Variations of seed morphology related to climate for Quercus variabilis across temperate- subtropical China

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00050

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Our objective was to reveal the pattern of variations in seed morphology in Quercus variabilis across temperate-subtropical China and to determine how they respond to climate change.
Methods Seed samples were collected from 20 natural Q. variabilis populations across eastern China in autumn 2011. Seed width (SW) and seed length (SL) were used as measures for seed size, and the ratio of width and length (SW/SL) for seed shape.
Important findings The SW and SL ranged from 1.21 to 2.18 cm and from 1.20 to 2.96 cm, respectively, and the SW/SL ratio ranged from 0.57 to 1.10. There were significant differences among the populations (p < 0.001). There was also a significant linear relationship between SW and SL. Seed length increased significantly with mean temperature of warmest month (MTW), decreased with precipitation of wettest quarter (PWQ), and displayed negative linear and humped-shape relationships with equivalent latitude (ELAT) and longitude (LON), respectively. Seed width had a significant positive correlation with MTW and negative correlation with PWQ. The SW/SL was almost constant along the latitude and climate gradients. These results have important implications for understanding how the morphology of seeds responds to climate change.

Key words: climatic factor, geographical factor, Quercus variabilis, seed morphology

ZHOU Xuan,HE Zheng-Biao,KANG Hong-Zhang,SUN Xiao,LIU Chun-Jiang. Variations of seed morphology related to climate for Quercus variabilis across temperate- subtropical China[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2013, 37(6): 481-491.

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Figures/Tables 7

References 55

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样地 Site	样地代号 Site code	纬度 LAT (°N)	经度 LON (°E)	海拔高度 ALT (m)	年平均气温 MAT (℃)	最热月份温度 MTW (℃)	年降水量 AP (mm)	最湿季降水量 PWQ (mm)	等效纬度 ELAT (°)
云南昆明 Kunming, Yunnan	KM	25.14	102.74	1955	15.9	24.0	970	593	36.96
云南丽江 Lijiang, Yunnan	LJ	26.87	99.87	1988	12.3	22.0	990	596	38.93
江西永修 Yongxiu, Jiangxi	YX	29.09	115.62	360	16.6	32.6	1 190	467	29.52
浙江舟山 Zhoushan, Zhejiang	ZS	29.98	122.07	76	16.5	30.6	1 333	450	28.86
浙江杭州 Hangzhou, Zhejiang	HZ	30.19	120.00	349	16.6	33.1	1 380	518	30.54
上海闵行^* Minhang, Shanghai^*	SH	31.14	121.29	5	16.2	31.5	1 059	432	29.67
安徽霍山 Huoshan, Anhui	HS	31.35	116.08	659	14.4	30.5	1 391	604	33.91
湖北南漳 Nanzhang, Hubei	NZ	31.75	111.93	237	16.2	32.3	887	412	31.44
河南信阳 Xinyang, Henan	XY	32.12	114.01	163	15.5	31.6	1 094	503	31.44
江苏南京 Nanjing, Jiangsu	NJ	32.13	119.20	167	15.4	32.0	1 040	468	31.47
安徽凤阳 Fengyang, Anhui	FY	32.65	117.56	28	15.3	31.7	879	419	31.29
陕西安康 Ankang, Shaanxi	AK	32.66	109.03	370	15.4	31.6	812	386	33.16
陕西勉县 Mianxian, Shaanxi	MX	33.11	106.70	715	14.3	29.8	857	455	36.07
河南南阳 Nanyang, Henan	NY	33.50	111.91	152	15.5	31.6	1 094	503	31.38
安徽皇藏峪 Huangcangyu, Anhui	HY	34.02	117.06	51	14.8	31.7	730	427	32.78
河南三门峡 Sanmenxia, Henan	SM	34.49	111.22	1121	10.2	27.2	670	349	40.35
山东泰山 Mount Taishan, Shandong	TS	36.21	118.00	345	7.8	29.7	617	494	36.53
河北邢台 Xingtai, Hebei	XT	37.09	113.83	801	11.1	26.1	671	395	40.67
辽宁大连 Dalian, Liaoning	DL	39.11	121.80	180	10.5	27.2	641	404	38.51
北京平谷 Pinggu, Beijing	BJ	40.25	117.12	260	10.5	29.8	553	421	40.05

样地 Site	样地代号 Site code	纬度 LAT (°N)	经度 LON (°E)	海拔高度 ALT (m)	年平均气温 MAT (℃)	最热月份温度 MTW (℃)	年降水量 AP (mm)	最湿季降水量 PWQ (mm)	等效纬度 ELAT (°)
云南昆明 Kunming, Yunnan	KM	25.14	102.74	1955	15.9	24.0	970	593	36.96
云南丽江 Lijiang, Yunnan	LJ	26.87	99.87	1988	12.3	22.0	990	596	38.93
江西永修 Yongxiu, Jiangxi	YX	29.09	115.62	360	16.6	32.6	1 190	467	29.52
浙江舟山 Zhoushan, Zhejiang	ZS	29.98	122.07	76	16.5	30.6	1 333	450	28.86
浙江杭州 Hangzhou, Zhejiang	HZ	30.19	120.00	349	16.6	33.1	1 380	518	30.54
上海闵行^* Minhang, Shanghai^*	SH	31.14	121.29	5	16.2	31.5	1 059	432	29.67
安徽霍山 Huoshan, Anhui	HS	31.35	116.08	659	14.4	30.5	1 391	604	33.91
湖北南漳 Nanzhang, Hubei	NZ	31.75	111.93	237	16.2	32.3	887	412	31.44
河南信阳 Xinyang, Henan	XY	32.12	114.01	163	15.5	31.6	1 094	503	31.44
江苏南京 Nanjing, Jiangsu	NJ	32.13	119.20	167	15.4	32.0	1 040	468	31.47
安徽凤阳 Fengyang, Anhui	FY	32.65	117.56	28	15.3	31.7	879	419	31.29
陕西安康 Ankang, Shaanxi	AK	32.66	109.03	370	15.4	31.6	812	386	33.16
陕西勉县 Mianxian, Shaanxi	MX	33.11	106.70	715	14.3	29.8	857	455	36.07
河南南阳 Nanyang, Henan	NY	33.50	111.91	152	15.5	31.6	1 094	503	31.38
安徽皇藏峪 Huangcangyu, Anhui	HY	34.02	117.06	51	14.8	31.7	730	427	32.78
河南三门峡 Sanmenxia, Henan	SM	34.49	111.22	1121	10.2	27.2	670	349	40.35
山东泰山 Mount Taishan, Shandong	TS	36.21	118.00	345	7.8	29.7	617	494	36.53
河北邢台 Xingtai, Hebei	XT	37.09	113.83	801	11.1	26.1	671	395	40.67
辽宁大连 Dalian, Liaoning	DL	39.11	121.80	180	10.5	27.2	641	404	38.51
北京平谷 Pinggu, Beijing	BJ	40.25	117.12	260	10.5	29.8	553	421	40.05

样地 Site	SW					SL					SW/SL					样本量 Sample size
样地 Site	平均值 Mean	最大值 Max	最小值 Min	标准偏差 SD	变异系数 CV (%)	平均值 Mean	最大值 Max	最小值 Min	标准偏差 SD	变异系数 CV (%)	平均值 Mean	最大值 Max	最小值 Min	标准偏差 SD	变异系数 CV (%)	样本量 Sample size
KM	1.63ⁱ	1.76	1.51	0.09	5.80	1.76^f	1.91	1.62	0.09	5.3	0.93^abc	1.04	0.79	0.07	7.5	34
LJ	1.30^h	1.34	1.24	0.04	3.00	1.47^g	1.59	1.27	0.10	6.9	0.88^bcde	0.99	0.83	0.06	6.5	27
YX	1.65^j	1.95	1.54	0.10	5.70	1.86^f	2.20	1.20	0.19	10.0	0.89^bcde	1.08	0.81	0.14	15.3	36
ZS	1.70^h	1.75	1.42	0.10	6.20	1.91^e	2.07	1.57	0.15	7.8	0.89^abcde	1.03	0.79	0.08	8.9	29
HZ	1.87^bcd	1.78	1.58	0.06	3.80	2.01^cde	2.01	1.80	0.06	3.0	0.93^ab	0.94	0.82	0.04	5.0	29
SH	1.81^efg	2.08	1.61	0.11	5.60	2.09^bc	2.29	1.76	0.15	7.5	0.86^degf	1.07	0.80	0.09	9.9	32
HS	1.95^a	1.86	1.77	0.03	1.60	2.21^ab	2.34	1.86	0.14	6.6	0.88^bcde	0.98	0.77	0.06	6.8	34
NZ	1.39^k	2.14	1.82	0.09	4.70	1.70^f	2.38	2.06	0.12	5.3	0.82^gh	0.95	0.77	0.06	6.5	31
NY	1.63ⁱ	2.08	1.66	0.13	7.00	1.98^de	2.50	1.62	0.19	9.3	0.82^h	1.03	0.79	0.07	8.2	31
XY	1.83^defg	1.45	1.30	0.06	4.20	2.04^cd	1.74	1.60	0.05	2.8	0.90^abcde	0.89	0.76	0.04	4.9	32
NJ	1.93^ab	1.73	1.51	0.07	4.00	2.19^ab	2.33	1.22	0.22	11.2	0.88^cdef	0.96	0.69	0.08	10.2	33
FY	1.36^kl	2.03	1.66	0.10	5.70	1.96^de	2.28	1.67	0.15	7.3	0.70ⁱ	1.06	0.79	0.07	7.9	37
AK	1.86^cdef	2.18	1.74	0.12	6.10	2.03^cd	2.42	1.92	0.14	6.3	0.91^abcd	1.01	0.80	0.05	5.9	36
MX	1.79^fg	1.45	1.21	0.08	6.20	2.01^cde	2.48	1.74	0.22	11.5	0.89^abcd	0.77	0.59	0.06	8.5	28
HZ	1.68^ih	1.96	1.64	0.09	5.04	1.79^f	2.26	1.79	0.12	5.8	0.94^a	0.99	0.81	0.07	8.1	39
SM	1.64ⁱ	1.82	1.59	0.05	3.18	2.00^cde	1.98	1.63	0.10	5.6	0.82^fgh	1.03	0.86	0.07	7.8	33
TS	1.84^bcde	1.80	1.47	0.10	6.22	1.86^cd	2.15	1.69	0.15	7.3	0.99^abcd	1.06	0.69	0.10	12.6	33
XT	1.48^hi	2.12	1.66	0.12	6.34	1.81^de	2.30	1.77	0.16	8.4	0.82^efgh	1.13	0.80	0.07	7.1	35
DL	1.78^g	1.67	1.62	0.01	0.92	1.96^de	2.19	1.71	0.14	7.6	0.91^abcd	0.97	0.75	0.06	7.3	37
BJ	1.64^abc	2.17	1.67	0.14	8.64	1.82^ab	2.96	1.87	0.23	12.7	0.90^defg	1.09	0.70	0.11	12.1	32
总体 Total	1.69	1.86	1.56	0.09	5.05	1.92	2.22	1.67	0.14	7.4	0.88	1.00	0.77	0.07	8.3
种群间变异系数 CV between populations (%)	11.1					8.9					6.7

样地 Site	SW					SL					SW/SL					样本量 Sample size
样地 Site	平均值 Mean	最大值 Max	最小值 Min	标准偏差 SD	变异系数 CV (%)	平均值 Mean	最大值 Max	最小值 Min	标准偏差 SD	变异系数 CV (%)	平均值 Mean	最大值 Max	最小值 Min	标准偏差 SD	变异系数 CV (%)	样本量 Sample size
KM	1.63ⁱ	1.76	1.51	0.09	5.80	1.76^f	1.91	1.62	0.09	5.3	0.93^abc	1.04	0.79	0.07	7.5	34
LJ	1.30^h	1.34	1.24	0.04	3.00	1.47^g	1.59	1.27	0.10	6.9	0.88^bcde	0.99	0.83	0.06	6.5	27
YX	1.65^j	1.95	1.54	0.10	5.70	1.86^f	2.20	1.20	0.19	10.0	0.89^bcde	1.08	0.81	0.14	15.3	36
ZS	1.70^h	1.75	1.42	0.10	6.20	1.91^e	2.07	1.57	0.15	7.8	0.89^abcde	1.03	0.79	0.08	8.9	29
HZ	1.87^bcd	1.78	1.58	0.06	3.80	2.01^cde	2.01	1.80	0.06	3.0	0.93^ab	0.94	0.82	0.04	5.0	29
SH	1.81^efg	2.08	1.61	0.11	5.60	2.09^bc	2.29	1.76	0.15	7.5	0.86^degf	1.07	0.80	0.09	9.9	32
HS	1.95^a	1.86	1.77	0.03	1.60	2.21^ab	2.34	1.86	0.14	6.6	0.88^bcde	0.98	0.77	0.06	6.8	34
NZ	1.39^k	2.14	1.82	0.09	4.70	1.70^f	2.38	2.06	0.12	5.3	0.82^gh	0.95	0.77	0.06	6.5	31
NY	1.63ⁱ	2.08	1.66	0.13	7.00	1.98^de	2.50	1.62	0.19	9.3	0.82^h	1.03	0.79	0.07	8.2	31
XY	1.83^defg	1.45	1.30	0.06	4.20	2.04^cd	1.74	1.60	0.05	2.8	0.90^abcde	0.89	0.76	0.04	4.9	32
NJ	1.93^ab	1.73	1.51	0.07	4.00	2.19^ab	2.33	1.22	0.22	11.2	0.88^cdef	0.96	0.69	0.08	10.2	33
FY	1.36^kl	2.03	1.66	0.10	5.70	1.96^de	2.28	1.67	0.15	7.3	0.70ⁱ	1.06	0.79	0.07	7.9	37
AK	1.86^cdef	2.18	1.74	0.12	6.10	2.03^cd	2.42	1.92	0.14	6.3	0.91^abcd	1.01	0.80	0.05	5.9	36
MX	1.79^fg	1.45	1.21	0.08	6.20	2.01^cde	2.48	1.74	0.22	11.5	0.89^abcd	0.77	0.59	0.06	8.5	28
HZ	1.68^ih	1.96	1.64	0.09	5.04	1.79^f	2.26	1.79	0.12	5.8	0.94^a	0.99	0.81	0.07	8.1	39
SM	1.64ⁱ	1.82	1.59	0.05	3.18	2.00^cde	1.98	1.63	0.10	5.6	0.82^fgh	1.03	0.86	0.07	7.8	33
TS	1.84^bcde	1.80	1.47	0.10	6.22	1.86^cd	2.15	1.69	0.15	7.3	0.99^abcd	1.06	0.69	0.10	12.6	33
XT	1.48^hi	2.12	1.66	0.12	6.34	1.81^de	2.30	1.77	0.16	8.4	0.82^efgh	1.13	0.80	0.07	7.1	35
DL	1.78^g	1.67	1.62	0.01	0.92	1.96^de	2.19	1.71	0.14	7.6	0.91^abcd	0.97	0.75	0.06	7.3	37
BJ	1.64^abc	2.17	1.67	0.14	8.64	1.82^ab	2.96	1.87	0.23	12.7	0.90^defg	1.09	0.70	0.11	12.1	32
总体 Total	1.69	1.86	1.56	0.09	5.05	1.92	2.22	1.67	0.14	7.4	0.88	1.00	0.77	0.07	8.3
种群间变异系数 CV between populations (%)	11.1					8.9					6.7

	方差来源 Variance source	df	SS	MS	F	p
种宽 Seed width (SW)	组间 Inter-group	19	9.026	0.475	55.31	<0.001
	组内 Intra-group	638	3.590	0.009
	总计 Total	657	12.616
种长 Seed length (SL)	组间 Inter-group	19	8.949	0.471	19.10	<0.001
	组内 Intra-group	638	10.929	0.025
	总计 Total	657	19.879
种子宽长比 SW/SL	组间 Inter-group	19	0.825	0.043	10.69	<0.001
	组内 Intra-group	638	2.549	0.006
	总计 Total	657	3.373