植物生态学报 ›› 2017, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (5): 506-518.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2016.0142
黄小涛1,2, 罗格平1,,A;*
出版日期:
2017-05-10
发布日期:
2017-06-22
通讯作者:
罗格平
作者简介:
* 通信作者Author for correspondence (E-mail:
基金资助:
Xiao-Tao HUANG1,2, Ge-Ping LUO1,*
Online:
2017-05-10
Published:
2017-06-22
Contact:
Ge-Ping LUO
About author:
KANG Jing-yao(1991-), E-mail:
摘要:
新疆地处中国西北干旱区, 草地分布广泛, 具有重要的经济和生态价值, 其蒸散(ET)与水分利用效率(WUE)的研究还比较薄弱, 尤其是草地WUE的研究还较为缺乏。该研究基于Biome-BGC模型对气候变化背景下1979-2012年新疆不同区域、不同草地类型的ET与WUE的时空特征进行了系统模拟与分析。结果表明: 1979-2012年新疆草地年平均蒸散量为245.7 mm, 其年际变化趋势与降水变化趋势大体一致, 蒸散量总体低于降水量; 蒸散量高值区主要分布在天山、阿尔泰山、阿尔金山以及昆仑山北坡中低山带, 低值区主要分布在昆仑山高山区和平原荒漠区; 1979-2012年南疆草地年平均蒸散量为183.2 mm, 天山区域草地年平均蒸散量为357.9 mm, 北疆草地为221.3 mm, 冬季北疆草地蒸散量略大于天山区域草地; 新疆6类草地年平均蒸散量从大到小依次为中山草甸、沼泽草甸、典型草原、荒漠草原、高山草甸、盐生草甸, 这6类草地均是夏季蒸散量最高, 冬季最低, 春季略高于秋季。新疆草地WUE较高的区域主要集中在天山和阿尔泰山区域, WUE较低的区域主要集中在昆仑山高山区域及部分平原区域; 新疆草地全年WUE平均值为0.56 g·kg-1, 其中春、夏、秋季分别为0.43 g·kg-1、0.60 g·kg-1和0.48 g·kg-1; 1979-2012年WUE具有显著的区域差异: 北疆平均为0.73 g·kg-1, 南疆为0.26 g·kg-1, 天山区域为0.69 g·kg-1; 不同草地WUE差异也较为显著, 由高到低依次为中山草甸、典型草原、沼泽草甸、盐生草甸、高山草甸、荒漠草原。
黄小涛, 罗格平. 新疆草地蒸散与水分利用效率的时空特征. 植物生态学报, 2017, 41(5): 506-518. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2016.0142
Xiao-Tao HUANG, Ge-Ping LUO. Spatio-temporal characteristics of evapotranspiration and water use efficiency in grasslands of Xinjiang. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2017, 41(5): 506-518. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2016.0142
图1 研究区略图。A, 地形与分区。B, 草地类型。C, 草地年降水量。D, 草地年平均气温。
Fig. 1 Sketch map of study areas. A, Topography and regional classification. B, Grassland types. C, Mean annual precipitation in grasslands. D, Average annual temperature in grasslands.
参数 Parameter | 盐生草甸、平原荒漠草原和平原沼泽草甸 Saline meadow, plain desert grassland and plain swamp meadow | 典型草原和低山沼泽草甸 Typical grassland and low mountain swamp meadow | 中山草甸和中山沼泽草甸 Mid-mountain meadow and mid-mountain swamp meadow | 高山草甸、高山荒漠草原和高山沼泽草甸 Alpine meadow, alpine desert grassland and alpine swamp meadow |
---|---|---|---|---|
一年中开始生长的年序日 Day of the year to start new growth | 80 | 85 | 100 | 112 |
一年中结束生长的年序日 Day of the year to end litter fall | 310 | 317 | 300 | 270 |
新根与新叶中碳分配比例 Ratio of C allocation to new fine roots over new leaves | 4.0 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 2.5 |
冠层平均比叶面积 Canopy-average specific leaf area (m2·kg-1) | 12.5 | 12.0 | 30.0 | 25.0 |
表1 根据前人研究校正的Biome-BGC模型参数
Table 1 Parameters of the Biome-BGC model calibrated based on previous studies
参数 Parameter | 盐生草甸、平原荒漠草原和平原沼泽草甸 Saline meadow, plain desert grassland and plain swamp meadow | 典型草原和低山沼泽草甸 Typical grassland and low mountain swamp meadow | 中山草甸和中山沼泽草甸 Mid-mountain meadow and mid-mountain swamp meadow | 高山草甸、高山荒漠草原和高山沼泽草甸 Alpine meadow, alpine desert grassland and alpine swamp meadow |
---|---|---|---|---|
一年中开始生长的年序日 Day of the year to start new growth | 80 | 85 | 100 | 112 |
一年中结束生长的年序日 Day of the year to end litter fall | 310 | 317 | 300 | 270 |
新根与新叶中碳分配比例 Ratio of C allocation to new fine roots over new leaves | 4.0 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 2.5 |
冠层平均比叶面积 Canopy-average specific leaf area (m2·kg-1) | 12.5 | 12.0 | 30.0 | 25.0 |
图2 Biome-BGC模型模拟日尺度蒸散(ET)验证。A, 乌鲁木齐县典型草原验证点。B, 阿克苏高山草甸验证点。RMSE, 均方根误差。
Fig. 2 Validation of simulated daily evapotranspiration (ET) by Biome-BGC model. A, Validation site in typical grassland of Ürümqi County. B, Validation site in alpine meadow of Aksu. RMSE, root mean squared error.
图3 Biome-BGC模型模拟地上净初级生产力(ANPP)和净初级生产力(NPP)验证。A, ANPP验证。B, NPP验证。RMSE, 均方根误差。
Fig. 3 Validation of simulated aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and net primary productivity (NPP) by Biome-BGC model. A, ANPP validation. B, NPP validation. RMSE, root mean squared error.
图4 1979-2012年研究区草地蒸散(ET)时空分布。A, 年平均ET空间分布。B, 不同季节ET年际变化。
Fig. 4 Spatio-temporal distribution of evapotranspiration (ET) in grasslands of study area during 1979-2012. A, Spatial distribution of annual average ET. B, Interannual variability of ET across different seasons.
图5 1979-2012年新疆草地蒸散(ET)、降水和气温的变化。A, 全年。B, 春季。C, 夏季。D, 秋季。E, 冬季。
Fig. 5 Changes in evapotranspiration (ET), precipitation and air temperature in grasslands of Xinjiang during 1979-2012. A, Annual. B, Spring. C, Summer. D, Autumn. E, Winter.
春 Spring | 夏 Summer | 秋 Autumn | 冬 Winter | 年 Year | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
南疆 South Xinjiang | 35.7 | 107.5 | 33.5 | 6.5 | 183.2 |
北疆 North Xinjiang | 44.9 | 121.2 | 39.7 | 15.5 | 221.3 |
天山 Tianshan Mountains | 67.0 | 213.3 | 63.0 | 14.6 | 357.9 |
表3 新疆草地蒸散(ET)分区统计(单位: mm)
Table 3 Regional statistics of evapotranspiration (ET) in grasslands of Xinjiang (unit: mm)
春 Spring | 夏 Summer | 秋 Autumn | 冬 Winter | 年 Year | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
南疆 South Xinjiang | 35.7 | 107.5 | 33.5 | 6.5 | 183.2 |
北疆 North Xinjiang | 44.9 | 121.2 | 39.7 | 15.5 | 221.3 |
天山 Tianshan Mountains | 67.0 | 213.3 | 63.0 | 14.6 | 357.9 |
类型 Type | 春 Spring | 夏 Summer | 秋 Autumn | 冬 Winter | 年 Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
高山草甸 Alpine meadow | 47.2 | 134.8 | 40.2 | 7.5 | 229.7 |
中山草甸 Mid-mountain meadow | 72.4 | 231.9 | 64.8 | 18.5 | 387.7 |
典型草原 Typical grassland | 64.7 | 202.3 | 59.6 | 17.3 | 343.9 |
荒漠草原 Desert grassland | 45.1 | 136.1 | 43.0 | 11.9 | 236.2 |
盐生草甸 Saline meadow | 32.3 | 87.0 | 28.8 | 6.5 | 154.7 |
沼泽草甸 Swamp meadow | 68.3 | 212.3 | 60.1 | 17.7 | 358.3 |
表4 新疆草地蒸散(ET)分类统计(单位: mm)
Table 4 The statistics of evapotranspiration (ET) for different grassland types in Xinjiang (unit: mm)
类型 Type | 春 Spring | 夏 Summer | 秋 Autumn | 冬 Winter | 年 Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
高山草甸 Alpine meadow | 47.2 | 134.8 | 40.2 | 7.5 | 229.7 |
中山草甸 Mid-mountain meadow | 72.4 | 231.9 | 64.8 | 18.5 | 387.7 |
典型草原 Typical grassland | 64.7 | 202.3 | 59.6 | 17.3 | 343.9 |
荒漠草原 Desert grassland | 45.1 | 136.1 | 43.0 | 11.9 | 236.2 |
盐生草甸 Saline meadow | 32.3 | 87.0 | 28.8 | 6.5 | 154.7 |
沼泽草甸 Swamp meadow | 68.3 | 212.3 | 60.1 | 17.7 | 358.3 |
图6 1979-2012年研究区草地水分利用效率(WUE)的时空分布。A, 年平均WUE空间分布。B, 不同季节WUE年际变化。
Fig. 6 Spatio-temporal distribution of water use efficiency (WUE) in grasslands of study area during 1979-2012. A, Spatial distribution of annual average WUE. B, Interannual variability of WUE across different seasons.
春 Spring | 夏 Summer | 秋 Autumn | 年 Year | |
---|---|---|---|---|
南疆 South Xinjiang | 0.24 | 0.29 | 0.24 | 0.26 |
北疆 North Xinjiang | 0.67 | 0.92 | 0.66 | 0.73 |
天山 Tianshan Mountains | 0.56 | 0.82 | 0.65 | 0.69 |
表5 新疆草地水分利用效率(WUE)分区统计(单位: g·kg-1)
Table 5 Regional statistics of water use efficiency (WUE) in grasslands of Xinjiang (unit: g·kg-1)
春 Spring | 夏 Summer | 秋 Autumn | 年 Year | |
---|---|---|---|---|
南疆 South Xinjiang | 0.24 | 0.29 | 0.24 | 0.26 |
北疆 North Xinjiang | 0.67 | 0.92 | 0.66 | 0.73 |
天山 Tianshan Mountains | 0.56 | 0.82 | 0.65 | 0.69 |
类型 Type | 春 Spring | 夏 Summer | 秋 Autumn | 年 Year |
---|---|---|---|---|
高山草甸 Alpine meadow | 0.23 | 0.44 | 0.38 | 0.37 |
中山草甸 Mid-mountain meadow | 0.62 | 1.05 | 0.81 | 0.86 |
典型草原 Typical grassland | 0.70 | 1.01 | 0.76 | 0.84 |
荒漠草原 Desert grassland | 0.36 | 0.41 | 0.31 | 0.34 |
盐生草甸 Saline meadow | 0.50 | 0.63 | 0.47 | 0.52 |
沼泽草甸 Swamp meadow | 0.56 | 0.92 | 0.73 | 0.77 |
表6 新疆草地水分利用效率(WUE)分类统计(单位: g·kg-1)
Table 6 The statistics of water use efficiency (WUE) for different grassland types in Xinjiang (unit: g·kg-1)
类型 Type | 春 Spring | 夏 Summer | 秋 Autumn | 年 Year |
---|---|---|---|---|
高山草甸 Alpine meadow | 0.23 | 0.44 | 0.38 | 0.37 |
中山草甸 Mid-mountain meadow | 0.62 | 1.05 | 0.81 | 0.86 |
典型草原 Typical grassland | 0.70 | 1.01 | 0.76 | 0.84 |
荒漠草原 Desert grassland | 0.36 | 0.41 | 0.31 | 0.34 |
盐生草甸 Saline meadow | 0.50 | 0.63 | 0.47 | 0.52 |
沼泽草甸 Swamp meadow | 0.56 | 0.92 | 0.73 | 0.77 |
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