Environmental controls over energy, water and carbon fluxes in a plantation in Northern China

doi:10.17521/ cjpe.2015.0074

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Our objective was to examine the underline mechanisms on the driving factors of eco-hydrological processes and identify the limiting factors through both path analysis and piecewise regression. Methods The eddy covariance and meteorological data of a plantation in Chongling watershed in Northern China over the period from August 2012 to August 2013 were used for analyzing the relationships between flux indices and environmental factors. The flux indices include sensible heat, latent heat, net ecosystem production, gross ecosystem production, and ecosystem respiration, and the environmental factors include soil water content, vapor pressure deficit, air temperature, soil temperature, net radiation and photosynthetically active radiation. The direct and indirect effects of dominant and secondary factors were determined through the path analysis, and the control of secondary factors on dominant factors were analyzed using the piecewise regression. Important findings We found that the primary factor affecting sensible heat and water use efficiency was vapor pressure deficit, while latent heat and carbon fluxes were mainly controlled by radiation and temperature respectively. There also appeared significant influences from secondary variables on those fluxes. The correlations between latent heat and net radiation, ecosystem respiration and soil temperature, and water use efficiency and vapor pressure deficit were all strong when soil water content was between 0.20 m³·m^-3 and 0.35 m³·m^-3. The correlations between ecosystem production (both gross and net) and photosynthetically active radiation was strong when vapor pressure deficit was ≤1.0 kPa.

Key words: water and heat flux, carbon flux, environmental factors, plantation in Northern China, path analysis, piecewise regression

TAN Li-Ping,LIU Su-Xia,MO Xing-Guo,YANG Li-Hu,LIN Zhong-Hui. Environmental controls over energy, water and carbon fluxes in a plantation in Northern China[J]. Chin J Plan Ecolo, 2015, 39(8): 773-784.

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https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2015/V39/I8/773

Figures/Tables 10

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数据集(时间尺度) Data set (time scale)	斜率 Slope	截距 Intercept	决定系数 Determination coefficient (R²)
30分钟 30 min	0.60	27.5	0.76
1天 One day	0.71	21.3	0.78
1月 One month	0.99	5.3	0.93

数据集(时间尺度) Data set (time scale)	斜率 Slope	截距 Intercept	决定系数 Determination coefficient (R²)
30分钟 30 min	0.60	27.5	0.76
1天 One day	0.71	21.3	0.78
1月 One month	0.99	5.3	0.93

通量 Flux	决定系数 Determination coefficient	自变量 Independent variable	直接通径系数 Direct path coefficient	间接通径系数 Indirect path coefficient
显热通量 H	0.27	饱和水汽压差 VPD	0.59	0.11 (VPD → T_a → H )
显热通量 H	0.27	空气温度 T_a	-0.28	0.29 (T_a→ VPD → H )
潜热通量 LE	0.94	净辐射 R_n	0.57	0.66 (R_n→ T_a→ LE)	0.32 (R_n→ SWC → LE)
		空气温度 T_a	0.33	0.68 (T_a→ R_n→ LE)	0.67 (T_a→ SWC → LE)
		土壤水分含量 SWC	0.12	0.44 (SWC → R_n→ LE)	0.63 (SWC → T_a→ LE)
净生态系统生产力 NEP	0.34	光合有效辐射 PAR	0.54	0.18 (PAR → VPD→ NEP)	0.28 (PAR → T_a→ NEP)
		饱和水汽压差 VPD	-0.28	0.36 (VPD → PAR→ NEP)	0.25 (VPD → T_a→ NEP)
		空气温度 T_a	0.25	0.32 (T_a → PAR→ NEP)	0.14 ( T_a → VPD→ NEP)
总生态系统生产力 GEP	0.76	空气温度 T_a	0.85	0.20 (T_a → VPD→ GEP)	0.42 (T_a → PAR→ GEP)
		饱和水汽压差 VPD	-0.43	0.49 (VPD → T_a→ GEP)	0.47 (VPD → PAR→ GEP)
		光合有效辐射 PAR	0.41	0.57 (PAR → T_a→ GEP)	0.26 (PAR → VPD→ GEP)
生态系统呼吸 RE	0.90	土壤温度 T_s	0.86	0.63 (T_s→ SWC → RE)
生态系统呼吸 RE	0.90	土壤水分含量 SWC	0.11	0.80 (SWC → T_s → RE)
水分利用效率 WUE	0.50	空气温度 T_a	-0.17	-0.34 (T_a → VPD→ WUE)	-0.41 (T_a→ SWC → WUE)
		饱和水汽压差 VPD	-0.44	-0.37 (VPD → T_a→ WUE)	-0.12 (VPD → SWC→ WUE)
		土壤水分含量 SWC	-0.33	0.49 (SWC→ T_a→ WUE)	-0.13 (SWC → VPD→ WUE)

通量 Flux	决定系数 Determination coefficient	自变量 Independent variable	直接通径系数 Direct path coefficient	间接通径系数 Indirect path coefficient
显热通量 H	0.27	饱和水汽压差 VPD	0.59	0.11 (VPD → T_a → H )
显热通量 H	0.27	空气温度 T_a	-0.28	0.29 (T_a→ VPD → H )
潜热通量 LE	0.94	净辐射 R_n	0.57	0.66 (R_n→ T_a→ LE)	0.32 (R_n→ SWC → LE)
		空气温度 T_a	0.33	0.68 (T_a→ R_n→ LE)	0.67 (T_a→ SWC → LE)
		土壤水分含量 SWC	0.12	0.44 (SWC → R_n→ LE)	0.63 (SWC → T_a→ LE)
净生态系统生产力 NEP	0.34	光合有效辐射 PAR	0.54	0.18 (PAR → VPD→ NEP)	0.28 (PAR → T_a→ NEP)
		饱和水汽压差 VPD	-0.28	0.36 (VPD → PAR→ NEP)	0.25 (VPD → T_a→ NEP)
		空气温度 T_a	0.25	0.32 (T_a → PAR→ NEP)	0.14 ( T_a → VPD→ NEP)
总生态系统生产力 GEP	0.76	空气温度 T_a	0.85	0.20 (T_a → VPD→ GEP)	0.42 (T_a → PAR→ GEP)
		饱和水汽压差 VPD	-0.43	0.49 (VPD → T_a→ GEP)	0.47 (VPD → PAR→ GEP)
		光合有效辐射 PAR	0.41	0.57 (PAR → T_a→ GEP)	0.26 (PAR → VPD→ GEP)
生态系统呼吸 RE	0.90	土壤温度 T_s	0.86	0.63 (T_s→ SWC → RE)
生态系统呼吸 RE	0.90	土壤水分含量 SWC	0.11	0.80 (SWC → T_s → RE)
水分利用效率 WUE	0.50	空气温度 T_a	-0.17	-0.34 (T_a → VPD→ WUE)	-0.41 (T_a→ SWC → WUE)
		饱和水汽压差 VPD	-0.44	-0.37 (VPD → T_a→ WUE)	-0.12 (VPD → SWC→ WUE)
		土壤水分含量 SWC	-0.33	0.49 (SWC→ T_a→ WUE)	-0.13 (SWC → VPD→ WUE)

生态系统 Ecosystem	研究区域 Study area	通量 Flux	主导因子 Primary factor	参考文献 Reference
针叶林 Coniferous forest	中国江西 Jiangxi, China	显热通量 H	饱和水汽压差(非干旱胁迫期) VPD (non-drought stress period)	He et al., 2011
混交林 Mixed forest	中国北京 Beijing, China	显热通量 H	土壤温度 T_s	Li & Yu, 2013
人工杨树林 Poplar plantation	中国北京 Beijing, China	潜热通量 LE	净辐射 R_n	Zhou et al., 2013
橡树草原 Oak savanna	美国 America	潜热通量 LE	土壤水分含量 SWC	Chen et al., 2008
杉木林 Fir plantation	中国湖南 Hunan, China	净生态系统生产力 NEP	光合有效辐射、气温 PAR, T_a	Zhao, 2011
混交林 Mixed forest	中国河南 Henan, China	净生态系统生产力 NEP	光合有效辐射 PAR	Tong et al., 2009
针叶林 Coniferous plantation	中国江西 Jiangxi, China	净生态系统生产力 NEP	光合有效辐射 PAR	Huang et al., 2011
杉木林 Fir planation	中国湖南 Hunan, China	总生态系统生产力 GEP	气温 T_a	Zhao, 2011
桉树林 Eucalyptus forest	澳大利亚 Australia	总生态系统生产力 GEP	光合有效辐射 PAR	Kilinc et al., 2013
杉木林 Fir plantation	中国湖南 Hunan, China	生态系统呼吸 RE	土壤温度 T_s	Zhao, 2011
冷杉林 Fir plantation	加拿大 Canada	生态系统呼吸 RE	土壤水分含量 SWC	Jassal et al., 2008
人工杨树林 Poplar plantation	中国北京 Beijing, China	水分利用效率 WUE	饱和水汽压差 VPD	Zhou et al., 2013
稀疏草原 Savanna woodland	澳大利亚 Australia	水分利用效率 WUE	土壤水分含量 SWC	Eamus et al., 2013