Regional differentiation of functional trait network of C4 plants Setaria viridis along precipitation gradient

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2024.0388

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Revealing the regional differentiation of functional traits and their adaptative strategies of widely distributed species is of great ecological significance for predicting the adaptation of plants under climate change.

Methods Setaria viridiswas studied for its 18 water-carbon-related stem and leaf traits in 9 study sites along the precipitation gradient from southeast to northwest China. The trait network analysis and principal component analysis were used to quantify the regional differentiation of traits to clarify their habitat adaptative strategies.

Important findings (1) In humid regions, Setaria viridis exhibited the largest vessel diameter and specific leaf mass; in the semiarid/semihumid region, Setaria viridis exhibited the highest maximum net photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area, anatomical maximum stomatal conductance and stomatal area fraction; in arid regions, Setaria viridis exhibited the highest thickness-to-span ratio of vessel and maximum net photosynthetic rate per unit leaf mass. These trait variations revealed the adaptative strategies of Setaria viridis in different regions. (2) Both the correlations between traits and the connectivity of the network decreased with the decrease of precipitation, while the complexity of the network increased. The proportion of positive correlations among the trait network reached the maximum in the semiarid/semihumid regions, showing the best cooperative relationship between plant traits, which may be related to the balanced allocation of water and light resources in this region. (3) The trait network of nine sites indicated that the adaptation of Setaria viridis along the precipitation gradient was mainly regulated by stomatal traits. This study helps us to reveal the mechanisms of plant adaptation under the background of climate change.

Key words: plant functional trait, trait variation, adaptive strategy, widely distributed species, Setaria viridis, precipitation gradient

TONG Jin-Lian, ZHANG Bo-Na, TANG Lu-Yao, YE Lin-Feng, LI Shu-Wen, XIE Jiang-Bo, LI Yan, WANG Zhong-Yuan. Regional differentiation of functional trait network of C₄ plants Setaria viridis along precipitation gradient[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2025, 49(11): 1817-1832.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2024.0388

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2025/V49/I11/1817

Figures/Tables 9

References 66

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区域 Region	样点 Site	缩写 Abbreviation	LON (° E)	LAT (° N)	MAP (mm)	GST (℃)	PAR (mol·m^-2·d^-1)	AI
湿润区 Humid zone	安徽宣城 Xuancheng, Anhui	AHXC	118.78	30.34	1 394.61	25.31	38.41	1.12
	安徽六安 Luan, Anhui	AHLA	115.44	31.53	1 134.24	25.22	40.03	1.19
	河南信阳 Xinyang, Henan	HNXY	113.85	32.07	1 082.29	24.74	40.16	1.92
半湿润/半干旱区 Semiarid/semihumid zone	河南三门峡 Sanmenxia, Henan	HNSMX	110.54	34.49	555.64	23.81	41.09	3.78
	陕西铜川 Tongchuan, Shaanxi	SXTC	109.14	35.40	584.43	20.29	44.17	2.69
	宁夏吴忠 Wuzhong, Ningxia	NXWZ	105.78	36.46	235.59	20.50	49.76	6.80
干旱区 Arid zone	甘肃张掖 Zhangye, Gansu	GSZY	100.18	39.23	131.72	19.55	50.26	13.88
	甘肃酒泉 Jiuquan, Gansu	GSJQ	98.64	39.67	81.85	19.18	51.96	21.57
	新疆哈密 Hami, Xinjiang	XJHM	93.45	42.62	44.17	23.37	54.47	40.88

区域 Region	样点 Site	缩写 Abbreviation	LON (° E)	LAT (° N)	MAP (mm)	GST (℃)	PAR (mol·m^-2·d^-1)	AI
湿润区 Humid zone	安徽宣城 Xuancheng, Anhui	AHXC	118.78	30.34	1 394.61	25.31	38.41	1.12
	安徽六安 Luan, Anhui	AHLA	115.44	31.53	1 134.24	25.22	40.03	1.19
	河南信阳 Xinyang, Henan	HNXY	113.85	32.07	1 082.29	24.74	40.16	1.92
半湿润/半干旱区 Semiarid/semihumid zone	河南三门峡 Sanmenxia, Henan	HNSMX	110.54	34.49	555.64	23.81	41.09	3.78
	陕西铜川 Tongchuan, Shaanxi	SXTC	109.14	35.40	584.43	20.29	44.17	2.69
	宁夏吴忠 Wuzhong, Ningxia	NXWZ	105.78	36.46	235.59	20.50	49.76	6.80
干旱区 Arid zone	甘肃张掖 Zhangye, Gansu	GSZY	100.18	39.23	131.72	19.55	50.26	13.88
	甘肃酒泉 Jiuquan, Gansu	GSJQ	98.64	39.67	81.85	19.18	51.96	21.57
	新疆哈密 Hami, Xinjiang	XJHM	93.45	42.62	44.17	23.37	54.47	40.88

性状 Trait	缩写 Abbreviation	单位 Unit
最大净光合速率(光饱和CO₂同化率) Maximum net photosynthetic rate	P_n	µmol·m^-2·s^-1
最大蒸腾速率 Maximum transpiration rate	T_r	mmol·m^-2·s^-1
最大可操作气孔导度 Maximized operational stomatal conductance	G_s	mol·m^-2·s^-1
水分利用效率 Water use efficiency	WUE	μmol·mmol⁻¹
比叶质量 Leaf mass per unit area	LMA	g·m^-2
单位质量最大净光合速率 Maximum net photosynthetic rate per unit leaf mass	A_mass	µmol·g^-1·s^-1
叶脉密度 Vein density	V_d	mm·mm^-2
气孔密度 Stomatal density	S_d	pore·mm^-2
气孔大小 Stomatal size	S_s	μm²
气孔面积分数 Stomatal area fraction	S_f	%
解剖学最大气孔导度 Anatomical maximum stomatal conductance	g_smax	mol·m^-2·s^-1
气孔打开比率 Stomatal opening ratio	g_ratio	%
叶导管直径 Leaf vessel diameter	D_leaf	μm
叶导管壁厚 Leaf thickness of vessel wall	TW_leaf	μm
叶导管厚度跨度比 Leaf thickness-to-span ratio	(t/b)_leaf	μm·μm^-1
茎导管直径 Stem vessel diameter	D_stem	μm
茎导管壁厚 Stem thickness of vessel wall	TW_stem	μm
茎导管厚度跨度比 Stem thickness-to-span ratio	(t/b)_stem	μm·μm^-1

性状 Trait	缩写 Abbreviation	单位 Unit
最大净光合速率(光饱和CO₂同化率) Maximum net photosynthetic rate	P_n	µmol·m^-2·s^-1
最大蒸腾速率 Maximum transpiration rate	T_r	mmol·m^-2·s^-1
最大可操作气孔导度 Maximized operational stomatal conductance	G_s	mol·m^-2·s^-1
水分利用效率 Water use efficiency	WUE	μmol·mmol⁻¹
比叶质量 Leaf mass per unit area	LMA	g·m^-2
单位质量最大净光合速率 Maximum net photosynthetic rate per unit leaf mass	A_mass	µmol·g^-1·s^-1
叶脉密度 Vein density	V_d	mm·mm^-2
气孔密度 Stomatal density	S_d	pore·mm^-2
气孔大小 Stomatal size	S_s	μm²
气孔面积分数 Stomatal area fraction	S_f	%
解剖学最大气孔导度 Anatomical maximum stomatal conductance	g_smax	mol·m^-2·s^-1
气孔打开比率 Stomatal opening ratio	g_ratio	%
叶导管直径 Leaf vessel diameter	D_leaf	μm
叶导管壁厚 Leaf thickness of vessel wall	TW_leaf	μm
叶导管厚度跨度比 Leaf thickness-to-span ratio	(t/b)_leaf	μm·μm^-1
茎导管直径 Stem vessel diameter	D_stem	μm
茎导管壁厚 Stem thickness of vessel wall	TW_stem	μm
茎导管厚度跨度比 Stem thickness-to-span ratio	(t/b)_stem	μm·μm^-1

样点 Site	平均路径长度 Average path length	边密度 Edge density	模块度 Modularity	边数量 Edge number	权衡边比例 Trade-off edge ratio (%)
安徽宣城 Xuancheng, Anhui	1.22	0.44	0.09	67	52
安徽六安 Luan, Anhui	1.84	0.40	0.22	61	39
河南信阳 Xinyang, Henan	1.76	0.41	0.35	62	45
河南三门峡 Sanmenxia, Henan	1.11	0.31	0.31	48	15
陕西铜川 Tongchuan, Shaanxi	2.88	0.20	0.46	31	35
宁夏吴忠 Wuzhong, Ningxia	2.23	0.30	0.23	46	30
甘肃张掖 Zhangye, Gansu	2.40	0.31	0.36	48	46
甘肃酒泉 Jiuquan, Gansu	2.85	0.22	0.46	33	39
新疆哈密 Hami, Xinjiang	1.71	0.18	0.53	27	52
整体 Whole	1.17	0.83	0.08	127	37

Regional differentiation of functional trait network of C₄ plants Setaria viridis along precipitation gradient

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[1]	Dai Lijun, Xiang Lingyi, Jian Chen, WANG Xiaofeng. The alteration of backwater dynamics in the Three Gorges has intensified the local differentiation of functional traits among typical herbaceous plants within the riparian zone of small watersheds [J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2026, 50(化学计量与功能性状): 1-.
[2]	yongjun zhang, jingdong li, qi an, linggui hong, Zhang Rui, ZHOU Xiao-Long. Effects of nitrogen addition and warming on community traits in an alpine grassland community of the Tianshan Mountains [J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2026, 50(化学计量与功能性状): 1-.
[3]	ZHENG Zi-Yi, CHEN Jiang-Hui, LIU Hui-Ying. Climate warming increases root exudation rates of dominant species in alpine meadow on the Qingzang Plateau [J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2025, 49(9): 1363-1373.
[4]	CUI Dong-Qing, TIAN Chen, SONG Hui-Min, LU Xiao-Ming, SA Qi-Ri, XU Guo-Qing, YANG Pei-Zhi, BAI Yong-Fei, TIAN Jian-Qing. Response mechanisms of rhizosphere bacterial community diversity and functional group composition of dominant plants in typical grasslands to long-term grazing [J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2025, 49(7): 1163-1176.
[5]	DU Ying-Jie, FAN Ai-Lian, WANG Xue, YAN Xiao-Jun, CHEN Ting-Ting, JIA Lin-Qiao, JIANG Qi, CHEN Guang-Shui. Coordination and differences in root-leaf functional traits between tree species and understory shrub species in a subtropical natural evergreen broadleaf forest [J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2025, 49(4): 585-595.
[6]	LI Shu-Wen, TANG Lu-Yao, ZHANG Bo-Na, YE Lin-Feng, TONG Jin-Lian, XIE Jiang-Bo, LI Yan, WANG Zhong-Yuan. Regional differentiation of cooperative relationships between Ulmus pumila branches and leaves along precipitation gradients [J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2025, 49(2): 282-294.
[7]	SONG Si-Yu, DU Piao, LIN Qin, QI Xiang, DU Ke-Yu, LI Cong, CHEN Ya-Mei, HUANG You-You, LIU Yang. Response characteristics of phenolic compounds in plant leaves and roots along an alpine shrub encroachment gradient [J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2025, 49(12): 2119-2136.
[8]	ZHANG Xiao-Ting, WANG Jun-Jie. Chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of mangrove plants under salt and copper treatments and their relationship with leaf structure and biochemical components [J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2025, 49(11): 1944-1956.
[9]	QIN Jia-Chen, WANG Huan, ZHU Jiang, WANG Yang, TIAN Chen, BAI Yong-Fei, YANG Pei-Zhi, ZHENG Shu-Xia. Grazing filtering effect based on intraspecific and interspecific trait variation and its scale effects [J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2024, 48(7): 858-871.
[10]	WEN Jia, ZHANG Xin-Na, WANG Juan, ZHAO Xiu-Hai, ZHANG Chun-Yu. Traits mediate response of seedling survival rate to neighborhood competition and abiotic environment [J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2024, 48(6): 719-729.
[11]	FU Liang-Chen, DING Zong-Ju, TANG Mao, ZENG Hui, ZHU Biao. Rhizosphere effects of Betula platyphylla and Quercus mongolica and their seasonal dynamics in Dongling Mountain, Beijing [J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2024, 48(4): 508-522.
[12]	XU Ming-Ze, ZHAO Hong-Xian, LI Cheng, LI Man-Le, TIAN Yun, LIU Peng, ZHA Tian-Shan. Characteristics of seasonal leaf trait network and its drivers in Artemisia ordosica in the Mau Us Sandy Land [J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2024, 48(12): 1650-1665.
[13]	WANG Si-Qi, JIN Guang-Ze. Variation and trade-offs in leaf, branch, and root traits at different life history stages of Acer pictum subsp. mono [J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2024, 48(11): 1510-1523.
[14]	HU Chu-Ting, YANG Liu-Yi-Yi, SHI Shao-Lin, ZHOU Yan, CHEN Ting-Ting, ZHENG Bo-Han, YANG Yang, LU Xiao-Ling, WANG Chen-Ling, Ni Jian. Plant functional traits of typical artificial vegetation in Jinhua, Zhejiang, China [J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2024, 48(10): 1336-1350.
[15]	ZHOU Ying-Ying, LIN Hua. Variation of leaf thermal traits and plant adaptation strategies of canopy dominant tree species along temperature and precipitation gradients [J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2023, 47(5): 733-744.