Variation and coordination in functional traits along the tree height of Taxodium distichum and Taxodium distichum var. imbricatum

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2022.0308

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims The xylem water transport resistance and leaf transpiration rate of tall trees increased with tree height, resulting in a water supply-demand paradox along the tree height gradient. Quantitative analysis of the variation and coordination of related functional traits along tree height will be conducive to deeply understanding the water supply and demand mechanism of plants.

Methods Here, Taxodium distichum and its variety T. distichumvar. imbricatum grown in a mesic common garden were studied, with hydraulic (sapwood-specific hydraulic conductivity (K_s), leaf specific conductivity (K_l), the water potential causing 50% loss of conductivity (P₅₀), maximum transpiration rate (T_r), midday leaf water potential (ψ_MD), Huber value (H_v), etc.), photosynthetic (maximum photosynthetic rate (P_n)) and carbon economic traits (leaf mass per unit area (LMA), wood density (WD)) measured. Traits variation and coordination along the tree height and traits differences between the same canopy of T. distichum and T. distichumvar. imbricatum were analyzed by a series of methods, including regression analysis, one-way ANOVA, and path analysis.

Important findings We found that: (1) K_l, H_v, P_n and LMA in T. distichum and T. distichumvar. imbricatum increased along the height, and the increase of P_n may be related to the decrease of T_r and maximum operational stomatal conductance (G_s) in the middle canopy. (2) Coordination relationships between intraspecific traits: K_s in T. distichum and T. distichumvar. imbricatum was significantly negatively related to H_v, WD in T. distichum was significantly positively related to K_s, and WD in T. distichumvar. imbricatum was significantly negatively related to H_v. (3) There was water limitation in the higher canopy of T. distichum and T. distichumvar. imbricatum. The theoretical water supply and demand ratio (r) calculated by Darcy’s Law and T_r confirmed this limitation. The theoretical maximum height when r = 0: T. distichum 32 m (upper bound of 95% confidence interval: 57 m); T. distichumvar. imbricatum 21 m (upper bound of 95% confidence interval: 27 m), was consistent with the maximum height recorded historically. (4) K_l, H_v and LMA in canopies of T. distichumvar. imbricatum were significantly higher than those of T. distichum,while P_n, T_r and G_s were significantly lower; hydraulic safety margin (HSM) in the middle and higher canopies of T. distichumvar. imbricatum was significantly higher, and P₅₀was significantly lower: The conservative hydraulic strategy of T. distichumvar. imbricatum corresponded to lower resource acquisition capacity, which in turn resulted in lower maximum growth height. The radical hydraulic strategy of T. distichum corresponded to higher resource acquisition capacity, which in turn resulted in higher maximum growth height.

Key words: plant functional trait, trait variation, height gradient, water supply and demand, Taxodium

TANG Lu-Yao, FANG Jing, QIAN Hai-Rong, ZHANG Bo-Na, SHANGGUAN Fang-Jing, YE Lin-Feng, LI Shu-Wen, TONG Jin-Lian, XIE Jiang-Bo. Variation and coordination in functional traits along the tree height of Taxodium distichum and Taxodium distichum var. imbricatum[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2023, 47(11): 1561-1575.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2022.0308

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2023/V47/I11/1561

Figures/Tables 9

Table 1 Basic characteristics of the sampling plots and the trees of Taxodium distichum and T. distichum var. imbricatum (mean ± SE)

树种 Species	海拔 Altitude (m)	坡向 Slope direction	土壤水分状况 Soil moisture status	树高 Tree height (m)	胸径 DBH (cm)	冠幅 Crown (m)
落羽杉 T. distichum	24-44	西南 SW	湿润 Moist	15-17	34.04 ± 2.02	6.22 ± 0.18
池杉 T. distichum var. imbricatum	42-44	西南 SW	湿润 Moist	13-15	31.42 ± 0.87	6.32 ± 0.21

Table 2 Maximum heights of Taxodium distichum and T. distichum var. imbricatum recorded worldwide

数据来源 Data Source	落羽杉 T. distichum (m)	池杉 T. distichum var. imbricatum (m)	网站 Website
Flora of China	50	25	http://www.iplant.cn/foc
《北美植物志》 Flora of North America		30	http://floranorthamerica.org/Main_Page
树木和灌木在线 Trees and Shrubs online	30.48-45.72		https://treesandshrubsonline.org/
《生命大百科全书》 Encyclopedia of Life	39.62		https://eol.org/
微软必应搜索引擎 Microsoft Bing	38.1	25	https://cn.bing.com/?FORM=Z9FD1
百度搜索引擎 Baidu	25-50	25	https://www.baidu.com/
世界植物在线 Plants of the World Online	46		https://powo.science.kew.org/

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of variations in leaf structure and xylem anatomical structure of Taxodium distichum and T. distichum var. imbricatum along the tree height.

Table 3 List for traits related to this study: symbols and units employed

性状 Trait	符号 Symbol	单位 Unit
枝比导率 Sapwood-specific hydraulic conductivity	K_s	kg·m^-1·s^-1·MPa^-1
叶比导率 Leaf specific conductivity	K_l	g·m^-1·s^-1·MPa^-1
正午叶水势 Midday leaf water potential	ψ_MD	MPa
导水率损失50%时的水势 Water potential causing 50% loss of conductivity	P₅₀	MPa
水力安全边界 Hydraulic safety margin	HSM	MPa
胡伯尔值 Huber value	H_v	m²·m^-2
比叶质量 Leaf mass per unit area	LMA	kg·m^-2
木质部密度 Wood density	WD	g·cm^-3
最大净光合速率(光饱和CO₂同化率) Maximum net photosynthetic rate	P_n	μmol·m^-2·s^-1
最大蒸腾速率 Maximum transpiration rate	T_r	mmol·m^-2·s^-1
最大气孔导度 Maximum stomatal conductance	G_s	mol·m^-2·s^-1
水分利用效率 Water use efficiency	WUE	μmol·mmol^-1
理论水分供给速率 Theoretical water supply rate	Q_crit	mmol·m^-2·s^-1
管胞直径 Tracheid diameter	D_t	μm
管胞密度 Tracheid density	N_t	10³·mm^-2
管胞壁厚度 Tracheid wall thickness	T_w	μm
厚度跨度比 Thickness span ratio	(t/b)²	μm·μm^-1
纹孔口直径 Pit aperture diameter	D_pa	μm
纹孔膜直径 Pit membrane diameter	D_pm	μm

Fig. 2 Regression analysis of water-carbon traits along the tree height in Taxodium distichum (BC, ▲) and T. distichum var. imbricatum (PC, ●) (mean ± SE). The mean value and error bar on the figure are used to visually show the variation of traits without participating in the calculation. Trait symbols see Table 3.

Fig. 3 Differences in traits for the same height in different species (uppercase letters) and for different canopy heights in the same species (lowercase letters) in Taxodium distichum and T. distichum var. imbricatum (mean ± SE). Different letters indicate significant differences at p ≤ 0.05 level. Trait symbols see Table 3.

Fig. 4 Regression analysis of xylem anatomical structure along the tree height in Taxodium distichum (BC, ▲) and T. distichum var. imbricatum (PC, ●) (mean ± SE). The mean value and error bar on the figure are used to visually show the variation of traits without participating in the calculation. Trait symbols see Table 3.

Fig. 5 Path analysis on traits in Taxodium distichum and T. distichum var. imbricatum. Trait symbols see Table 3. The arrows indicate the proposed links between traits. Blue lines indicate positive relationships, red lines indicate negative relationships. Standard path coefficients are represented as the thickness of the line, the larger the coefficient, the thicker the line. Significances of standard path coefficients are shown on the arrows (ns, p ≥ 0.05; *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.001). NFI, normed fit index; SRMR, standardized root mean square residual.

Fig. 6 Regression analysis of the ratio of water supply and demand (r) along the tree height in Taxodium distichum (BC, ▲) and T. distichum var. imbricatum (PC, ●) (mean ± SE). Upper bound of 95% confidence interval (CI) is taken, and the dotted lines are the extension of the regression lines.

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