极端降水对不同草原土壤总硝化及总氮矿化速率及其敏感性的影响

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2023.0397

植物生态学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (5): 697-709.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2023.0397 cstr: 32100.14.cjpe.2023.0397

所属专题：草原与草业

极端降水对不同草原土壤总硝化及总氮矿化速率及其敏感性的影响

韩菲¹^,²^,³, 王袼¹^,²^,³, 武帅楷¹^,²^,³, 林茂¹^,²^,³, 董宽虎¹^,²^,³, $\boxed{\hbox{王常慧}}$¹^,²^,³^,^*, 苏原¹^,²^,³^,^*()

¹山西农业大学草业学院, 山西太谷 030801
²草地生态保护与乡土草种质创新山西省重点实验室, 山西太谷 030801
³山西右玉黄土高原草地生态系统国家定位观测研究站, 山西右玉 037200

收稿日期:2023-12-29 接受日期:2024-05-22 出版日期:2025-05-20 发布日期:2025-04-14
通讯作者: *苏原(suyuan@sxau.edu.cn)
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(U22A20576);国家自然科学基金(32371670);国家重点研发计划(2022YFF1302801);山西省科技厅平台专项(202104010910017)

Effects of extreme precipitation on soil gross nitrification rate, gross nitrogen mineralization rate and sensitivity of different types of grassland

HAN Fei¹^,²^,³, WANG Ge¹^,²^,³, WU Shuai-Kai¹^,²^,³, LIN Mao¹^,²^,³, DONG Kuan-Hu¹^,²^,³, $\boxed{\hbox{WANG Chang-Hui}}$ ¹^,²^,³^,^*, SU Yuan¹^,²^,³^,^*()

¹College of Grassland Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
²Shanxi Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecological Protection and Native Grass Germplasm Innovation, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
³and Youyu Loess Plateau Grassland Ecosystem National Research Station, Youyu, Shanxi 037200, China

Received:2023-12-29 Accepted:2024-05-22 Online:2025-05-20 Published:2025-04-14
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(U22A20576);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32371670);National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFF1302801);Platform Special Project of Shanxi Provincial Department of Science and Technology(202104010910017)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

全球气候变化背景下极端降水事件频发将会影响半干旱草原土壤氮(N)的转化过程, 但土壤N转化关键过程如何响应降水变化及其总氮矿化速率对不同降水水平的敏感性尚不清楚。该研究依托中国北方草原全球变化联网实验平台的草甸草原、典型草原和荒漠草原3种草原类型, 采用¹⁵N库稀释法, 测定了土壤总氮矿化速率(GNM)、土壤总硝化速率(GN), 以及相关的生物(微生物生物量碳、氮含量, 地下生物量(BGB))、非生物(土壤温度(ST)、土壤含水量(SWC))和土壤底物(土壤铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)、硝态氮(NO^-₃-N)、可溶性有机碳、氮含量)指标。结果表明: 不同类型草原GNM存在显著差异, 从高到低依次是草甸草原((3.284 ± 0.613) mg·kg^-1·d^-1)、典型草原((1.370 ± 0.167) mg·kg^-1·d^-1)和荒漠草原((0.724 ± 0.216) mg·kg^-1·d^-1)。增减50%的降水对3种草原土壤GNM和GN没有产生显著影响。典型草原和荒漠草原土壤GNM和GN对降水减少的敏感性显著高于对降水增加的敏感性, 而草甸草原土壤GNM和GN的敏感性在增减降水间无显著差异。结构方程模型(SEM)分析揭示了土壤水分是影响土壤GNM的主要因子。以上结果表明短期的极端降水对中国北方3种重要草原土壤GNM和GN没有产生显著影响, 但改变了其对降水变化的敏感性。未来极端降水事件增加如何影响陆地生态系统土壤N的转化过程尚需进行长时间尺度和大空间格局的系统研究。

关键词: 北方草原, 总氮矿化, 极端降水, 敏感性, 土壤水分

Abstract:

Aims In the context of global climate change, frequent extreme precipitation events will affect the soil nitrogen transformation processes in the semi-arid steppe. However, it remains unclear how the key processes of soil nitrogen transformation respond to precipitation change and how the total nitrogen mineralization rate is sensitive to different precipitation levels.

Methods This study was conducted on the meadow steppe, typical steppe, and desert steppe of the Global Change Network test platform of the northern China Steppe. In this study, the gross nitrogen mineralization rate (GNM) and gross nitrification rate (GN) of soil were measured by the ¹⁵N isotopic pool dilution method, as well as related biological (microbial biomass carbon content, microbial biomass nitrogen content, background biomass (BGB)), and abiotic (soil temperature (ST), soil water content (SWC)), soil substrate (soil ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) content, nitrate nitrogen (NO^-₃-N) content, soluble organic carbon content, soluble organic nitrogen content) indexes.

Important findings The results showed significant differences in GNM among different steppe types. The highest GNM was in meadow steppe ((3.284 ± 0.613) mg·kg^-1·d^-1), followed by typical steppe ((1.370 ± 0.167) mg·kg^-1·d^-1) and desert steppe ((0.724 ± 0.216) mg·kg^-1·d^-1). However, the 50% decrease in precipitation had no significant effects on the GNM and GN of the three grasslands. The sensitivity of GNM and GN to precipitation reduction in typical steppe and desert steppe soil was significantly higher than that of precipitation increase. In contrast, the sensitivity of GNM and GN in meadow steppe soil was not significantly different between precipitation increase and decrease. Structural equation model (SEM) analysis revealed that SWC was the main factor affecting the soil GNM. These results indicate that short-term extreme precipitation has no significant effects on the GNM and GN of three important grasslands in northern China, but changes their sensitivity to precipitation change. How the increase of extreme precipitation events will affect the soil nitrogen conversion process in terrestrial ecosystems in the future needs to be systematically studied over long time scales and large spatial patterns.

Key words: northern grassland, gross nitrogen mineralization, extreme precipitation, sensitivity, soil moisture

韩菲, 王袼, 武帅楷, 林茂, 董宽虎, $\boxed{\hbox{王常慧}}$, 苏原. 极端降水对不同草原土壤总硝化及总氮矿化速率及其敏感性的影响. 植物生态学报, 2025, 49(5): 697-709. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2023.0397

HAN Fei, WANG Ge, WU Shuai-Kai, LIN Mao, DONG Kuan-Hu, $\boxed{\hbox{WANG Chang-Hui}}$ , SU Yuan. Effects of extreme precipitation on soil gross nitrification rate, gross nitrogen mineralization rate and sensitivity of different types of grassland. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2025, 49(5): 697-709. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2023.0397

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2023.0397

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2025/V49/I5/697

图/表 9

表1 不同草原类型的物种组成及土壤理化性质

Table 1 Plant composition and soil physiochemical properties of different grassland types

草原类型 Grassland type	草甸草原 Meadow steppe	典型草原 Typical steppe	荒漠草原 Desert steppe
优势物种 Dominant species	羊草、糙隐子草、狼针草、扁蓄豆 Leymus chinensis, Cleistogenes squarrosa, Stipa baicalensis, Pocockia ruthenia	赖草、碱茅、碱蒿 L. secalinus, Puccinellia distans, Artemisia anethifolia	羊草、短花针茅、点地梅、糙隐子草 L. chinensis, S. breviflora, Androsace umbellata, C. squarrosa
土壤类型 Soil type	黑钙土 Chernozems	栗钙土 Kastanozems	棕钙土、灰棕漠土 Brown calcic soils and grey-brown desert soils
年平均气温 MAT (℃)	-2.4	4.6	4.5
年降水量 MAP (mm)	400	425	180
土壤酸碱度 Soil pH	6-7	9-10	7.5-9.5
总有机碳含量 TOC content (mg·g^-1)	48.1	43.6	10.7
全氮含量 TN content (mg·g^-1)	4.09	13.00	1.23
全磷含量 TP content (mg·g^-1)	0.64	0.78	0.33
可溶性有机氮含量 DON content (mg·kg^-1)	8.91	1.71	12.55
可溶性有机碳含量 DOC content (mg·kg^-1)	8.01	12.97	26.31

图1 降水变化对不同草原类型土壤温度、土壤含水量和无机氮含量的影响。CK, 对照; CK-50%, 减少50%降水; CK+50%, 增加50%降水。不同大写字母表示CK处理下不同草原类型差异显著(p < 0.05)。*表示相同草原类型不同降水处理的差异显著(p < 0.05); ns, p > 0.05。D × G, 减雨和草原类型的交互作用; In × G, 增雨和草原类型的交互作用。箱形图显示中位数(□)、平均数(—)、第25百分位数和第75百分位数以及近似95%置信区间, 每一个点代表一个样本。

Fig. 1 Effect of precipitation change on soil temperature, soil water content, and inorganic nitrogen content in different grassland types. CK, control; CK+50%, increased precipitation by 50%; CK-50%, decreased precipitation by 50%. Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences in different grassland types under CK treatment (p < 0.05); ns, p > 0.05. *, significant differences among different precipitation treatments within the same grassland types (p < 0.05). D × G, the interaction of precipitation reduction and grassland types; In × G, the interaction of precipitation enhancement and grassland types. Box plots, average plots (—), display medians (50th percentile), 25th and 75th percentiles, and approximate 95% confidence intervals. Each dot represents a sample.

图2 降水变化对不同类型草原土壤总氮矿化速率和总硝化速率的影响。CK, 对照; CK-50%, 减少50%降水; CK+50%, 增加50%降水。不同大写字母表示CK处理下不同草原类型差异显著(p < 0.05); *表示相同草原类型下降水处理的差异显著(p < 0.05); ns, p > 0.05。D × G, 减雨和草原类型的交互作用; In × G, 增雨和草原类型的交互作用。箱形图显示中位数(□)、平均数(—)、第25百分位数和第75百分位数以及近似95%置信区间, 每一个点代表一个样本。

Fig. 2 Effect of precipitation change on soil gross nitrogen mineralization rate (GNM) and soil gross nitrification rate (GN) in different grassland types. CK, control; CK-50%, decreased precipitation by 50%; CK+50%, increased precipitation by 50%. Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences in different grassland types under CK treatment (p < 0.05); ns, p > 0.05. *, significant differences among different precipitation treatments within the same grassland types (p < 0.05). D × G, the interaction of precipitation reduction and grassland types; In × G, the interaction of precipitation enhancement and grassland types. Box plots, average plots (—), display medians (50th percentile), 25th and 75th percentiles, and approximate 95% confidence intervals. Each dot represents a sample.

表2 不同草原类型改变降水下土壤因子对土壤总氮矿化、总硝化速率影响的混合线性模型分析(p值)

Table 2 Linear mixed model of the effect of soil factor on gross nitrogen mineralization (GNM) rate and gross nitrification (GN) rate of soil in different grassland types (p value)

	df	土壤总氮矿化速率 GNM	土壤总硝化速率 GN
固定效应 Fixed effect
草原类型 Grassland type (G)	3	<0.001^***	<0.001^***
改变降水 Change precipitation (P)	3	<0.001^***	<0.001^***
草原类型×改变降水 G × P	9	<0.001^***	<0.001^***
随机效应 Random effect
土壤含水量 SWC	-	0.034^*	0.459
土壤温度 ST	-	0.999	0.928
铵态氮含量 NH₄⁺-N content	-	<0.001^***	0.997
硝态氮含量 NO^-₃-N content	-	<0.001^***	0.952
土壤可溶性有机碳含量 DOC content	-	1.000	0.681
土壤可溶性有机氮含量 DON content	-	0.771	<0.001^***
微生物生物量碳含量 MBC content	-	0.962	0.942
微生物生物量氮含量 MBN content	-	<0.001^***	0.938

图3 降水变化对不同草原类型土壤微生物生物量的影响。CK, 对照; CK-50%, 减少50%降水; CK+50%, 增加50%降水。不同大写字母表示CK处理下不同草原类型差异显著(p < 0. 05); *表示相同草原类型下降水处理的差异显著(p < 0.05) )。箱形图显示中位数(□)、平均数(—)、第25百分位数和第75百分位数以及近似95%置信区间, 每一个点代表一个样本。

Fig. 3 Effect of precipitation change on soil microbial biomass in different grassland types. MBC, microbial biomass carbon; MBN, microbial biomass nitrogen. CK, control; CK-50%, decreased precipitation by 50%; CK+50%, increased precipitation by 50%. Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences in different grassland types under CK treatment (p < 0.05); *, significant differences among different precipitation treatments within the same grassland types (p < 0.05). Box plots, average plots (—), display medians (50th percentile), 25th and 75th percentiles, and approximate 95% confidence intervals. Each dot represents a sample.

图4 不同草原类型降水变化对土壤总氮矿化、总硝化速率敏感性的影响。CK-50%, 减少50%降水; CK+50%, 增加50%降水。不同大写字母表示在CK+50%处理下不同草原类型差异显著(p < 0.05); *表示相同草原类型下降水处理的差异显著(p < 0.05)。箱形图显示中位数(□)、平均数(—)、第25百分位数和第75百分位数以及近似95%置信区间, 每一个点代表一个样本。

Fig. 4 Effect of precipitation change on the sensitivity of soil gross nitrogen mineralization rate (GNM) and soil gross nitrification rate (GN) in different grassland type. CK-50%, decreased precipitation by 50%; CK+50%, increased precipitation by 50%. Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences in different grassland types under CK+50% treatment (p < 0.05); ns, p > 0.05. *, significant differences among different precipitation treatments within the same grassland types (p < 0.05). D × G, the interaction of precipitation reduction and grassland types; In × G, the interaction of precipitation enhancement and grassland types. Box plots, average plots (—), display medians (50th percentile), 25th and 75th percentiles, and approximate 95% confidence intervals. Each dot represents a sample.

图5 土壤总氮矿化速率与土壤理化性质的关系。CK, 对照; CK-50%, 减少50%降水; CK+50%, 增加50%降水。

Fig. 5 Relationship between soil gross nitrogen mineralization rate (GNM) and soil physicochemical properties. CK, control; CK-50%, decreased precipitation by 50%; CK+50%, increased precipitation by 50%. DOC, dissolved organic carbon content; DON, dissolved organic nitrogen content; GNM, gross nitrogen mineralization rate; MBC, microbial biomass carbon content; MBN, microbial biomass nitrogen content; NH4+-N, ammonium nitrogen content; NO-3-N, nitrate nitrogen content; ST, soil temperature; SWC, soil water content.

图6 土壤总硝化速率与土壤理化性质的关系。CK, 对照; CK-50%, 减少50%降水; CK+50%, 增加50%降水。

Fig. 6 Relationship between soil gross nitrification rate (GN) and soil physicochemical properties. CK, control; CK-50%, decreased precipitation by 50%; CK+50%, increased precipitation by 50%. DOC, dissolved organic carbon content; DON, dissolved organic nitrogen content; GN, global gross nitrification rate; MBC, microbial biomass carbon content; MBN, microbial biomass nitrogen content; NH4+-N, ammonium nitrogen content; NO-3-N, nitrate nitrogen content; ST, soil temperature; SWC, soil water content.

图7 土壤理化性质、地下生物量和土壤微生物生物量对中国北方草原土壤总氮矿化速率的影响。黑色和灰色实线分别表示正、负关系, 黑色虚线箭头表示关系不显著, 箭头宽度与关系的强度成正比。

Fig. 7 Effect of soil physicochemical properties, below-ground biomass (BGB), and soil microbial biomass on soil gross nitrogen mineralization rate (GNM) in northern grasslands. Black and grey solid lines indicated positive and negative relationships, respectively. Black dotted lines indicate an insignificant relationship. The arrow width is proportional to the strength of the relationship. DOC, dissolved organic carbon content; DON, dissolved organic nitrogen content; GN, soil gross nitrification rate; MBN, microbial biomass nitrogen content; ST, soil temperature; SWC, soil water content.

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极端降水对不同草原土壤总硝化及总氮矿化速率及其敏感性的影响

Effects of extreme precipitation on soil gross nitrification rate, gross nitrogen mineralization rate and sensitivity of different types of grassland

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