Responses of aboveground-belowground traits of Phragmites australis in different marsh wetlands to changes in soil moisture

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2024.0240

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Phragmites australis, a typical perennial rhizomatic wetland plant, is an important species in marsh wetland ecosystems. However, with the global climate change and the gradual drying of wetlands, the growth of P. australis is often limited by soil moisture. Understanding the response of P. australis to changes in soil moisture can provide a theoretical basis for the protection and dynamic prediction of its community, as well as for research on the response mechanisms of wetland plants in heterogeneous habitats.
Methods In this study, P. australis communities in three typical marsh wetlands in northern China, i.e., Daihai Wetland, Horqin Wetland and Qingtongxia Reservoir, were studied, and the effects of low and high soil moisture, and other environmental factors on the aboveground traits, belowground traits and their relationships of P. australis were analyzed.
Important findings Compared with low soil moisture, high soil moisture significantly increased the aboveground biomass and specific leaf area, and significantly reduced the root to shoot ratio of P. australis. High soil moisture significantly reduced the contents of non-structural carbohydrates in leaves, and nitrogen and phosphorus in stems. High soil moisture significantly increased the root biomass, root surface area and root volume, and significantly decreased the root diameter of P. australis. Soil moisture did not affect the positive correlation between root biomass and stem non-structural carbohydrates content. However, the decrease of soil moisture reversed the negative correlation between root diameter and leaf nitrogen content under high soil moisture, as well as the positive correlations between root diameter and leaf non-structural carbohydrates content, and between root diameter and stem non-structural carbohydrates content. In high soil moisture areas, total soil nitrogen and total soil phosphorus were important factors that affected the aboveground and belowground traits of P. australis; in low soil moisture areas, temperature and precipitation were also important factors. Our results indicate that soil moisture may indirectly affect total soil nitrogen and total soil phosphorus and temperature to change the correlations between some aboveground and belowground traits. In summary, high soil moisture was beneficial to the growth of aerial parts and roots of P. australis, but it reduced the contents of nitrogen and phosphorus in stems and the content of non-structural carbohydrates in leaves. soil moisture influences the aboveground and belowground traits and their relationships in P. australis, by indirectly affecting soil nitrogen and phosphorus contents, as well as temperature.

Key words: marsh wetland, wetland plant, soil moisture, plant trait, aboveground-belowground traits relationship

JIA Zi-Xuan, FANG Tao, ZHANG Shu-Xin, LIU Yi-Fan, ZHAO Wei, WANG Rong, CHANG Hai-Chao, ZHU Yao-Jun, LUO Fang-Li, GUO Yun-Qian, YU Fei-Hai. Responses of aboveground-belowground traits of Phragmites australis in different marsh wetlands to changes in soil moisture[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2025, 49(9): 1448-1460.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2024.0240

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2025/V49/I9/1448

Figures/Tables 9

Table 1 Average moisture content of low and high soil in each wetland (n = 30)

湿地 Wetland	高土壤水分含量 High soil moisture (%)	低土壤水分含量 Low soil moisture (%)
岱海 Daihai	56.76	30.86
科尔沁 Horqin	54.48	24.52
青铜峡 Qingtongxia	56.18	29.34

Table 2 Results of variance analyses of aboveground and belowground traits of P. australis under low and high soil moisture in different marsh wetlands (n = 90)

性状 Trait	湿地 Wetland		水分 Moisture		湿地×水分 Wetland × moisture
性状 Trait	F	p	F	p	F	p
叶生物量 Leaf biomass	6.29	0.006	5.57	0.027	4.04	0.031
茎生物量 Stem biomass	6.47	0.006	31.19	<0.001	2.57	0.097
地上生物量 Aboveground biomass	7.33	0.003	25.04	<0.001	4.10	0.029
比叶面积 Specific leaf area	28.04	<0.001	8.41	0.008	6.76	0.005
根冠比 Root to shoot ratio	1.68	0.208	1.34	0.258	2.64	0.092
叶氮含量 Leaf N content	8.17	0.002	2.77	0.109	28.22	<0.001
叶磷含量 Leaf P content	7.94	0.002	1.75	0.198	15.08	<0.001
叶非结构性碳水化合物含量 Leaf NSC content	7.67	0.003	139.16	<0.001	36.44	<0.001
茎氮含量 Stem N content	2.23	0.129	7.54	0.011	8.56	0.002
茎磷含量 Stem P content	5.68	0.010	4.79	0.039	2.85	0.077
茎非结构性碳水化合物含量 Stem NSC content	10.90	<0.001	1.89	0.181	33.31	<0.001
根表面积 Root surface area	1.32	0.275	39.91	<0.001	1.79	0.176
根体积 Root volume	5.99	0.004	30.64	<0.001	2.84	0.067
根直径 Root diameter	14.94	<0.001	5.11	0.028	1.65	0.202
根生物量 Root biomass	3.68	0.032	36.26	<0.001	4.48	0.016

Fig. 1 Leaf biomass, stem biomass, aboveground biomass, specific leaf area and root to shoot ratio of Phragmites australis under low and high soil moisture conditions in different marsh wetlands (mean ± SE). Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences among different wetlands (p < 0.05); * indicates significant differences between low and high soil moisture conditions (p < 0.05), ns indicates no significant differences between low and high soil moisture conditions (p > 0.05).

Fig. 2 Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) contents of Phragmites australis leaves and stems under low and high soil moisture conditions in different marsh wetlands (mean ± SE). Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences among different wetlands (p < 0.05); * indicates significant differences between low and high soil moisture conditions (p < 0.05), ns indicates no significant differences between low and high soil moisture conditions (p > 0.05).

Fig. 3 Root diameter, surface area, volume and biomass of Phragmites australis under low and high soil moisture conditions in different marsh wetlands (mean ± SE). Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences among different wetlands (p < 0.05); * indicates significant differences between low and high soil moisture conditions (p < 0.05), ns indicates no significant differences between low and high soil moisture conditions (p > 0.05).

Fig. 4 Redundancy analysis (RDA) of environmental factors and aboveground traits and belowground traits of Phragmites australis under high (A) and low (B) soil moisture conditions. EC, electrical conductivity; LB, leaf biomass; LN, leaf nitrogen content; LNSC, leaf non-structural carbohydrates content; LP, leaf phosphorous content; LTOC, total organic carbon content of leaves; MAT, mean annual air temperature; P, precipitation; pH, soil pH; RB, root biomass; RD, root diameter; RSA, root surface area; RSR, root to shoot ratio; RV, root volume; RZB, rhizome biomass; SB, stem biomass; SLA, specific leaf area; SN, stem nitrogen content; SNSC, stem non-structural carbohydrates content; SOC, soil organic carbon content; SP, stem phosphorous content; STN, soil total nitrogen content; STOC, total organic carbon content of stems; STP, soil total phosphorus content.

Table 3 Interpretation rate of environmental factors to aboveground traits and belowground traits of Phragmites australis in three wetlands under low and high soil moisture conditions and Mote Carlo test results

水分 Moisture	环境因子 Environmental factor	解释变异量 Explain the amount of variation	贡献率 Contribution (%)	伪F统计量 Pseudo F statistic	p
高土壤水分含量 High soil moisture	STN	35.9	48.1	7.3	0.002
	STP	9.8	13.1	2.2	0.024
	MAT	6.3	8.5	1.5	0.164
	P	6.8	9.1	1.6	0.124
	EC	7.4	9.9	2.0	0.056
	pH	4.2	5.7	1.1	0.322
	SOC	4.2	5.7	1.2	0.344
低土壤水分含量 Low soil moisture	MAT	24.7	34.8	4.3	0.002
	P	12.7	17.9	2.4	0.008
	pH	7.5	10.6	1.5	0.134
	STN	7.5	10.6	1.6	0.140
	STP	8.6	12.1	2.0	0.068
	EC	5.3	7.5	1.3	0.296
	SOC	4.6	6.5	1.1	0.384

Fig. 5 Pearsonʼs correlations between aboveground traits and belowground traits of Phragmites australis under high (A) and low (B) soil moisture conditions. LB, leaf biomass; LN, leaf nitrogen content; LNSC, leaf non-structural carbohydrates content; LP, leaf phosphorous content; LTOC, total organic carbon content of leaves; RB, root biomass; RD, root diameter; RSA, root surface area; RSR, root to shoot ratio; RV, root volume; RZB, rhizome biomass; SB, stem biomass; SLA, specific leaf area; SN, stem nitrogen content; SNSC, stem non-structural carbohydrates content; SP, stem phosphorous content; STOC, total organic carbon content of stems.*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01.

Supplement I Environmental factors of three northern marsh wetlands (mean ± SD)

湿地 Wetland	气温 Air temperature (℃)	降水 Precipitation (mm)	土壤pH Soil pH	土壤电导率 Soil EC (dS·m^-1)	土壤有机碳含量 SOC content (g·kg^-1)	土壤总氮含量 Soil TN content (g·kg^-1)	土壤总磷含量 Soil TP content (g·kg^-1)
岱海 Daihai	7.30	539.32	8.50 ± 0.03	2.65 ± 0.30	4.29 ± 0.65	1.16 ± 0.15	0.44 ± 0.02
科尔沁 Horqin	7.90	383.00	8.85 ± 0.09	1.51 ± 0.16	10.79 ± 0.44	0.40 ± 0.05	0.13 ± 0.01
青铜峡 Qingtongxia	9.20	175.90	8.58 ± 0.03	9.97 ± 1.42	5.33 ± 0.61	0.54 ± 0.03	0.28 ± 0.02

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