Variations in the relationship between maximum leaf carboxylation rate and leaf nitrogen concentration

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00060

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Maximum leaf carboxylation rate is one of the key parameters determining the photosynthetic capacity of plants. It is affected by irradiance, temperature, moisture, atmospheric CO₂concentration, leaf nitrogen content, and some other factors. Accurate simulation of the responses of the maximum leaf carboxylation rate to varying environmental conditions is the premise for predicting the changes in vegetation productivity and carbon cycle in future environments. Most of the process-based terrestrial carbon cycle models use the Farqhuar photosynthesis model to simulate plant photosynthesis. However, the methods in simulating the relationship between maximum leaf carboxylation rate and leaf nitrogen content differ from each other.
Methods We collected data on maximum leaf carboxylation rate and leaf nitrogen content from literature published during 1990-2013, and analyzed the variations in the relationship between maximum leaf carboxylation rate at 25 ℃ (V_cmax,25) and area-based leaf nitrogen concentration (N_a) across different plant functional types and seasons, and in responses to rising atmospheric CO₂ and nitrogen supply. Moreover, we reviewed possible causes of those variations and the influencing factors.
Important findings The results showed that: 1) the relationship between V_cmax,25 and N_a varied with plant functional types, and the average values of the slope ranged from 16.29 to 50.25 μmol CO₂·g N^-1·s^-1. Deciduous trees generally showed a steeper slope and greater photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency than evergreen trees due to the differences in leaf mass per area (LMA) and nitrogen allocation to Rubisco. 2) The relationship between V_cmax,25 and N_a had seasonal and annual variations. In years without water stress, the highest value of the slope mostly occurred in spring or summer. A change of the slope was related to seasonal variations in LMA and nitrogen allocation to Rubisco. The slope increased in drought seasons or years. 3) The slope of the linear relationship between V_cmax,25 and N_a for perennial needle leaf was reduced due to a decrease in Rubisco content in response to elevated CO₂. The maximum leaf carboxylation rate, nitrogen content, and the slope of their linear relationship increased with increment of nitrogen application rate. On the basis of these analyses, we suggest that simulating the relationship between maximum leaf carboxylation and leaf nitrogen should consider seasonal variations in LMA and nitrogen allocation to Rubisco, the influences of water stress, atmospheric CO₂ concentration, and nitrogen supply level. More multi-factor experimental studies are needed to further investigate the underlying mechanisms of the variations in the relationship between maximum leaf carboxylation rate and leaf nitrogen content, to obtain more observational data with systematic approaches, and thus to further improve ecosystem process-based models.

Key words: leaf nitrogen, maximum leaf carboxylation rate, photosynthesis, terrestrial carbon cycle model

YAN Shuang,ZHANG Li,JING Yuan-Shu,HE Hong-Lin,YU Gui-Rui. Variations in the relationship between maximum leaf carboxylation rate and leaf nitrogen concentration[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2014, 38(6): 640-652.

Add to citation manager EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00060

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2014/V38/I6/640

Figures/Tables 4

References 98

[1]	Abrams MD (1990). Adaptations and responses to drought in Quercus species of North America. Tree Physiology, 7, 227-238. DOI URL PMID
[2]	Anderson JE, Nowak RS, Rasmuson KE, Toft NL (1995). Gas exchange and resource-use efficiency of Leymus cinereus (Poaceae): diurnal and seasonal responses to naturally declining soil moisture. American Journal of Botany, 82, 699-708. DOI URL
[3]	Badeck FW, Dufrênce E, Epron D, Dantec VL, Liozon R, Mousseau M, Pontailler JY, Saugier B (1997). Sweet chestnut and beech saplings under elevated CO₂. In: Mohren GMJ ed. Impacts of Global Change on Tree Physiology and Forest Ecosystems. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. 15-25.
[4]	Bekele A, Hudnall WH, Tiarks AE (2003). Response of densely stocked loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) to applied nitrogen and phosphorus. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry, 27, 181-190.
[5]	Berry JA, Björkman O (1980). Photosynthetic response and adaptation to temperature in higher plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 31, 491-543. DOI URL
[6]	Bihmidine S, Bryan NM, Payne KR, Parde MR, Okalebo JA, Cooperstein SE, Awada T (2010). Photosynthetic performance of invasive Pinus ponderosa and Juniperus virginiana seedlings under gradual soil water depletion. Plant Biology, 12, 668-675. DOI URL PMID
[7]	Brown KR, Thompson WA, Weetman GF (1996). Effects of N addition rates on the productivity of Picea sitchensis, Thuja plicata, and Tsuga heterophylla seedlings. Trees, 10, 189-197.
[8]	Cao MK, Woodward FI (1998). Dynamic responses of terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycling to global climate change. Nature, 393, 249-252. DOI URL
[9]	Carswell FE, Meir P, Wandelli EV, Bonates LCM, Kruijt B, Barbosa EM, Nobre AD, Grace J, Jarvis PG (2000). Photosynthetic capacity in a central Amazonian rain forest. Tree Physiology, 20, 179-186. URL PMID
[10]	Chen JM, Mo G, Pisek J, Liu J, Deng F, Ishizawa M, Chan D (2012). Effects of foliage clumping on the estimation of global terrestrial gross primary productivity. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 26, GB1019, doi: 10.1029/2010-GB003996.
[11]	Chen WJ, Chen J, Cihlar J (2000). An integrated terrestrial ecosystem carbon-budget model based on changes in disturbance, climate, and atmospheric chemistry. Ecological Modelling, 135, 55-79. DOI URL
[12]	Clearwater MJ, Meinzer FC (2001). Relationships between hydraulic architecture and leaf photosynthetic capacity in nitrogen-fertilized Eucalyptus grandis trees. Tree Physiology, 21, 683-690. DOI URL PMID
[13]	Comstock J, Mencuccini M (1998). Control of stomatal conductance by leaf water potential in Hymenoclea salsola (T. & G.), a desert subshrub. Plant, Cell & Environment, 21, 1029-1038. DOI URL
[14]	Cotrufo MF, Ineson P, Scott A (1998). Elevated CO₂ reduces the nitrogen concentration of plant tissues. Global Change Biology, 4, 43-54. DOI URL
[15]	Cox PM, Betts RA, Bunton CB, Essery RLH, Rowntree PR, Smith J (1999). The impact of new land surface physics on the GCM simulation of climate and climate sensitivity. Climate Dynamics, 15, 183-203. DOI URL
[16]	Crous KY, Walters MB, Ellsworth DS (2008). Elevated CO₂ concentration affects leaf photosynthesis-nitrogen relationships in Pinus taeda over nine years in FACE. Tree Physiology, 28, 607-614. DOI URL PMID
[17]	Ellsworth DS, Reich PB (1993). Canopy structure and vertical patterns of photosynthesis and related leaf traits in a deciduous forest. Oecologia, 96, 169-178. URL PMID
[18]	Ellsworth DS, Reich PB, Naumburg ES, Koch GW, Kubiske ME, Smith SD (2004). Photosynthesis, carboxylation and leaf nitrogen responses of 16 species to elevated pCO₂ across four free-air CO₂ enrichment experiments in forest, grassland and desert. Global Change Biology, 10, 2121-2138. DOI URL
[19]	Ellsworth DS, Thomas R, Crous KY, Palmroth S, Ward E, Maier C, Delucia E, Oren R (2012). Elevated CO₂ affects photosynthetic responses in canopy pine and subcanopy deciduous trees over 10 years: a synthesis from Duke FACE. Global Change Biology, 18, 223-242. DOI URL
[20]	Epron D, Dreyer E (1993). Long-term effects of drought on photosynthesis of adult oak trees [Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. and Quercus robur L.] in a natural stand. New Phytologist, 125, 381-389. DOI URL
[21]	Ethier GJ, Livingston NJ, Harrison DL, Black TA, Moran JA (2006). Low stomatal and internal conductance to CO₂ versus Rubisco deactivation as determinants of the photosynthetic decline of ageing evergreen leaves. Plant, Cell & Environment, 29, 2168-2184. DOI URL PMID
[22]	Evans JR (1989). Photosynthesis and nitrogen relationships in leaves of C₃ plants. Oecologia, 78, 9-19. URL PMID
[23]	Fan J, Zhao HX, Li M (2003). The specific leaf weight and its relationship with photosynthetic capacity. Journal of Northeast Forestry University, 31, 37-39. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 范晶, 赵惠勋, 李敏 (2003). 比叶重及其与光合能力的关系. 东北林业大学学报, 31, 37-39.]
[24]	Farquhar GD, von Caemmerer S, Berry JA (1980). A biochemical model of photosynthetic CO₂ assimilation in leaves of C₃ species. Planta, 149, 78-90. DOI URL PMID
[25]	Feng QH, Cheng RM, Shi ZM, Liu SR, Wang WX, Liu XL, He F (2013). Response of leaf functional traits and the relationships among them to altitude of Salix dissa in Balang Mountain. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 33, 2712-2718. (in Chinese with English abstract) DOI URL
	[ 冯秋红, 程瑞梅, 史作民, 刘世荣, 王卫霞, 刘兴良, 何飞 (2013). 巴郎山异型柳叶片功能性状及性状间关系对海拔的响应. 生态学报, 33, 2712-2718.] DOI URL
[26]	Feng YL, Auge H, Ebeling SK (2007). Invasive Buddleja davidii allocates more nitrogen to its photosynthesis machinery than five native woody species. Oecologia, 153, 501-510. URL PMID
[27]	Field C, Mooney HA (1983). Leaf age and seasonal effects on light, water, and nitrogen use efficiency in a California shrub. Oecologia, 56, 348-355. URL PMID
[28]	Field C, Mooney HA (1986). On the Economy of Plant Form and Function. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 25-55.
[29]	Finzi AC, Moore DJP, Delucia EH, Lichter J, Hofmockel KS, Jackson RB, Kim HS, Matamala R, McCarthy HR, Oren R, Pippen JS, Schlesinger WH (2006). Progressive nitrogen limitation of ecosystem processes under elevated CO₂ in a warm-temperate forest. Ecology, 87, 15-25. DOI URL PMID
[30]	Garnier E, Cordonnier P, Guillerm JL, Sonié L (1997). Specific leaf area and leaf nitrogen concentrations in annual and perennial grass species growing in Mediterranean old-fields. Oecologia, 111, 490-498. URL PMID
[31]	Grassi G, Meir P, Cromer R, Tompkins D, Jarvis PG (2002). Photosynthetic parameters in seedlings of Eucalyptus grandis as affected by rate of nitrogen supply. Plant, Cell & Environment, 25, 1677-1688.
[32]	Grassi G, Vicinelli E, Ponti F, Cantoni L, Magnani F (2005). Seasonal and interannual variability of photosynthetic capacity in relation to leaf nitrogen in a deciduous forest plantation in northern Italy. Tree Physiology, 25, 349-360. DOI URL PMID
[33]	Gutiérrez D, Morcuende R, Pozo AD, Carrasco RM, Pérez P (2013). Involvement of nitrogen and cytokinins in photosynthetic acclimation to elevated CO₂ of spring wheat. Journal of Plant Physiology, 170, 1337-1343. URL PMID
[34]	Han Q, Kawasaki T, Nakano T, Chiba Y (2004). Spatial and seasonal variability of temperature responses of biochemical photosynthesis parameters and leaf nitrogen content within a Pinus densiflora crown. Tree Physiology, 24, 737-744. DOI URL PMID
[35]	Harmens H, Stirling CM, Marshall C, Farrar JF (2000). Does down-regulation of photosynthetic capacity by elevated CO₂ depend on N supply in Dacylis glomerata? Physiologia Plantarum, 108, 43-50.
[36]	Hikosaka K, Hanba YT, Hirose T, Terashima I (1998). Photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency in leaves of woody and herbaceous species. Functional Ecology, 12, 896-905. DOI URL
[37]	Hrstka M, Urban O, Babák L (2012). Seasonal changes of Rubisco content and activity in Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies affected by elevated CO₂ concentration. Chemical Papers, 66, 836-841. DOI URL
[38]	Jach ME, Ceulemans R (1999). Effects of elevated atmospheric CO₂ on phenology, growth and crown structure of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedlings after two years of exposure in the field. Tree Physiology, 19, 289-300. DOI URL PMID
[39]	Jarvis PG (1993). MAESTRO: a model of CO₂ and water vapour exchange by forests in a globally changing world. In: Schulze ED, Mooney HA eds. Design and Execution of Experiments on CO₂ Enrichment, Ecosystem Research Report 6. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels. 107-116.
[40]	Kattge J, Knorr W, Raddatz T, Wirth C (2009). Quantifying photosynthetic capacity and its relationship to leaf nitrogen content for global-scale terrestrial biosphere models. Global Change Biology, 15, 976-991. DOI URL
[41]	Kellomäki S, Wang KY (1997). Photosynthetic responses of Scots pine to elevated CO₂ and nitrogen supply: results of a branch-in-bag experiment. Tree Physiology, 17, 231-240. DOI URL PMID
[42]	Kenzo T, Ichie T, Yoneda R, Kitahashi Y, Watanabe Y, Ninomiya I, Koike T (2004). Interspecific variation of photosynthesis and leaf characteristics in canopy trees of five species of Dipterocarpaceae in a tropical rain forest. Tree Physiology, 24, 1187-1192. URL PMID
[43]	Kitaoka S, Koike T (2004). Invasion of broad-leaf tree species into a larch plantation: seasonal light environment, photosynthesis and nitrogen allocation. Physiologia Plantarum, 121, 604-611. DOI URL
[44]	Lawlor DW (1995). The effects of water deficit on photosynthesis. In: Smirnoff N ed. Environment and Plant Metabolism: Flexibility and Acclimation. Bios Scientific Publishers, Oxford. 129-160.
[45]	Lei M, Li SY, Zhang SB, Hu H (2009). Effects of nitrogen on photosynthesis and growth in Incarvillea delavayi (Bignoniaceae). Acta Botanica Yunnanica, 31, 82-88. (in Chinese with English abstract) DOI URL
	[ 雷鸣, 李树云, 张石宝, 胡虹 (2009). 氮素对红波罗花光合作用和生长的影响. 云南植物研究, 31, 82-88.] DOI URL
[46]	Li L, Hang M, Gu FX, Zhang L (2013). The modeling algorithms for the effects of nitrogen on terrestrial vegetation carbon cycle process. Journal of Natural Resources, 28, 2012-2022. (in Chinese with English abstract) DOI URL
	[ 李雷, 黄玫, 顾峰雪, 张黎 (2013). 氮素影响陆地生态系统碳循环过程的模型表达方法. 自然资源学报, 28, 2012-2022.] DOI URL
[47]	Li NN, Guo SR, Li J, Li J (2007). Effects of nitrogen nutrition on the photosynthetic characteristics of leaves in broccoli (Brassica olerecea var. italica). Journal of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 28, 140-144. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 栗娜娜, 郭世荣, 李娟, 李军 (2007). 氮素营养对青花菜叶片光合特性的影响. 内蒙古农业大学学报, 28, 140-144.]
[48]	Li YB, Wang HF, Sun CY (2013). Leaf characters of four tree species at Maoershan Homogeneous Park. Forestry Science and Technology, 38(3), 12-15. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 李玉波, 王海芳, 孙承烨 (2013). 帽儿山同质园4个树种叶片结构性状研究. 林业科技, 38(3), 12-15.]
[49]	Liu J, Price DT, Chen JM (2005). Nitrogen controls on ecosystem carbon sequestration: a model implementation and application to Saskatchewan, Canada. Ecological Modelling, 186, 178-195. DOI URL
[50]	Lloyd J, Syvertsen JP, Kriedemann PE, Farquhar GD (1992). Low conductances for CO₂ diffusion from stomata to the sites of carboxylation in leaves of woody species. Plant, Cell & Environment, 15, 873-899.
[51]	Loewenstein NJ, Pallardy SG (1998). Drought tolerance, xylem sap abscisic acid and stomatal conductance during soil drying: a comparison of canopy trees of three temperate deciduous angiosperms. Tree Physiology, 18, 431-439. URL PMID
[52]	Lü JL, Chen RK, Zhang MQ, Li CM, Liao JF (1998). Seasonal change of the net photosynthesis rate, chlorophyll content and specific weight of leaf of sugarcane and their relationships. Journal of Fujian Agricultural University, 27, 285-290. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 吕建林, 陈如凯, 张木清, 李才明, 廖建峰 (1998). 甘蔗净光合速率、叶绿素和比叶重的季节变化及其关系. 福建农业大学学报, 27, 285-290.]
[53]	Makino A, Nakano H, Mae T, Shimada T, Yamamoto N (2000). Photosynthesis, plant growth and N allocation in transgenic rice plants with decreased Rubisco under CO₂ enrichment. Journal of Experimental Botany, 51, 383-389. URL PMID
[54]	Medlyn BE, Bdeck FW, de Pury DGG, Barton CVM, Broadmeadow M, Ceulemans R, Angelis PD, Forstreuter M, Jach ME, Kellomäki S, Laitat E, Marek M, Philippot S, Rey A, Strassemeyer J, Laitinen K, Liozon R, Portier B, Roberntz P, Wang K, Jarvis PG (1999). Effects of elevated [CO₂] on photosynthesis in European forest species: a meta-analysis of model parameters. Plant, Cell & Environment, 22, 1475-1495.
[55]	Meir P, Kruijt B, Broadmeadow M, Barbosa E, Kull O, Carswell F, Nobre A, Jarvis PG (2002). Acclimation of photosynthetic capacity to irradiance in tree canopies in relation to leaf nitrogen concentration and leaf mass per unit area. Plant, Cell & Environment, 25, 343-357.
[56]	Misson L, Tu KP, Boniello RA, Goldstein AH (2006). Seasonality of photosynthetic parameters in a multi-specific and vertically complex forest ecosystem in the Sierra Nevada of California. Tree Physiology, 26, 729-741. URL PMID
[57]	Murray MB, Smith RI, Friend A, Jarvis PG (2000). Effect of elevated [CO₂] and varying nutrient application rates on physiology and biomass accumulation of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis). Tree Physiology, 20, 421-434. URL PMID
[58]	Nakaji T, Fukami M, Dokiya Y, Izuta T (2001). Effects of high nitrogen load on growth, photosynthesis and nutrient status of Cryptomeria japonica and Pinus densiflora seedlings. Trees, 15, 453-461. DOI URL
[59]	Nakano H, Makino A, Mae T (1997). The effect of elevated partial pressures of CO₂ on the relationship between photosynthetic capacity and N content in rice leaves. Plant Physiology, 115, 191-198. URL PMID
[60]	Nicodemus MA, Salifu FK, Jacobs DF (2008). Growth, nutrition, and photosynthetic response of black walnut to varying nitrogen sources and rates. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 31, 1917-1936. DOI URL
[61]	Niinemets Ü (1999). Research review. Components of leaf dry mass per area-thickness and density-alter leaf photosynthetic capacity in reverse directions in woody plants. New Phytologist, 144, 35-47. DOI URL
[62]	Niinemets Ü, Tenhunen JD (1997). A model separating leaf structural and physiological effects on carbon gain along light gradients for the shade-tolerant species Acer saccharum. Plant, Cell & Environment, 20, 845-866.
[63]	Oleson KW, Lawrence DW, Bonan GB, Flanner MG, Kluzek E, Lawrence PJ, Levis S, Swenson SC, Thornton PE (2010). Technical description of version 4.0 of the Community Land Model (CLM). http://www.esd.ornl.gov. Cited: Dec. 2013.
[64]	Oleson KW, Monaghan A, Wilhelmi O, Barlage M, Brunsell N, Feddema J, Hu L, Steinhoff DF (2013). Interactions between urbanization, heat stress, and climate change. Climatic Change, doi: 10.1007/s10584-013-0936-8. DOI URL PMID
[65]	Onoda Y, Hikosaka K, Hirose T (2004). Allocation of nitrogen to cell walls decreases photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency. Functional Ecology, 18, 419-425. DOI URL
[66]	Parry MAJ, Andralojc PJ, Khan S, Lea PJ, Keys AJ (2002). Rubisco activity: effects of drought stress. Annals of Botany, 89, 833-839. DOI URL PMID
[67]	Poorter H, Evans JR (1998). Photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency of species that differ inherently in specific leaf area. Oecologia, 116, 26-37. DOI URL PMID
[68]	Reich PB, Walters MB, Ellsworth DS (1991). Leaf age and season influence the relationships between leaf nitrogen, leaf mass per area and photosynthesis in maple and oak trees. Plant, Cell & Environment, 14, 251-259.
[69]	Reich PB, Walters MB, Ellsworth DS, Uhl C (1994). Photosynthesis-nitrogen relations in Amazonian tree species. Oecologia, 97, 62-72. DOI URL PMID
[70]	Reich PB, Kloeppel BD, Ellsworth DS, Walters MB (1995). Different photosynthesis-nitrogen relations in deciduous hardwood and evergreen coniferous trees species. Oecologia, 104, 24-30. DOI URL PMID
[71]	Reich PB, Walters MB, Ellsworth DS (1997). From tropics to tundra: global convergence in plant functioning. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America, 94, 13730-13734. DOI URL
[72]	Rey A, Jarvis PG (1998). Long-term photosynthetic acclimation to increased atmospheric CO₂ concentration in young birch (Betula pendula) trees. Tree Physiology, 18, 441-450. DOI URL PMID
[73]	Ripullone F, Grassi G, Lauteri M, Borghetti M (2003). Photosynthesis-nitrogen relationships: interpretation of different patterns between Pseudotsuga menziesii and Populus × euroamericana in a mini-stand experiment. Tree Physiology, 23, 137-144. URL PMID
[74]	Roberntz P, Stockfors J (1998). Effects of elevated CO₂ concentration and nutrition on net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and needle respiration of field-grow Norway spruce trees. Tree Physiology, 18, 233-241. DOI URL PMID
[75]	Rodrigo G, Santamaria A, Bilenky M (1997). Do the quark masses run? Extracting m_b(m_Z) from LEP data. arXiv preprint hep.ph/9703358.
[76]	Sun GC, Zhao P, Zeng XP, Peng SL (2004). Variations of photosynthetic parameters in CO₂ acclimation of Citrus grandis leaves. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 15, 9-14 (in Chinese with English abstract) URL PMID
	[ 孙谷畴, 赵平, 曾小平, 彭少麟 (2004). 柚树叶片CO₂驯化的光合参数变化. 应用生态学报, 15, 9-14.] URL PMID
[77]	Takashima T, Hikosaka K, Hirose T (2004). Photosynthesis or persistence: nitrogen allocation in leaves of evergreen and deciduous Quercus species. Plant, Cell and Environment, 27, 1047-1054. DOI URL
[78]	Terashima I, Hikosaka K (1995). Comparative ecophysiology of leaf and canopy photosynthesis. Plant, Cell & Environment, 18, 1111-1128.
[79]	Tezara W, Mitchell VJ, Driscoll SD, Lawlor DW (1999). Water stress inhibits plant photosynthesis by decreasing coupling factor and ATP. Nature, 401, 914-917. DOI URL
[80]	Thornton PE, Law BE, Gholz HL, Clark KL, Falge E, Ellsworth DS, Goldstein AH, Monson RK, Hollinger D, Falk M, Chen J, Sparks JP (2002). Modeling and measuring the effects of disturbance history and climate on carbon and water budgets in evergreen needleleaf forests. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 113, 185-222. DOI URL
[81]	Thornton PE, Zimmermann NE (2007). An improved canopy integration scheme for a land surface model with prognostic canopy structure. Journal of Climate, 20, 3902-3923. DOI URL
[82]	Tian HQ, Liu ML, Zhang C, Ren W, Xu XF, Chen GS, Lü CQ, Tao B (2010). The dynamic land ecosystem model (DLEM) for simulating terrestrial processes and interactions in the context of multifactor global change. Acta Geographica Sinica, 65, 1027-1047. (in Chinese with English abstract) DOI URL
	[ 田汉勤, 刘明亮, 张弛, 任巍, 徐小锋, 陈广生, 吕超群, 陶波 (2010). 全球变化与陆地系统综合集成模拟——新一代陆地生态系统动态模型 (DLEM). 地理学报, 65, 1027-1047.] . DOI URL
[83]	Tissue DT, Griffin KL, Thomas RB, Strain BR (1995). Effects of low and elevated CO₂ on C₃ and C₄ annuals. Oecologia, 101, 21-28. DOI URL PMID
[84]	Tissue DT, Griffin KL, Ball JT (1999). Photosynthetic adjustment in field-grown ponderosa pine trees after six years of exposure to elevated CO₂. Tree Physiology, 19, 221-228. DOI URL PMID
[85]	Turner IM (1994). Essay review. Sclerophylly: primarily protective? Functional Ecology, 8, 669-675. DOI URL
[86]	Wang Q, Xu CY (2005). Affects of nitrogen and phosphorus on plant leaf photosynthesis and carbon partitioning. Shandong Forestry Science and Technology,(5), 59-62. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 王琪, 徐程扬 (2005). 氮磷对植物光合作用及碳分配的影响. 山东林业科技, (5), 59-62.]
[87]	Warren CR, Adams MA (2004). Evergreen trees do not maximize instantaneous photosynthesis. Trends in Plant Science, 9, 270-274. DOI URL PMID
[88]	Westbeek MHM, Pons TL, Cambridge ML, Atkin OK (1999). Analysis of differences in photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency of alpine and lowland Poa species. Oecologia, 120, 19-26. DOI URL PMID
[89]	Wilson KB, Baldocchi DD, Hanson PJ (2000). Spatial and seasonal variability of photosynthetic parameters and their relationship to leaf nitrogen in a deciduous forest. Tree Physiology, 20, 565-578. DOI URL PMID
[90]	Wilson KB, Baldocchi DD, Hanson PJ (2001). Leaf age affects the seasonal pattern of photosynthetic capacity and net ecosystem exchange of carbon in a deciduous forest. Plant, Cell & Environment, 24, 571-583.
[91]	Wullschleger SD (1993). Biochemical limitations to carbon assimilation in C₃ plants—a retrospective analysis of the A/C_i curves from 109 species. Journal of Experimental Botany, 44, 907-920. DOI URL
[92]	Xu YB, Shen YF, Li SQ (2013). Effects of elevated CO₂ and nitrogen application on photosynthetic area and gain-leaf ratio of winter wheat. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 21, 1049-1056. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 许育彬, 沈玉芳, 李世清 (2013). CO₂浓度升高和施氮对冬小麦光合面积及粒叶比的影响. 中国生态农业学报, 21, 1049-1056.]
[93]	Yang T, Xu K, Yan N, Li SY, Hu H (2013). Photosynthetic ecophysiology of three species of genus Rhododendron. Plant Diversity and Resources, 35, 17-25. (in Chinese with English abstract) DOI URL
	[ 杨婷, 许琨, 严宁, 李树云, 胡虹 (2013). 三种高山杜鹃的光合生理生态研究. 植物分类与资源学报, 35, 17-25.] DOI URL
[94]	Yu GR, Wang QF (2010). Ecophysiology of Plant Photosynthesis, Transpiration, and Water Use. Science Press, Beijing. 149. (in Chinese)
	[ 于贵瑞, 王秋凤 (2010). 植物光合、蒸腾与水分利用的生理生态学. 科学出版社, 北京. 149.]
[95]	Zhang SB, Zhou ZK, Xu K (2011). Effects of altitude on photosynthetic gas exchange and the associated leaf trait in an Alpine oak, Quercus guyavifolia (Fagaceae). Plant Diversity and Resources, 33, 214-224. DOI URL
	[ 张石宝, 周浙昆, 许琨 (2011). 海拔对高山栎光合气体交换和叶性状的影响. 植物分类与资源学报, 33, 214-224.] DOI URL
[96]	Zhang YM, Zhou GS (2012a). Advances in leaf maximum carboxylation rate and its response to environmental factors. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 32, 5907-5917. (in Chinese with English abstract) DOI URL
	[ 张彦敏, 周广胜 (2012a). 植物叶片最大羧化速率及其对环境因子响应的研究进展. 生态学报, 32, 5907-5917.] DOI URL
[97]	Zhang YM, Zhou GS (2012b). Primary simulation on the response of leaf maximum carboxylation rate to multiple environmental factors. Chinese Science Bulletin, 57, 1112-1118. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 张彦敏, 周广胜 (2012b). 植物叶片最大羧化速率对多因子响应的模拟. 科学通报, 57, 1112-1118.]
[98]	Zhu JT, Li XY, Zhang XM, Lin LS, Yang SG (2010). Nitrogen allocation and partitioning within a leguminous and two non-leguminous plant species growing at the southern fringe of China’s Taklamakan Desert. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 34, 1025-1032. (in Chinese with English abstract) DOI URL
	[ 朱军涛, 李向义, 张希明, 林丽莎, 杨尚功 (2010). 塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘豆科与非豆科植物的氮分配. 植物生态学报, 34, 1025-1032.] DOI URL

植被类型 Plant functional type	优势种 Dominant species	P_R (%)	文献 References
落叶阔叶林 Deciduous broadleaf forest	Magnolia hyporeuca	19.37	Kitaoka & Koike, 2004
落叶阔叶林 Deciduous broadleaf forest	蒙栎 Quercus mongolica	13.53	Kitaoka & Koike, 2004
落叶阔叶林 Deciduous broadleaf forest	Prunus ssiori	20.78	Kitaoka & Koike, 2004
落叶阔叶林 Deciduous broadleaf forest	千金榆 Carpinus cordata	18.47	Kitaoka & Koike, 2004
落叶阔叶林 Deciduous broadleaf forest	柚 Citrus grandis	26.8	Sun et al., 2004
落叶阔叶林 Deciduous broadleaf forest	Populus × euroamericana	-1.587N_a + 26.42	Ripullone et al., 2003
常绿针叶林 Evergreen needle forest	花旗松 Pseudotsuga menziesii	-3.725N_a + 20.72	Ripullone et al., 2003
常绿针叶林 Evergreen needle forest	火炬松 Pinus taeda^A	10.3	Crous et al., 2008
常绿针叶林 Evergreen needle forest	火炬松 Pinus taeda^B	8.7	Crous et al., 2008
常绿灌木 Evergreen bush	大白杜鹃 Rhododendron decorum^a	20	Yang et al., 2013
常绿灌木 Evergreen bush	大白杜鹃 Rhododendron decorum^b	22	Yang et al., 2013
常绿灌木 Evergreen bush	红棕杜鹃 Rhododendron rubiginosum^a	27	Yang et al., 2013
常绿灌木 Evergreen bush	红棕杜鹃 Rhododendron rubiginosum^b	24	Yang et al., 2013
灌木 Bush	云南杜鹃 Rhododendron yunnanense^a	36	Yang et al., 2013
灌木 Bush	云南杜鹃 Rhododendron yunnanense^b	31	Yang et al., 2013
草地 Grassland	苘麻 Abutilon theophrasti^C	14.6	Tissue et al., 1995
草地 Grassland	苘麻 Abutilon theophrasti^D	17.2	Tissue et al., 1995
草地 Grassland	红波罗花 Incarvillea delavayi^I	14.5	Lei et al., 2009
草地 Grassland	红波罗花 Incarvillea delavayi^II	24	Lei et al., 2009
草地 Grassland	红波罗花 Incarvillea delavayi^III	21	Lei et al., 2009
草地 Grassland	红波罗花 Incarvillea delavayi^IV	21.2	Lei et al., 2009

植被类型 Plant functional type	优势种 Dominant species	P_R (%)	文献 References
落叶阔叶林 Deciduous broadleaf forest	Magnolia hyporeuca	19.37	Kitaoka & Koike, 2004
落叶阔叶林 Deciduous broadleaf forest	蒙栎 Quercus mongolica	13.53	Kitaoka & Koike, 2004
落叶阔叶林 Deciduous broadleaf forest	Prunus ssiori	20.78	Kitaoka & Koike, 2004
落叶阔叶林 Deciduous broadleaf forest	千金榆 Carpinus cordata	18.47	Kitaoka & Koike, 2004
落叶阔叶林 Deciduous broadleaf forest	柚 Citrus grandis	26.8	Sun et al., 2004
落叶阔叶林 Deciduous broadleaf forest	Populus × euroamericana	-1.587N_a + 26.42	Ripullone et al., 2003
常绿针叶林 Evergreen needle forest	花旗松 Pseudotsuga menziesii	-3.725N_a + 20.72	Ripullone et al., 2003
常绿针叶林 Evergreen needle forest	火炬松 Pinus taeda^A	10.3	Crous et al., 2008
常绿针叶林 Evergreen needle forest	火炬松 Pinus taeda^B	8.7	Crous et al., 2008
常绿灌木 Evergreen bush	大白杜鹃 Rhododendron decorum^a	20	Yang et al., 2013
常绿灌木 Evergreen bush	大白杜鹃 Rhododendron decorum^b	22	Yang et al., 2013
常绿灌木 Evergreen bush	红棕杜鹃 Rhododendron rubiginosum^a	27	Yang et al., 2013
常绿灌木 Evergreen bush	红棕杜鹃 Rhododendron rubiginosum^b	24	Yang et al., 2013
灌木 Bush	云南杜鹃 Rhododendron yunnanense^a	36	Yang et al., 2013
灌木 Bush	云南杜鹃 Rhododendron yunnanense^b	31	Yang et al., 2013
草地 Grassland	苘麻 Abutilon theophrasti^C	14.6	Tissue et al., 1995
草地 Grassland	苘麻 Abutilon theophrasti^D	17.2	Tissue et al., 1995
草地 Grassland	红波罗花 Incarvillea delavayi^I	14.5	Lei et al., 2009
草地 Grassland	红波罗花 Incarvillea delavayi^II	24	Lei et al., 2009
草地 Grassland	红波罗花 Incarvillea delavayi^III	21	Lei et al., 2009
草地 Grassland	红波罗花 Incarvillea delavayi^IV	21.2	Lei et al., 2009

植被类型 Plant functional type	优势种 Dominant species	环境CO₂条件下的斜率 Slope under ambient CO₂	R²	升高CO₂条件下的斜率 Slope under elevated CO₂	R²	文献 References
常绿针叶林 Evergreen needle forest	欧洲云杉 Picea abies	20	0.40	27.4	0.59	Medlyn et al., 1999
常绿针叶林 Evergreen needle forest	欧洲赤松 Pinus sylvestris	11.4	0.81	16.1	0.94	Medlyn et al., 1999
常绿针叶林 Evergreen needle forest	欧洲赤松 P. sylvestris	13.5	0.19	15.8	0.27	Medlyn et al., 1999
常绿针叶林 Evergreen needle forest	火炬松 P. taeda	13.6	0.23	7.3	0.10	Ellsworth et al., 2012
常绿针叶林 Evergreen needle forest	火炬松 P. taeda ^A	15.99	0.31	12.25	0.44	Crous et al., 2008
常绿针叶林 Evergreen needle forest	火炬松 P. taeda ^B	27.06	0.52	9.81	0.22	Crous et al., 2008
落叶阔叶林 Deciduous broadleaf forest	Fagus sylvatica	32.6	0.66	37.4	0.71	Medlyn et al., 1999
落叶阔叶林 Deciduous broadleaf forest	Fagus sylvatica	17.6	0.16	15.1	0.15	Medlyn et al., 1999
落叶阔叶林 Deciduous broadleaf forest	Quercus petraea	12.7	0.08	34.3	0.60	Medlyn et al., 1999

植被类型 Plant functional type	优势种 Dominant species	环境CO₂条件下的斜率 Slope under ambient CO₂	R²	升高CO₂条件下的斜率 Slope under elevated CO₂	R²	文献 References
常绿针叶林 Evergreen needle forest	欧洲云杉 Picea abies	20	0.40	27.4	0.59	Medlyn et al., 1999
常绿针叶林 Evergreen needle forest	欧洲赤松 Pinus sylvestris	11.4	0.81	16.1	0.94	Medlyn et al., 1999
常绿针叶林 Evergreen needle forest	欧洲赤松 P. sylvestris	13.5	0.19	15.8	0.27	Medlyn et al., 1999
常绿针叶林 Evergreen needle forest	火炬松 P. taeda	13.6	0.23	7.3	0.10	Ellsworth et al., 2012
常绿针叶林 Evergreen needle forest	火炬松 P. taeda ^A	15.99	0.31	12.25	0.44	Crous et al., 2008
常绿针叶林 Evergreen needle forest	火炬松 P. taeda ^B	27.06	0.52	9.81	0.22	Crous et al., 2008
落叶阔叶林 Deciduous broadleaf forest	Fagus sylvatica	32.6	0.66	37.4	0.71	Medlyn et al., 1999
落叶阔叶林 Deciduous broadleaf forest	Fagus sylvatica	17.6	0.16	15.1	0.15	Medlyn et al., 1999
落叶阔叶林 Deciduous broadleaf forest	Quercus petraea	12.7	0.08	34.3	0.60	Medlyn et al., 1999