extreme drought on net ecosystem exchange from Lemus chinese steppe in Xilin River Basin, China. Journal of Plant Ecology (Chinese Version)(植物生态学报), 30,894-900. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]	Infante JM, Damesin C, Rambal S, Fernández-Alés R (1999). Modelling leaf gas exchange in holm-oak trees in southern Spain. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 95,203-223.
[13]	IPCC Intergvernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007). Summary for policymakers. In: Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt KB, Tignor M, Miller HL eds. Climate Change 2007: the Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
[14]	Kaduk J, Heimann M (1996). A prognostic phenology scheme for global terrestrial carbon cycle models. Climate Research, 6(1),1-19.
[15]	Kalvova J, Nemesova I (1997). Projections of climate change for the Czech Republic. Climatic Change, 36,41-64.
[16]	Kloeppel BD, Gower ST, Vogel JG, Reich PB (2000). Diurnal, seasonal, and edaphic limitations on the foliar gas exchange of Larix occidentalis and sympatric evergreen conifers in western Montana. Functional Ecology, 14,281-292. DOI URL
[17]	Larcher W (1997). (Translated by Zhai ZX (翟志席), Guo YH (郭玉海), Ma YZ (马永泽)). Plant Eco-Physiology (植物生态生理学), China Agricultural University Press, Beijing. (in Chinese)
[18]	Law BE, Williams M, Anthoni PM, Baldocchi DD, Unsworth MH (2000). Measuring and modeling seasonal variation of carbon dioxide and water vapour exchange of a Pinus ponderosa forest subject to soil water deficit. Global Change Biology, 6,613-630.
[19]	Li F (李飞) (1998). Reestablishment of forest ecosystems and nutrient cycling characteristics at Qianyanzhou. Resources Science (资源科学), 20(Suppl.),41-48. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]	Li JY (李家永), Yuan XH (袁小华) (2001). A comparative study on organic carbon storage in different land-use systems in red earth hilly area. Resources Science (资源科学), 23(5),73-76. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]	Li ZQ, Yu GR, Wen XF, Zhang LM, Ren CY, Fu YL (2005). Energy balance closure at ChinaFLUX sites. Science in China Series D—Earth Sciences, 48 (Suppl. I),51-62.
[22]	Liao JX (廖建雄), Wang GX (王根轩) (2000). The effects of increasing CO ₂, temperature and drought on the chemical composition of wheat leaves. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica (植物生态学报), 24,744-747. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]	Melillo JM, McGuire AD, Kicklighter DW (1993). Global climate change and terrestrial net primary production. Nature, 363,234-240.
[24]	Rambal S, Debussche G (1995). Water balance of Mediterranean ecosystems under a changing climate. In: Moreno JM, Oechel WC eds. Global Change and Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems. Springer-Verlag, New York, 386-407.
[25]	Rambal S, Ourcival JM, Joffer R, Mouillot F, Nouvellon Y, Reichstein M, Rocheteau A (2003). Drought controls over conductance and assimulation of a Mediterranean evergreen ecosystem: scaling from leaf to canopy. Global Change Biology, 9,1813-1824. DOI URL
[26]	Reichstein M, Tenhunen JD, Roupsard O, Ourcival J, Rambal S, Miglietta F, Peressotti A, Pecchiari M, Tirone G, Valentini R (2002). Severe drought effects on ecosystem CO ₂ and H ₂O fluxes at three Mediterranean evergreen sites: revision of current hypotheses? Global Change Biology, 8,999-1017.
[27]	Running SW, Baldocchi DD, Turner DP, Gower ST, Bakwin PS, Hibbard KA (1999). A global terrestrial monitoring network integrating tower fluxes, flask sampling, ecosystem modeling and EOS satellite data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 70,108-127.
[28]	Sala A, Tenhunen JD (1994). Site-specific water relations and stomatal response of Quercus ilex in a Mediterranean watershed. Tree Physiology, 14,601-617. DOI URL PMID
[29]	Sun XM, Wen XF, Yu GR, Liu YF, Liu QJ (2006). Seasonal drought effects on carbon sequestration of a mid-subtropical planted forest of southeastern China. Science in China Series D—Earth Sciences, 49 (Suppl. II),110-118.
[30]	Tao B, Cao MK, Li KR, Gu FX, Ji JJ, Huang M, Zhang LM (2007). Spatial patterns of terrestrial net ecosystem productivity in China during 1981-2000. Science in China Series D—Earth Sciences, 50,745-753.
[31]	Tian HQ (田汉勤), Xu XF (徐小峰), Song X (宋霞) (2007). Drought impacts on terrestrial ecosystem productivity. Journal of Plant Ecology (Chinese Version)(植物生态学报), 31,231-241. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[32]	Wen XF (温学发) (2005). Measurements of Carbon Sequestration by Long-Term Eddy Covariance in a Mid-subtropical Pinus Plantation of Southeastern China. PhD dissertation, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[33]	Wen XF, Yu GR, Sun XM, Li QK, Liu YF, Zhang LM, Ren CY, Fu YL, Li ZQ (2006). Soil moisture effect on the temperature dependence of ecosystem respiration in a subtropical Pinus plantation of southeastern China. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 137,166-175.
[34]	Yang JW (杨建伟), Liang ZS (梁宗锁), Han RL (韩蕊莲), Sun Q (孙群), Cui LJ (崔浪军) (2004). Water use efficiency and water consumption characteristics of poplar under soil drought conditions. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica (植物生态学报), 28,630-636. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[35]	Yu GR (于贵瑞), Sun XM (孙晓敏) (2006). Principles of Flux Measurement in Terrestrial Ecosystems(陆地生态系统通量观测的原理与方法). Higher Education Press,Beijing. (in Chinese)
[36]	Zhang HQ (张红旗), Chen YR (陈永瑞), Niu D (牛栋) (2004). Retrieving effective leaf area index of conifer forests using Landsat TM images in red soil hilly region. Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis (江西农业大学学报), 26,159-163. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[37]	Zhang WH (张文辉), Duan BL (段宝利), Zhou JY (周建云), Liu XJ (刘翔君) (2004). Water relations and activity of cell defense enzymes to water stress in seedling leaves of different provenances of Quercus variabilis. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica (植物生态学报), 28,483-490. (in Chinese with English abstract)

参数/单位 Parameter/Unit	描述 Description	数值 Value	来源 Source
Lon	经度 Longitude	115.07	Li等 (2005)
Lat	纬度 Latitude	26.73	Li等 (2005)
VGTY	植被类型 Vegetation type	常绿针叶林 Evengreen broad-leave forestry	CERN
VEGC/ gC·m^-2	植被碳 Vegetation carbon	10 931	CERN、李家永和袁小华(2001)
iLAI / m²·m^-2	初始叶面积指数 Initial LAI	3.2	张红旗等(2004)
YSMC /gC·m^-2	土壤碳 Soil carbon	12 949	CERN、李家永和袁小华(2001)
YSAN/ gN·m^-2	土壤有效氮 Soil available nitrogen content	22.0	CERN
rato / demensionless	土壤N:C比 Soil nitrogen and carbon ratio	0.063	CERN
INSWC /mm	初始土壤含水量 Initial soil moisture	429	流量观测数据 Flux observation data
SAND、SILT、CLAY /%	土壤颗粒组成 Percentage of soil particle	0.20、0.62、0.18	CERN
MSAT /cm^-3·cm^-3	饱和含水量 (体积) Saturated soil water content (volume)	0.42	CERN
whc / cm^-3·cm^-3	田间持水量(体积) Soil moisture at field capacity (volume)	0.25	CERN
Wilt / cm^-3·cm^-3	凋萎系数 (体积) Soil moisture at wilt point (volume)	0.12	CERN
SMOPT /%	分解的最优含水量 Soil optimum moisture for decomposition	68.0	CERN
SMIE / dimensionless	土壤有机质分解参数 Parameter for decomposition (dimensionless)	-0.29	CERN
SMAT / dimensionless	土壤有机质分解参数 Parameter for decomposition (dimensionless)	0.63	CERN
SLA /m²·g^-1C	比叶面积 Specific leaf area	0.025	Kaduk和Heimann (1996)
ω/ dimensionless	决定分配过程对环境变化敏感程度的参数 Allocation parameter (dimensionless)	0.50	Arora和Boer (2005)
ε_L / dimensionless	控制向叶分配的参数 Parameter controlling allocation to leaves (dimensionless)	0.06	Arora和Boer (2005)
ε_S / dimensionless	控制向茎分配的参数 Parameter controlling allocation to stem (dimensionless)	0.05	Arora和Boer (2005)
ε_R / dimensionless	控制向根分配的参数 Parameter controlling allocation to roots (dimensionless)	0.89	Arora和Boer (2005)

参数/单位 Parameter/Unit	描述 Description	数值 Value	来源 Source
Lon	经度 Longitude	115.07	Li等 (2005)
Lat	纬度 Latitude	26.73	Li等 (2005)
VGTY	植被类型 Vegetation type	常绿针叶林 Evengreen broad-leave forestry	CERN
VEGC/ gC·m^-2	植被碳 Vegetation carbon	10 931	CERN、李家永和袁小华(2001)
iLAI / m²·m^-2	初始叶面积指数 Initial LAI	3.2	张红旗等(2004)
YSMC /gC·m^-2	土壤碳 Soil carbon	12 949	CERN、李家永和袁小华(2001)
YSAN/ gN·m^-2	土壤有效氮 Soil available nitrogen content	22.0	CERN
rato / demensionless	土壤N:C比 Soil nitrogen and carbon ratio	0.063	CERN
INSWC /mm	初始土壤含水量 Initial soil moisture	429	流量观测数据 Flux observation data
SAND、SILT、CLAY /%	土壤颗粒组成 Percentage of soil particle	0.20、0.62、0.18	CERN
MSAT /cm^-3·cm^-3	饱和含水量 (体积) Saturated soil water content (volume)	0.42	CERN
whc / cm^-3·cm^-3	田间持水量(体积) Soil moisture at field capacity (volume)	0.25	CERN
Wilt / cm^-3·cm^-3	凋萎系数 (体积) Soil moisture at wilt point (volume)	0.12	CERN
SMOPT /%	分解的最优含水量 Soil optimum moisture for decomposition	68.0	CERN
SMIE / dimensionless	土壤有机质分解参数 Parameter for decomposition (dimensionless)	-0.29	CERN
SMAT / dimensionless	土壤有机质分解参数 Parameter for decomposition (dimensionless)	0.63	CERN
SLA /m²·g^-1C	比叶面积 Specific leaf area	0.025	Kaduk和Heimann (1996)
ω/ dimensionless	决定分配过程对环境变化敏感程度的参数 Allocation parameter (dimensionless)	0.50	Arora和Boer (2005)
ε_L / dimensionless	控制向叶分配的参数 Parameter controlling allocation to leaves (dimensionless)	0.06	Arora和Boer (2005)
ε_S / dimensionless	控制向茎分配的参数 Parameter controlling allocation to stem (dimensionless)	0.05	Arora和Boer (2005)
ε_R / dimensionless	控制向根分配的参数 Parameter controlling allocation to roots (dimensionless)	0.89	Arora和Boer (2005)

	长白山 CBS (n=1 095)	哈佛 HF (n=4 745)	千烟洲 QYZ (n=730)
总生态系统生产力 GEP	0.91	0.90	0.73
生态系统呼吸 Re	0.96	0.78	0.93
净生态系统生产力 NEP	0.60	0.81	0.28

	长白山 CBS (n=1 095)	哈佛 HF (n=4 745)	千烟洲 QYZ (n=730)
总生态系统生产力 GEP	0.91	0.90	0.73
生态系统呼吸 Re	0.96	0.78	0.93
净生态系统生产力 NEP	0.60	0.81	0.28

年 Year	情景 Scenarios	GEP变化 Change rate of GEP	Re变化 Change rate of Re	NEP变化 Change rate of NEP
2003	观测值 Observation	-0.32	-0.20	-0.55
	VPD-RSW	-0.38	-0.25	-0.63
	VPD	-0.02	-0.01	-0.05
	RSW	-0.31	-0.21	-0.48
	NONE	0.00	0.00	0.00
2004	观测值 Observation	-0.21	-0.05	-0.49
	VPD-RSW	-0.25	-0.14	-0.47
	VPD	-0.02	-0.01	-0.04
	RSW	-0.23	-0.13	-0.44
	NONE	0.00	0.00	0.00
平均	观测值 Observation	-0.27	-0.12	-0.52
Average	VPD-RSW	-0.32	-0.19	-0.55
	VPD	-0.02	-0.01	-0.04
	RSW	0.00	0.00	0.00
	NONE	-0.27	-0.17	-0.46