Influence of photovoltaic arrays construction on plant community characteristics in subsidence areas in semi-arid coal mining area

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2025.0099

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Photovoltaic (PV) arrays facilitate the development of distinct plant assemblages by mediating local gradients of water, heat, light, and soil environment. This environmental heterogeneity induces a “niche differentiation-dominant species reorganization” effect among plant species in semi-arid coal mining subsidence areas. Consequently, there is an urgent need to elucidate the impacts of PV construction on the composition, diversity, and stability of plant community, as well as the driving mechanisms.

Methods To uncover the impact mechanisms of PV construction on vegetation restoration following the implementation of “PV + Ecological Remediation” project, this study investigated a PV field established on coal mining subsidence land in the Yushenfu mining area. By conducting field quadrat surveys and multivariate statistical analyses, we compared the characteristics of plant community composition, structure, and stability across distinct microhabitat units of the PV arrays (front eaves of the PV panel, underside of the PV panel, rear eaves of the PV panel and middle of the PV panel) with those in naturally recovered coal mining subsidence areas and in control areas (non-subsided lands). The driving mechanisms of community differentiation were analyzed by integrating soil physicochemical properties and microclimatic factors.

Important findings (1) The diversity and stability of plant communities significantly decreased in naturally recovered coal mining subsidence areas, while plant density increased due to the establishment of annuals and biennials. Compared to the naturally recovered areas, the front eaves and rear eaves of the PV panel enhanced plant density, diversity, and stability, whereas the underside and middle of the PV panel showed opposite trends. (2) Plant communities in the front and rear eaves of the PV panel were dominated by drought-tolerant perennial species. In contrast, the underside of the PV panel screened by shading and high humidity conditions, was primarily dominated by mesophytic annual and biennial species, showing reduced species similarity to control area. (3) Soil moisture and light intensity were common dominant environmental factors influencing community characteristics across the study area. Beyond these shared drivers, the key driving factors for different microenvironments included soil organic matter content in the front and rear eaves of the PV panel, air humidity underside of the PV panels and soil bulk density in the middle of the PV panel. Overall, the construction of the photovoltaic power station induced spatial differentiation in the plant community structure within the subsided land PV area, resulting in significant heterogeneity in vegetation restoration effectiveness. Among the microhabitat units, the front eaves of the PV panel exhibited the strongest promotive effect, while the rear eaves of the PV panel exhibited a limited promotive effect on vegetation restoration in the subsidence area. Conversely, the middle and underside of the PV panel showed significant inhibitory effects. These results provide a strong scientific basis for implementing targeted ecological optimization measures following the deployment of “PV + Ecological Remediation” projects.

Key words: coal mining subsidence, photovoltaic arrays, vegetation restoration, plant community structure, ecological effects

DU Hua-Dong, WANG Meng-Yu, NIE Wen-Jie, SUN Hao, CHE Xu-Xi, TANG Xun. Influence of photovoltaic arrays construction on plant community characteristics in subsidence areas in semi-arid coal mining area[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2025, 49(11): 1778-1790.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2025.0099

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2025/V49/I11/1778

Figures/Tables 13

Fig. 1 Location of the Yushenfu mining area and distribution of sampling points.

Fig. 2 Sampling units at different sites in the photovoltaic zone. FP, front eaves of the photovoltaic panel; MP, middle of the photovoltaic panel; RP, rear eaves of the photovoltaic panel; UP, underside of the photovoltaic panel.

Table 1 Information of sampling sites of photovoltaic (PV) study areas

研究区 Study area	地理位置 Location	海拔 Altitude (m)	建站时间 Installation year of PV plant (a)	主要植被类型 Dominant vegetation	地貌类型 Geomorphological type	光伏建设区面积 Plot area within PV zone (km²)
PV 01	39.27° N, 110.28° E	1 220	9	长芒草+黑沙蒿 Stipa bungeana + Artemisia ordosica	黄土区 Loess area	1.91
PV 02	39.18° N, 110.25° E	1 200	8	长芒草+赖草 Stipa bungeana + Leymus secalinus	黄土区 Loess area	1.30
PV 03	39.11° N, 110.34° E	1 170	9	长芒草+猪毛蒿 Stipa bungeana + Artemisia scoparia	黄土区 Loess area	0.80
PV 04	38.90° N, 110.34° E	1 170	9	长芒草+黑沙蒿 Stipa bungeana + Artemisia ordosica	黄土区 Loess area	1.10
PV 05	38.78° N, 110.16° E	1 210	8	长芒草+蒙古莸 Stipa bungeana + Caryopteris mongholica	黄土区 Loess area	0.58
PV 06	38.67° N, 110.20° E	1 095	8	黑沙蒿+二色补血草 Artemisia ordosica + Limonium bicolor	黄土区 Loess area	4.55
PV 07	38.65° N, 110.05° E	1 170	9	长芒草+达乌里胡枝子 Stipa bungeana + Lespedeza davurica	黄土区 Loess area	0.53
PV 08	38.55° N, 110.07° E	1 240	8	长芒草+黑沙蒿 Stipa bungeana + Artemisia ordosica	黄土区 Loess area	4.40

Table 2 Soil physicochemical properties at coal mining subsidence areas with natural recovery and photovoltaic plant in Yushenfu mining area (mean ± SD)

样地 Sample plot	酸碱度 pH	含水率 Moisture (%)	有机质含量 Organic matter content (g·kg^-1)	容重 Bulk density (g·cm^-3)	有效磷含量 Available phosphorus content (mg·kg^-1)	有效钾含量 Available potassium content (mg·kg^-1)	有效氮含量 Available nitrogen content (mg·kg^-1)
CK	8.90 ± 0.40^b	7.47 ± 3.69^d	7.68 ± 3.15^ab	1.19 ± 0.19^b	5.00 ± 1.22^a	115.85 ± 41.33^a	52.30 ± 24.19^a
NA	8.72 ± 0.22^b	7.10 ± 3.86^d	5.65 ± 0.40^b	1.14 ± 0.04^b	3.12 ± 0.78^b	117.53 ± 16.36^a	40.32 ± 5.25^b
RP	9.37 ± 0.52^a	8.53 ± 6.05^c	9.97 ± 5.04^a	1.38 ± 0.14^a	1.01 ± 0.32^c	118.48 ± 43.97^a	43.62 ± 9.83^b
UP	9.21 ± 0.45^a	10.88 ± 3.01^b	3.90 ± 1.48^c	1.13 ± 0.12^b	5.47 ± 1.78^a	107.43 ± 12.34^b	54.55 ± 21.16^a
FP	8.81 ± 0.39^b	12.95 ± 6.81^a	10.38 ± 3.28^a	1.25 ± 0.20^ab	4.08 ± 1.31^b	121.42 ± 46.20^a	49.94 ± 11.50^a
MP	9.34 ± 0.56^a	7.00 ± 3.14^d	3.12 ± 0.80^c	1.39 ± 0.11^a	0.81 ± 0.21^d	111.23 ± 45.24^b	21.57 ± 5.24^c

Table 3 Micro-meteorological factors at coal mining subsidence areas with natural recovery and photovoltaic arrays in Yushenfu mining area (mean ± SD)

样地 Sampling plot	地表温度 Surface temperature (℃)	空气湿度 Air humidity (%)	光照强度 Light intensity (lx)	地表风速 Surface wind speed (m·s^-1)
CK	32.11 ± 0.15^a	36.31 ± 1.16^bc	20.53 ± 4.57^a	2.11 ± 0.29^a
NA	32.83 ± 0.11^a	36.11 ± 0.56^bc	20.34 ± 3.23^a	1.96 ± 0.16^a
RP	31.44 ± 0.41^a	37.12 ± 1.45^b	18.17 ± 7.46^a	0.57 ± 0.45^c
UP	29.93 ± 2.21^bc	42.51 ± 6.05^a	8.79 ± 3.49^c	0.38 ± 0.31^d
FP	30.74 ± 0.78^b	41.11 ± 3.59^a	11.75 ± 2.99^b	0.73 ± 0.44^b
MP	33.63 ± 0.17^a	35.45 ± 1.27^c	20.70 ± 4.78^a	0.75 ± 0.39^b

Fig. 3 Life form compositional of vegetation in naturally recovered subsidence areas and photovoltaic zones across different microhabitat units in the Yushenfu mining region (mean ± SD). CK, control area; FP, front eaves of the photovoltaic panel; MP, middle of the photovoltaic panel; NA, coal mining subsidence areas with natural recovery; RP, rear eaves of the photovoltaic panel; UP, underside of the photovoltaic panel. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different sampling sites (p < 0.05).

Fig. 4 Species ranks by relative importance value in naturally recovered subsidence areas and photovoltaic zones across different microhabitat units of the Yushenfu mining region. CK, control area; FP, front eaves of the photovoltaic panel; MP, middle of the photovoltaic panel; NA, coal mining subsidence areas with natural recovery; RP, rear eaves of the photovoltaic panel; UP, underside of the photovoltaic panel.

Fig. 5 Plant density in naturally recovered subsidence areas and photovoltaic zones across different microhabitat units in the Yushenfu mining region. CK, control area; FP, front eaves of the photovoltaic panel; MP, middle of the photovoltaic panel; NA, coal mining subsidence areas with natural recovery; RP, rear eaves of the photovoltaic panel; UP, underside of the photovoltaic panel. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different sampling sites (p < 0.05).

Fig. 6 Plant diversity indices in naturally recovered subsidence areas and photovoltaic zones across different microhabitat units in the Yushenfu mining region. CK, control area; FP, front eaves of the photovoltaic panel; MP, middle of the photovoltaic panel; NA, coal mining subsidence areas with natural recovery; RP, rear eaves of the photovoltaic panel; UP, underside of the photovoltaic panel. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different sampling sites (p < 0.05).

Fig. 7 Plant community stability in naturally recovered subsidence areas and photovoltaic zones across different microhabitat units in the Yushenfu mining region (mean ± SD). CK, control area; FP, front eaves of the photovoltaic panel; MP, middle of the photovoltaic panel; NA, coal mining subsidence areas with natural recovery; RP, rear eaves of the photovoltaic panel; UP, underside of the photovoltaic panel. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different sampling sites (p < 0.05).

Table 4 Composition similarity of plant communities among non-subsided lands, naturally recovered subsidence areas, and photovoltaic microhabitat units in the Yushenfu mining region

样地 Sample plot	板前 FP		板后 RP	板间 MP	自然恢复区 NA	对照区 CK
板前 FP	1
板下 UP	0.33	1
板后 RP	0.60	0.41	1
板间 MP	0.34	0.41	0.59	1
自然恢复区 NA	0.44	0.37	0.48	0.51	1
对照区 CK	0.57	0.31	0.55	0.48	0.51	1

Fig. 8 Collection of plant species composition among non-subsided lands, naturally recovered subsidence areas and photovoltaic microhabitat units in the Yushenfu mining region. I, the collection of vegetation in all sample plots in the study area; II, the number of unique species of vegetation in coal mining subsidence areas with natural recovery is 2; III, the number of species intersection between vegetation indifferent sites of photovoltaic plant and coal mining subsidence areas with natural recovery. The dot color represents different plots, the line represents the intersection of the number of plant species in different plots (corresponding to the above histogram), and the columns with different color represent the number of unique plant species in the corresponding plots. CK, control area; FP, front eaves of the photovoltaic panel; MP, middle of the photovoltaic panel; NA, coal mining subsidence areas with natural recovery; RP, rear eaves of the photovoltaic panel; UP, underside of the photovoltaic panel.

Fig. 9 Redundancy analysis (RDA) of environmental drivers of plant diversity among non-subsided lands, naturally recovered subsidence areas, and photovoltaic microhabitat units in the Yushenfu mining region. AK, effective potassium content; AN, effective nitrogen content; AP, effective phosphorus content; DS, Simpson index; H′, Shannon-Wiener diversity index; J, Pielou index; pH, soil pH; PPFD, light intensity; R, Margalef index; RH, air humidity; SBD, soil bulk density; SMC, soil moisture; SOM, soil organic matter content; T, surface temperature; WS, surface wind speed. CK, control area; FP, front eaves of the photovoltaic panel; MP, middle of the photovoltaic panel; NA, coal mining subsidence areas with natural recovery; RP, rear eaves of the photovoltaic panel; UP, underside of the photovoltaic panel.

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