Response of intra-annual radial growth of Juniperus przewalskii in the Qilian Mountains to hydrothermal factors

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2025.0084

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims The growth of trees is highly dependent on variations in the combination of external environmental factors such as precipitation and temperature. As a dominant coniferous species in the Qilian Mountains, Juniperus przewalskii’s growth dynamics in response to temperature and precipitation changes is crucial for the development of the forest ecosystem in the Qilian Mountains. Our objective is to identify the seasonal patterns of xylem formation of J. przewalskii and to clarify the characteristics of its intra-annual radial growth rate in response to variations in precipitation and temperature.

Methods This study selected five trees at altitude 3 000 m in the Qilian Mountains, collecting microcores from each tree every five days, and employed the microcoring method to complete laboratory experiments.

Important findings The results showed that: (1) The growth of J. przewalskii began around May 10 (day of the year (DOY) 131 ± 3) and ended around August 10 (DOY 223 ± 3), with a total growing season of (92 ± 2) d. (2) The dynamics of xylem cell number exhibited an S-shaped intra-annual trend, while the growth rate showed a Bell-shaped intra-annual trend, with a maximum growth rate of 0.32 units·column^-1·d^-1. The maximum growth rate occurred 12 d earlier than the summer solstice. (3) Hydrothermal variations emerge as primary drivers of intra-annual radial growth, with both temperature and precipitation demonstrating significant positive effects on growth rates. Notably, precipitation shows a more pronounced lagged effect on the growth of J. przewalskii. The findings of this study contribute to predicting future growth trends of J. przewalskii and provide theoretical support for understanding and protecting the sustainable development of the Qilian Mountains forest ecosystem.

Key words: xylem differentiation, hydrothermal variations, microcoring, radial growth, the Qilian Mountains

ZHANG Le, JIAO Liang, XUE Ru-Hong, ZHANG Peng, WANG Xu-Ge, QIN Ya-Rong, HOU Sai-Peng, MA Yuan-Yuan. Response of intra-annual radial growth of Juniperus przewalskii in the Qilian Mountains to hydrothermal factors[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2025, 49(11): 1878-1889.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2025.0084

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2025/V49/I11/1878

Figures/Tables 9

Fig. 1 Sampling site of Juniperus przewalskii and the location of meteorological station in the Qilian Mountains (A) and the habitat conditions of Juniperus przewalskii (B).

Fig. 2 Monthly average temperature, average maximum temperature, average minimum temperature, and total monthly precipitation in the study area in 2024.

Fig. 3 Schematic diagram of each stages of radial growth in Juniperus przewalskii. CZ, cambial cells; EC, enlargement phase cells; MC, maturation phase cells; WT, wall thickening phase cells. Figure B shows the effect of figure A under polarized light.

Fig. 4 Start and end times of each developmental stage of radial growth in Juniperus przewalskii in 2024, along with the length of the growing season (mean ± SE). DOY, day of year.

Fig. 5 Variation in the number of cells during each developmental stage of radial growth in Juniperus przewalskii in 2024 (mean ± SE). The dashed lines indicate the division between different months of the growing season. DOY, day of year.

Table 1 Parameter values of the Gompertz function fitted for various trees of Juniperus przewalskii in 2024 and the explanatory power of the fitting

样树 Sample tree	$A$(units·column^-1)	$k$	$\beta $	R²	${t}_{\text{p}}$(d)	${r}_{\text{max}}$(units·column^-1·d^-1)	${r}_{\text{mean}}$(units·column^-1·d^-1)
1	12.41	0.08	12.15	0.81	149.75	0.37	0.23
2	20.61	0.04	5.81	0.85	162.75	0.27	0.17
3	29.90	0.03	4.36	0.86	171.51	0.28	0.17
4	32.67	0.02	3.43	0.89	164.75	0.25	0.15
5	23.79	0.05	7.25	0.87	156.72	0.41	0.25
平均值±标准误 Mean ± SE	23.88 ± 3.58	0.04 ± 0.01	6.60 ± 1.53	0.86 ± 0.01	161.10 ± 3.70	0.32 ± 0.03	0.19 ± 0.02

Fig. 6 Growth trend and growth rate of Juniperus przewalskii in 2024 as fitted by the Gompertz function. DOY, day of year.

Fig. 7 Correlation analysis between temperature, precipitation, and the growth rate of Juniperus przewalskii. Pre, precipitation; Rmean, the growth rate of Juniperus przewalskii; Tmax, maximum air temperature; Tmean, mean air temperature; Tmin, minimum air temperature. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01.

Table 2 Impact of temperature and precipitation from 3, 7, and 10 days prior to the sampling date on the growth rate of Juniperus przewalskii

影响因素 Impact factor	变量 Variable	估计值 Estimate	标准误差 Standard error	t	p
气温 Air temperature	截距 Intercept	-0.045	0.070	-0.644	0.520
	T_3-max	0.007	0.002	2.871	0.004
	截距 Intercept	-0.037	0.048	-0.767	0.443
	T_3-mean	0.009	0.002	4.129	0.000
	截距 Intercept	0.005	0.031	0.159	0.874
	T_3-min	0.011	0.002	5.374	0.000
	截距 Intercept	-0.130	0.074	-1.762	0.078
	T_7-max	0.009	0.002	3.900	0.000
	截距 Intercept	-0.085	0.050	-1.690	0.091
	T_7-mean	0.011	0.002	4.958	0.000
	截距 Intercept	0.007	0.031	0.216	0.829
	T_7-min	0.011	0.002	5.462	0.000
	截距 Intercept	-0.045	0.070	-0.644	0.520
	T_10-max	0.007	0.002	2.871	0.004
	截距 Intercept	-0.037	0.048	-0.767	0.443
	T_10-mean	0.009	0.002	4.129	0.000
	截距 Intercept	0.005	0.031	0.159	0.874
	T_10-min	0.011	0.002	5.374	0.000
降水量 Precipitation	截距 Intercept	0.135	0.017	8.100	0.000
	Pre_-3	0.011	0.003	3.198	0.001
	截距 Intercept	0.120	0.018	6.767	0.000
	Pre_-7	0.011	0.003	3.899	0.000
	截距 Intercept	0.135	0.017	8.100	0.000
	Pre_-10	0.011	0.003	3.198	0.001

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