Effects of forest fires on rhizosphere and bulk soil microbial communities of Larix gmelinii

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2024.0380

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Forest fires and soil microorganisms, along with their interactions, play a crucial role in shaping the soil environment in boreal forest ecosystems. The rhizosphere soil microbial community, recognised as one of the most sensitive bioindicators to environmental changes, offers critical insights into the stability of soil ecosystems. A comprehensive assessment of soil environmental stability in boreal forests necessitates a thorough understanding of the structural changes occurring in both rhizosphere and bulk soil microbial communities.
Methods This study focused on the rhizosphere soil of Larix gmelinii, a dominant tree species in the forests of northern China. The analysis of fungal and bacterial communities was conducted using ITS and 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing technologies to investigate the effect of forest fires on the dynamics of soil microbial communities.
Important findings (1) Forest fires significantly reduced soil organic carbon content (decreased by 40.0% in rhizosphere soil and 15.7% in bulk soil), total nitrogen content (decreased by 51.3% in rhizosphere soil and 38.9% in bulk soil), as well as the activity of β-1,4-glucosidase (decreased by 83.4% in rhizosphere soil and 72.7% in bulk soil) and β-1,4-N-acetylglucosamine glucosidase activity (decreased by 54.6% in rhizosphere soil and 13.4% in bulk soil), while dissolved inorganic nitrogen content increased significantly after the fire (increased by 21.1% in rhizosphere soil and 431.8% in bulk soil). (2) After fire, a significant decrease was observed in the Shannon Wiener index of fungi in the rhizosphere and bulk soils (decreased by 12.2% and 13.7%, respectively). Concurrently, a significant increase was observed in the Shannon-Wiener index of bacteria (increased by 8.8% and 10.2%, respectively). Further analysis revealed significant differences in the β-diversity of community structures of fungal and bacterial analysis between the rhizosphere and bulk soils. (3) Redundancy analysis shows that soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, dissolved organic carbon, dissolved inorganic nitrogen content, β-1,4-glucosidase activity, and β-1,4-N-acetylglucosamine activity are the primary factors influencing the composition of the fungal and bacterial community in the rhizosphere and bulk soils following fire. Structural equation modeling further elucidates the direct and indirect effects of forest fires on soil properties, enzyme activities, and microbial community structures. This study offers a valuable insight into the alterations in soil microbial community structure within the Da Hinggan Ling forest region after fire events, which is of great significance for the post-fire ecological restoration and the implementation of suitable protective and management measures.

Key words: forest fire, soil microbial community, rhizosphere soil, Larix gmelinii, microbial diversity

HU Tong-Xin, SHI Lin, DOU Xu, YU Cheng, HAN Yu, SUN Long. Effects of forest fires on rhizosphere and bulk soil microbial communities of Larix gmelinii[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2025, 49(10): 1755-1766.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2024.0380

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2025/V49/I10/1755

Figures/Tables 7

Table 1 Impact of forest fires on the properties of rhizosphere and bulk soils of Larix gmelinii forest in Da Hinggan Ling (mean ± SD)

处理 Treatment	土壤有机碳含量 SOC content (g·kg^-1)	土壤全氮含量 TN content (g·kg^-1)	碳氮比 C:N	溶解性有机碳含量 DOC content (mg·kg^-1)	溶解性无机氮含量 DIN content (mg·kg^-1)
CR	115.76 ± 5.09	79.31 ± 6.21	1.47 ± 0.16	92.36 ± 13.79	119.78 ± 39.32
FR	69.42 ± 5.07	38.63 ± 4.43	1.81 ± 0.19	83.24 ± 23.99	145.02 ± 40.31
CB	66.93 ± 6.82	55.38 ± 4.95	1.20 ± 0.13	88.46 ± 34.42	33.90 ± 11.25
FB	56.39 ± 5.17	33.83 ± 2.71	1.67 ± 0.12	91.04 ± 30.66	180.28 ± 51.56
土壤区 Soil zone¹⁾	367.69^***	110.07^***	20.53^***	0.06^ns	5.17^*
处理 Treat²⁾	310.79^***	516.14^***	81.76^**	0.18^ns	59.34^***
土壤区 × 处理 Soil zone × Treat	123.11^***	48.72^***	1.72^ns	0.57^ns	29.57^***

Table 2 Impact of forest fires on enzyme activity in rhizosphere and bulk soils (mean ± SD)

酶活性 Enzyme activity	β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶 BG (μmol·g^-1·min^-1)	β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶 NAG (μmol·g^-1·min^-1)	酸性磷酸酶 AP (μmol·g^-1·min^-1)
CR	117.32 ± 35.42	71.43 ± 13.45	185.20 ± 62.56
FR	19.52 ± 5.13	32.44 ± 12.45	130.92 ± 75.98
CB	41.43 ± 22.49	29.91 ± 14.36	135.85 ± 78.90
FB	11.31 ± 4.90	33.81 ± 11.90	113.16 ± 75.64
土壤区 Soil zone¹⁾	46.85^***	28.30^***	2.50^ns
处理 Treat²⁾	108.43^***	21.61^***	3.29^ns
土壤区 × 处理 Soil zone × Treat	30.35^***	32.31^***	0.55^ns

Fig. 1 Soil fungal and bacterial alpha diversity between different treatments (measured by Shannon index) (mean ± SD). CB, unburned bulk soil; CR, unburned rhizosphere soil; FB, burned bulk soil; FR, burned rhizosphere soil. ***, p < 0.001; ns, no significant difference.

Fig. 2 Principal Co-ordinate Axisanalysis (PCoA) of operational taxonomic units (OTU) level of soil microorganisms between different treatments. A, β diversity of fungal communities, R2 = 0.90, p = 0.001. B, β diversity of bacterial communities, R2 = 0.90, p = 0.001. CB, unburned bulk soil; CR, unburned rhizosphere soil; FB, burned bulk soil; FR, burned rhizosphere soil. Perform inter group difference test using ANOSIM method with 999 permutations.

Fig. 3 Wayne diagram of operational taxonomic units (OTU) distribution in soil microbial communities under different treatments. A, Fungi. B, Bacteria. CB, unburned bulk soil; CR, unburned rhizosphere soil; FB, burned bulk soil; FR, burned rhizosphere soil.

Fig. 4 Redundancy analysis (RDA) of operational taxonomic units (OTU) level microbial community composition and soil properties. A, Fungal community. B, Bacterial community. BG, β-1,4-glucosidase activity; DIN, dissolved inorganic nitrogen content; DOC, dissolved organic carbon content; NAG, β-1,4-N-acetylglucosamine glucosidase activity; SOC, soil organic carbon content; TN, total nitrogen content in soil.

Fig. 5 Structural equation model (SEM) of soil organic carbon content (SOC), total nitrogen content (TN), dissolved organic carbon content (DOC), dissolved inorganic nitrogen content (DIN), β-1,4-glucosidase activity (BG), and β-1,4-N-acetylglucosamine glucosidase activity (NAG) on soil microbial diversity (Shannon index). A, Diversity of unburned fungi, χ² = 0.34, p = 0.56. B, Diversity of burned fungi, χ² = 0.61, p = 0.43. C, Diversity of unburned bacteria, χ² = 0.12, p = 0.73. D, Diversity of burned bacteria, χ² = 2.61, p = 0.11. The solid line represents the significant path (*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p <0.001), while the dashed line represents the insignificant path (p > 0.05).

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