Soil chemical properties and growth characteristics of mixed plantation of Pinus massoniana and Cinnamomum camphora in the acid rain region of Chongqing, China

doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.04.004

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Acid rain has led to Pinus massoniana forest decline in Chongqing, Southwestern China. Cinnamomum camphora, an acid-resistant broadleaved tree species, has been widely distributed in the region. Cinnamomum camphora is thought to improve soil properties and health condition of P. massoniana; however, little information is available from mixed plantations of P. massoniana and C. camphora exposed to acid rain. Our objective was to examine soil chemical properties and growth traits of these two species in mixed plantations in the region.

Methods We investigated soil chemical properties and above- and below-ground growth condition of a mixed plantation of P. massoniana and C. camphora in the Tieshanping Forest Farm of Chongqing City. We compared results with those from adjacent pure plantations of P. massoniana and C. camphora, which were planted at the same time as the mixed plantation.

Important findings Compared with the pure P. massoniana plantation, pH values were greater in the humus and soil of the mixed plantation, contents of exchangeable Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ were higher, contents of exchangeable Al³⁺ and H⁺ were significantly lower (p < 0.05), the amount of fine roots of P. massoniana in the humus and soil was smaller (p < 0.05), height of dominant trees of P. massoniana was significantly lower (p < 0.05) and needle discoloration percentage of dominant trees of P. massoniana was higher (p < 0.05). Growth characteristics of C. camphora were similar to those of the pure C. camphora plantation. This study suggested that although C. camphora ameliorated soil chemical properties, health of P. massoniana of the mixed plantation worsened, which might be caused by stronger competitive abilities of C. camphora. Therefore, the competitive advantage of C. camphora against P. massoniana should be properly controlled when establishing mixed plantations of P. massoniana and C. camphora for improving the health of pure P. massoniana plantations in the region.

Key words: acid rain, Cinnamomum camphora, growth, mixed plantation, Pinus massoniana, roots

LI Zhi-Yong, WANG Yan-Hui, YU Peng-Tao, ZHANG Zhi-Jun, DU Shi-Cai, HE Ping, WANG Xiang, DUAN Jian, LI Zhen-Hua. Soil chemical properties and growth characteristics of mixed plantation of Pinus massoniana and Cinnamomum camphora in the acid rain region of Chongqing, China[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2010, 34(4): 387-395.

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Figures/Tables 5

References 31

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项目 Item	香樟根系 Roots of Cinnamomum camphora	马尾松根系 Roots of Pinus massoniana
外形 Appearance	各径级的根较直 The roots of different diameters were relatively straight	各径级的根较弯曲 The roots of different diameters were relatively curved
颜色 Color	新生的细根为带黄色的乳白色, 径级2-5、5-10和>10 mm的根分别为淡黄棕色、棕褐色和棕黄色 The newly born fine roots were milk white with a tincture of yellow, and the roots of 2-5 mm diameter, the roots of 5-10 mm diameter and the roots of >10 mm diameter were pale yellowish brown, dark brown and brownish yellow, respectively	新生的细根为带棕色的乳白色, 径级2-5、5-10和>10 mm的根分别为淡棕红色、浅棕红色和棕红色 The newly born fine roots were milk white with a tincture of brown, and the roots of 2-5 mm diameter, the roots of 5-10 mm diameter and the roots of >10 mm diameter were pale brownish red, light brownish red and brownish red, respectively
弹性 Elasticity	各径级的根弹性较小, 弯曲时易折断 The roots of different diameters had low flexibility and were easily broken when bent	各径级的根弹性较大, 弯曲时不易折断 The roots of different diameters were flexible and not easily broken when bent
表皮剥离的难易程度 The degree of difficulty to peel off the epidermis	各径级的根的表皮不易剥离 It was difficult to peel off the epidermis of the roots of different diameters	各径级的根的表皮易剥离 It was easy to peel off the epidermis of the roots of different diameters
气味 Odor	各径级的根具有香樟特有的清香气味 The roots of different diameters had faint scent typical of Cinnamomum camphora	各径级的根具有松脂气味 The roots of different diameters had odor of pine resin

项目 Item	香樟根系 Roots of Cinnamomum camphora	马尾松根系 Roots of Pinus massoniana
外形 Appearance	各径级的根较直 The roots of different diameters were relatively straight	各径级的根较弯曲 The roots of different diameters were relatively curved
颜色 Color	新生的细根为带黄色的乳白色, 径级2-5、5-10和>10 mm的根分别为淡黄棕色、棕褐色和棕黄色 The newly born fine roots were milk white with a tincture of yellow, and the roots of 2-5 mm diameter, the roots of 5-10 mm diameter and the roots of >10 mm diameter were pale yellowish brown, dark brown and brownish yellow, respectively	新生的细根为带棕色的乳白色, 径级2-5、5-10和>10 mm的根分别为淡棕红色、浅棕红色和棕红色 The newly born fine roots were milk white with a tincture of brown, and the roots of 2-5 mm diameter, the roots of 5-10 mm diameter and the roots of >10 mm diameter were pale brownish red, light brownish red and brownish red, respectively
弹性 Elasticity	各径级的根弹性较小, 弯曲时易折断 The roots of different diameters had low flexibility and were easily broken when bent	各径级的根弹性较大, 弯曲时不易折断 The roots of different diameters were flexible and not easily broken when bent
表皮剥离的难易程度 The degree of difficulty to peel off the epidermis	各径级的根的表皮不易剥离 It was difficult to peel off the epidermis of the roots of different diameters	各径级的根的表皮易剥离 It was easy to peel off the epidermis of the roots of different diameters
气味 Odor	各径级的根具有香樟特有的清香气味 The roots of different diameters had faint scent typical of Cinnamomum camphora	各径级的根具有松脂气味 The roots of different diameters had odor of pine resin

林分 Stand	层次 Layer (cm)	交换性阳离子 Exchangeable cation (cmol(+)·kg^-1)						盐基饱和度Base saturation (%)	pH (KCl)
林分 Stand	层次 Layer (cm)	K⁺	Na⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Al³⁺	H⁺	盐基饱和度Base saturation (%)	pH (KCl)
马尾松香樟混交林 Mixed plantation of P. massoniana and C. camphora	腐殖质层 Humus layer (0.63)	0.228 0 ± 0.011 2^a	0.069 5 ± 0.007 4^d	1.647 3 ± 0.009 1^a	0.362 6 ± 0.008 1^a	3.976 3 ± 0.201 8^b	3.876 7 ± 0.075 4^b	22.02	3.37±0.01^c
	0-20	0.041 2 ± 0.002 1^b	0.087 7 ± 0.005 3^d	0.316 8 ± 0.006 3^e	0.081 4 ± 0.005 5^d	1.367 0 ± 0.093 2^d	1.984 0 ± 0.088 5^d	13.44	3.97±0.02^b
	20-40	0.027 7 ± 0.002 9^c	0.085 9 ± 0.004 6^d	1.061 8 ± 0.010 4^b	0.149 2 ± 0.007 2^c	1.570 0 ± 0.094 7^d	2.018 0 ± 0.132 3^d	26.75	3.92 ± 0.02^b
	40-60	0.030 0 ± 0.002 5^c	0.100 1 ± 0.008 2^d	1.107 4 ± 0.007 9^b	0.293 0 ± 0.008 1^b	1.500 7 ± 0.084 4^d	2.045 2 ± 0.095 6^d	29.21	4.07 ± 0.03^a
马尾松纯林 Pure P. massoniana plantation	腐殖质层 Humus layer (1.99)	0.206 1 ± 0.010 3^a	0.109 4 ± 0.007 5^d	1.638 3 ± 0.019 8^a	0.306 0 ± 0.012 0^b	6.404 6 ± 0.231 6^a	5.934 7 ± 0.120 4^a	14.99	3.02 ± 0.03^d
	0-20	0.047 2 ± 0.003 3^b	0.093 8 ± 0.009 9^d	0.277 3 ± 0.008 4^e	0.059 2 ± 0.009 0^e	2.180 5 ± 0.214 6^c	2.446 7 ± 0.208 0^c	9.25	3.78 ± 0.10^b
	20-40	0.009 8 ± 0.000 8^d	0.114 2 ± 0.006 9^d	0.403 2 ± 0.015 2^d	0.097 3 ± 0.005 1^d	2.151 8 ± 0.210 0^c	2.498 8 ± 0.130 4^c	11.68	3.88 ± 0.02^b
	40-60	0.027 0 ± 0.003 0^c	0.094 2 ± 0.006 0^d	0.927 6 ± 0.006 7^c	0.203 8 ± 0.017 2^c	2.077 1 ± 0.209 9^c	2.483 9 ± 0.095 2^c	20.96	3.89 ± 0.03^b
香樟纯林 Pure C. camphora plantation	腐殖质层 Humus layer (0.80)	0.179 8 ± 0.009 4^a	0.080 4 ± 0.003 0^d	1.651 8 ± 0.007 8^a	0.373 4 ± 0.007 7^a	3.392 1 ± 0.190 4^b	3.070 0 ± 0.058 5^c	25.15	3.53 ± 0.02^c
	0-20	0.023 1 ± 0.002 0^c	0.090 9 ± 0.006 2^d	0.407 2 ± 0.003 1^d	0.092 4 ± 0.004 8^d	1.664 4 ± 0.106 7^c	2.254 1 ± 0.121 6^c	13.11	3.91 ± 0.09^b
	20-40	0.008 7 ± 0.001 1^d	0.095 2 ± 0.004 7^d	1.188 1 ± 0.011 5^b	0.299 6 ± 0.010 1^b	0.719 8 ± 0.017 4^e	1.021 7 ± 0.118 9^e	45.06	4.23 ± 0.02^a
	40-60	0.021 6 ± 0.002 5^c	0.078 0 ± 0.005 7^d	1.499 5 ± 0.009 2^a	0.441 8 ± 0.013 1^a	0.220 2 ± 0.013 6^f	0.459 7 ± 0.014 5^f	55.14	4.62 ± 0.02^a

林分 Stand	层次 Layer (cm)	交换性阳离子 Exchangeable cation (cmol(+)·kg^-1)						盐基饱和度Base saturation (%)	pH (KCl)
林分 Stand	层次 Layer (cm)	K⁺	Na⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Al³⁺	H⁺	盐基饱和度Base saturation (%)	pH (KCl)
马尾松香樟混交林 Mixed plantation of P. massoniana and C. camphora	腐殖质层 Humus layer (0.63)	0.228 0 ± 0.011 2^a	0.069 5 ± 0.007 4^d	1.647 3 ± 0.009 1^a	0.362 6 ± 0.008 1^a	3.976 3 ± 0.201 8^b	3.876 7 ± 0.075 4^b	22.02	3.37±0.01^c
	0-20	0.041 2 ± 0.002 1^b	0.087 7 ± 0.005 3^d	0.316 8 ± 0.006 3^e	0.081 4 ± 0.005 5^d	1.367 0 ± 0.093 2^d	1.984 0 ± 0.088 5^d	13.44	3.97±0.02^b
	20-40	0.027 7 ± 0.002 9^c	0.085 9 ± 0.004 6^d	1.061 8 ± 0.010 4^b	0.149 2 ± 0.007 2^c	1.570 0 ± 0.094 7^d	2.018 0 ± 0.132 3^d	26.75	3.92 ± 0.02^b
	40-60	0.030 0 ± 0.002 5^c	0.100 1 ± 0.008 2^d	1.107 4 ± 0.007 9^b	0.293 0 ± 0.008 1^b	1.500 7 ± 0.084 4^d	2.045 2 ± 0.095 6^d	29.21	4.07 ± 0.03^a
马尾松纯林 Pure P. massoniana plantation	腐殖质层 Humus layer (1.99)	0.206 1 ± 0.010 3^a	0.109 4 ± 0.007 5^d	1.638 3 ± 0.019 8^a	0.306 0 ± 0.012 0^b	6.404 6 ± 0.231 6^a	5.934 7 ± 0.120 4^a	14.99	3.02 ± 0.03^d
	0-20	0.047 2 ± 0.003 3^b	0.093 8 ± 0.009 9^d	0.277 3 ± 0.008 4^e	0.059 2 ± 0.009 0^e	2.180 5 ± 0.214 6^c	2.446 7 ± 0.208 0^c	9.25	3.78 ± 0.10^b
	20-40	0.009 8 ± 0.000 8^d	0.114 2 ± 0.006 9^d	0.403 2 ± 0.015 2^d	0.097 3 ± 0.005 1^d	2.151 8 ± 0.210 0^c	2.498 8 ± 0.130 4^c	11.68	3.88 ± 0.02^b
	40-60	0.027 0 ± 0.003 0^c	0.094 2 ± 0.006 0^d	0.927 6 ± 0.006 7^c	0.203 8 ± 0.017 2^c	2.077 1 ± 0.209 9^c	2.483 9 ± 0.095 2^c	20.96	3.89 ± 0.03^b
香樟纯林 Pure C. camphora plantation	腐殖质层 Humus layer (0.80)	0.179 8 ± 0.009 4^a	0.080 4 ± 0.003 0^d	1.651 8 ± 0.007 8^a	0.373 4 ± 0.007 7^a	3.392 1 ± 0.190 4^b	3.070 0 ± 0.058 5^c	25.15	3.53 ± 0.02^c
	0-20	0.023 1 ± 0.002 0^c	0.090 9 ± 0.006 2^d	0.407 2 ± 0.003 1^d	0.092 4 ± 0.004 8^d	1.664 4 ± 0.106 7^c	2.254 1 ± 0.121 6^c	13.11	3.91 ± 0.09^b
	20-40	0.008 7 ± 0.001 1^d	0.095 2 ± 0.004 7^d	1.188 1 ± 0.011 5^b	0.299 6 ± 0.010 1^b	0.719 8 ± 0.017 4^e	1.021 7 ± 0.118 9^e	45.06	4.23 ± 0.02^a
	40-60	0.021 6 ± 0.002 5^c	0.078 0 ± 0.005 7^d	1.499 5 ± 0.009 2^a	0.441 8 ± 0.013 1^a	0.220 2 ± 0.013 6^f	0.459 7 ± 0.014 5^f	55.14	4.62 ± 0.02^a

林分 Stand	取样位置 Sampling position	根系类型 Root type	根系直径 Root diameter (mm)	干重总密度 Total dry weight density (g·m^-3)	长度总密度 Total length density (m·m^-3)	表面积总密度 Total surface area density (m²·m^-3)	体积总密度 Total volume density (cm³·m^-3)	根尖总密度 Total root tip density (No.·m^-3)
马尾松香樟混交林 Mixed plantation of P. massoniana and C. camphora	香樟树冠下 Under crowns of C. camphora trees	香樟根系 Roots of C. camphora	≤2	1 746.29 ± 55.67^b	22 908.74 ± 1101.72^a	62.92 ± 5.50^a	13 802.72 ± 341.16^a	2 492 299 ± 260 254^a
			>2	2 608.20 ± 80.31^a	337.08 ± 14.31^f	4.07 ± 0.40^d	11 184.98 ± 277.52^a
			合计 Total	4 354.49	23 245.82	66.99	24 987.70
		马尾松根系 Roots of P. massoniana	≤2	32.27 ± 1.99^g	239.91 ± 10.08^g	0.64 ± 0.02^f	142.61 ± 3.40ⁱ	25 994 ± 2 184^e
			>2	102.51 ± 3.47^f	44.46 ± 2.38^h	0.49 ± 0.02^f	425.27 ± 9.12^h
			合计 Total	134.78	284.37	1.13	567.88
	马尾松树冠下 Under crowns of P. massoniana trees	香樟根系 Roots of Cinnamomum camphora	≤2	248.38 ± 7.09^d	3 837.30 ± 189.69^b	10.99 ± 1.02^b	2 533.39 ± 61.58^e	435 065 ± 32 401^c
			>2	176.50 ± 5.23^e	62.56 ± 3.16^h	0.71 ± 0.03^f	743.64 ± 17.64^g
			合计 Total	424.88	3 899.86	11.70	3 277.03
		马尾松根系 Roots of P. massoniana	≤2	280.43 ± 7.87^d	3 077.72 ± 149.15^c	7.78 ± 0.71^c	1 574.85 ± 36.41^f	392 091 ± 30 253^d
			>2	688.11 ± 21.58^c	214.18 ± 9.73^g	2.05 ± 0.20^e	2 293.40 ± 55.63^e
			合计 Total	968.54	3 291.90	9.83	3 868.25
马尾松纯林 Pure plant- ation of P. massoniana	马尾松树冠下 Under crowns of P. massoniana trees	马尾松根系 Roots of P. massoniana	≤2	635.68 ± 19.12^c	4 325.66 ± 212.44^b	13.24 ± 1.10^b	3 395.27 ± 81.11^d	550 516 ± 45 781^b
			>2	1 875.13 ± 57.66^b	435.76 ± 19.85^e	4.86 ± 0.41^d	6 403.00 ± 157.46^c
			合计 Total	2 510.81	4 761.42	18.10	9 798.27
香樟纯林 Pure plant- ation of C. camphora	香樟树冠下Under crowns of C. camphora trees	香樟根系 Roots of C. camphora	≤2	1 599.48 ± 50.33^b	25 417.83 ± 1 228.05^a	64.33 ± 5.91^a	13 118.76 3 ± 25.47^a	3184 884 ± 323 210^a
			>2	3 162.49 ± 94.01^a	693.52 ± 32.66^d	7.76 ± 0.71^c	9 595.72 ± 237.10^b
			合计 Total	4 761.97	26 111.35	72.09	22 714.48