拔节期与开花期测墒补灌对小麦旗叶荧光特性和水分利用效率的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00071

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为研究依据不同土层的土壤质量含水量进行测墒补灌对小麦(Triticum aestivum)拔节期与开花期旗叶荧光特性和水分利用效率的影响, 2011-2012和2012-2013年度两个小麦生长季, 设置0-20 (D1)、0-40 (D2)、0-60 (D3)和0-140 cm (D4) 4个土层进行处理, 测定土壤质量含水量, 以各土层平均土壤相对含水量在拔节期为65%和在开花期为70%为目标相对含水量进行补灌, 全生育期不灌溉为对照(D0)。结果表明: (1) D2处理拔节至开花期40-100 cm土层和开花至成熟期40-140 cm土层的土壤贮水消耗量高于其他处理, 开花至成熟期是小麦贮水消耗的最大时期。(2)开花后旗叶水分利用效率、PSII潜在活性(F_v/F_o)、PSII电子传输活性(F_m/F_o)、相对电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学猝灭系数(q_P) D2处理最高, D3次之, D0最低。(3)两个小麦生长季, 各处理的籽粒产量为D2 > D3 > D1 > D4 > D0, D2的水分利用效率分别为20.19 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1和21.92 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1, 高于D0、D3和D4处理, 与D1处理间无显著差异。综合分析, 小麦拔节期和开花期依据0-40 cm土层的土壤质量含水量进行测墒补灌可兼顾高产和高水分利用效率。

关键词: 荧光特性, 测墒补灌, 水分利用效率, 小麦

Abstract:

Aims Our objective was to determine the effects of supplemental irrigation by measuring the moisture content at jointing and anthesis on fluorescence characteristics and water use efficiency in flag leaves of wheat (Triticum aestivum).
Methods Four irrigation treatments were imposed, i.e. the average relative soil water content in the soil layer of 0-20 cm (D1), 0-40 cm (D2), 0-60 cm (D3), and 0-40 cm (D4) were raised to 65% (at jointing) and 70% (at anthesis), respectively, by supplemental irrigation, with zero-irrigation as a control treatment (D0) in 2011-2012 and 2012-2013.
Important findings The soil water consumption in the D2 treatment was significantly higher than in other treatments in the 40-100 cm soil layer from jointing to anthesis and in the 40-140 cm soil layer from anthesis to maturity; the latter stage showed the highest soil water consumption during wheat growing. The flag leaves of wheat plants in the D2 treatment showed the highest water use efficiency, potential photosynthesis activity of PSII (F_v/F_o), electronic transpiration activity of PSII (F_m/F_o), relative electron transport rate (ETR) and photochemistry quenching index (q_P) after anthesis, followed by the D3 treatment, with those in the D0 treatment having the lowest values. In both growing seasons, the grain yield was ranked in the order of D2 > D3 > D1 > D4 > D0 among the treatments; water use efficiency (WUE) in the D2 treatment was 20.19 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1 and 21.92 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1, respectively, higher than in the D0, D3, and D4 treatments. No significant difference was observed in any of the variables between the D1 and D2 treatments. Hence, the D2 treatment, with application of irrigation based on the soil moisture measurement in the 0-40 cm soil layer at jointing and anthesis, is the most optimal treatment for achieving high grain yield and high WUE.

Key words: fluorescence characteristics, supplemental irrigation by measuring moisture content, water use efficiency, wheat

郭增江, 于振文, 石玉, 赵俊晔, 张永丽. 拔节期与开花期测墒补灌对小麦旗叶荧光特性和水分利用效率的影响. 植物生态学报, 2014, 38(7): 757-766. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00071

GUO Zeng-Jiang, YU Zhen-Wen, SHI Yu, ZHAO Jun-Ye, ZHANG Yong-Li. Effects of supplemental irrigation by measuring the moisture content at jointing and anthesis on fluorescence characteristics and water use efficiency in flag leaves of wheat. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2014, 38(7): 757-766. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00071

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00071

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2014/V38/I7/757

图/表 11

表1 播种前试验田0-20 cm土层的土壤养分含量

Table 1 Soil nutrient concentrations in the 0-20 cm soil layer in the experimental field before sowing

生长季 Growing season	有机质 Organic matter (%)	全氮 Total nitrogen (g·kg^-1)	碱解氮 Hydrolysable nitrogen (mg·kg^-1)	速效磷 Available phosphorus (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available potassium (mg·kg^-1)
2011-2012	1.39	1.23	142.29	31.01	112.60
2012-2013	1.35	1.17	143.63	34.51	118.48

表2 播种前试验田各土层的土壤相对含水量、田间持水量和土壤容重

Table 2 Relative soil water content, field water-holding capacity, and soil bulk density in each soil layer in the experimental field before sowing

生长季 Growing season	项目名称 Project name	土层 Soil layer (cm)
生长季 Growing season	项目名称 Project name	0-20	20-40	40-60	60-80	80-100	100-120	120-140
2011-2012	土壤相对含水量 Relative soil water content (%)	73.29	91.26	84.74	92.63	94.85	90.78	92.10
	田间持水量 Field water-holding capacity (%)	29.68	23.50	25.65	25.90	25.29	23.69	23.55
	土壤容重 Soil bulk density (g·cm^-3)	1.40	1.59	1.52	1.53	1.56	1.60	1.61
2012-2013	土壤相对含水量 Relative soil water content (%)	45.03	58.21	55.06	68.70	64.75	74.30	79.98
	田间持水量 Field water-holding capacity (%)	30.90	23.86	27.17	27.20	26.74	24.26	24.20
	土壤容重 Soil bulk density (g·cm^-3)	1.39	1.58	1.50	1.51	1.54	1.61	1.62

表3 小麦各生育阶段降水量 (mm)

Table 3 Precipitation at different growing stages (mm)

生长季 Growing season	播种期至拔节期 Sowing to jointing	拔节期至开花期 Jointing to anthesis	开花期至成熟期 Anthesis to maturity	总降水量 Total precipitation
2011-2012	152.0	31.0	0.0	183.0
2012-2013	92.0	32.5	113.5	238.0

表4 不同处理的目标土壤相对含水量、灌溉后实际土壤相对含水量、相对偏差和灌水量

Table 4 Target relative soil water content, actual relative soil water content after irrigation, relative deviation, and amount of irrigated water in the different treatments

处理 Treatment	土层 Soil layer (cm)	拔节水 Irrigated water at jointing			开花水 Irrigated water at anthesis
处理 Treatment	土层 Soil layer (cm)	目标/实际土壤相对含水量 Target and actual relative soil water content (%)	相对偏差 Relative deviation (%)	灌水量 Amount of irrigated water (mm)	目标/实际土壤相对含水量 Target and actual relative soil water content (%)	相对偏差 Relative deviation (%)	灌水量 Amount of irrigated water (mm)
2011-2012
D1	0-20	65 / 64.16	1.31	22.74	70 / 69.44	0.80	14.46
D2	0-40	65 / 63.83	1.83	33.90	70 / 72.40	3.31	32.32
D3	0-60	65 / 64.38	0.97	34.86	70 / 68.76	1.81	41.74
D4	0-140	65 / 67.49	3.69	0.00	70 / 68.24	2.58	53.06
2012-2013
D1	0-20	65 / 64.31	1.07	32.97	70 / 66.97	4.52	32.87
D2	0-40	65 / 63.00	3.18	43.64	70 / 67.83	3.20	64.81
D3	0-60	65 / 66.99	2.97	65.56	70 / 71.60	2.23	63.73
D4	0-140	65 / 64.50	0.77	24.52	70 / 70.39	0.55	69.66

图1 拔节期(A, C)和开花期(B, D)灌溉后0-200 cm的土壤相对含水量(平均值±标准偏差)。D1、D2、D3和D4, 同表4。

Fig. 1 Relative soil water content in the 0-200 cm soil layers after irrigation at jointing (A, C) and anthesis (B, D) (mean ± SD). D1, D2, D3 and D4, see Table 4.

图2 小麦拔节至开花期(A、C)和开花至成熟期(B、D) 0-200 cm土层的土壤贮水消耗量(平均值±标准偏差)。D1、D2、D3和D4, 同表4。

Fig. 2 Soil water consumption in the 0-200 cm soil layers from jointing to anthesis (A, C) and from anthesis to maturity (B, D) in wheat (mean ± SD). D1, D2, D3 and D4, see Table 4.

图3 小麦开花后7天(A)和14天(B)的旗叶水分利用效率(WUEflag leaf) (2012-2013) (平均值±标准偏差)。不同小写字母表示差异显著(p < 0.05)。D1、D2、D3和D4, 同表4。

Fig. 3 Water use efficiency of flag leaves (WUEflag leaf) after 7 days (A) and 14 days (B) of anthesis in wheat (2012-2013) (mean ± SD). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05). D1, D2, D3 and D4, see Table 4.

图4 小麦开花后14天的PSII潜在最大光化学量子效率(Fv/Fm) (A)、潜在活性(Fv/Fo) (B)和电子传输活性(Fm/Fo) (C) (2012-2013) (平均值±标准偏差)。不同小写字母表示差异显著(p < 0.05)。D1、D2、D3和D4, 同表4。

Fig. 4 Maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) (A), potential photosynthesis activity (Fv/Fo) (B) and electronic transpiration activity (Fm/Fo) (C) of PSII in wheat after 14 days of anthesis (2012-2013) (mean ± SD). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05). D1, D2, D3 and D4, see Table 4.

图5 小麦开花后7天(A、C)和14天(B、D)的相对电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学猝灭系数(qP) (2012-2013) (平均值±标准偏差)。不同小写字母表示差异显著(p < 0.05)。D1、D2、D3和D4, 同表4。

Fig. 5 Relative electron transport rate (ETR) and photochemistry quenching index (qP) after 7 days (A, C) and 14 days (B, D) of anthesis in wheat (2012-2013) (mean ± SD). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05). D1, D2, D3 and D4, see Table 4.

表5 小麦的籽粒产量、水分利用效率和灌水生产效率

Table 5 Grain yield, water use efficiency and irrigation water productivity of wheat

处理 Treatment	籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)	水分利用效率 Water use efficiency (kg·hm^-2·mm^-1)	降水利用效率 Water use efficiency of precipitation (kg·hm^-2·mm^-1)	土壤水利用效率 Water use efficiency of soil water (kg·hm^-2·mm^-1)	灌水利用效率 Water use efficiency of irrigation water (kg·hm^-2·mm^-1)	灌水生产效率 Irrigation water productivity (kg·hm^-2·mm^-1)
2011-2012
D0	6 495.18^e	18.47^c	35.50^e	38.50^d	-	-
D1	8 452.75^c	20.35^a	46.19^c	44.44^b	227.17^a	31.09^a
D2	9 367.35^a	20.19^a	51.19^a	43.63^b	141.46^c	27.14^b
D3	8 806.90^b	19.71^b	48.13^b	47.01^a	114.96^d	25.44^b
D4	7 847.02^d	18.65^c	42.88^d	42.50^c	147.90^b	19.88^c
2012-2013
D0	6 563.43^e	19.44^c	27.58^e	65.93^d	-	-
D1	8 685.67^c	22.14^a	36.49^c	98.11^c	131.92^a	37.57^a
D2	9 727.48^a	21.92^a	40.87^a	100.01^c	89.69^b	30.08^b
D3	9 299.75^b	20.41^b	39.07^b	105.35^b	71.93^d	22.99^c
D4	7 578.38^d	19.19^c	31.84^d	120.98^a	80.47^c	18.04^d

表6 开花后旗叶水分利用效率(WUEflag leaf)、荧光参数与产量及水分利用效率的相关系数(n = 15)

Table 6 The correlation coefficient between water use efficiency of flag leaf, parameters of fluorescence and grain yield, water use efficiency after anthesis (n = 15)

	WUE_{flag leaf}	F_v/F_m	F_v/F_o	F_m/F_o	ETR	q_P
籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)	0.775^**	0.282	0.677^**	0.779^**	0.914^**	0.503^*
水分利用效率 Water use efficiency (kg·hm^-2·mm^-1)	0.351	0.012	0.586^*	0.710^**	0.462	0.350

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