Effect of Pb pollution on the growth, biomass allocation and photosynthesis of Phragmites australis in flood and drought environment

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2017.0218

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Reed (Phragmites australis) is a typical perennial rhizomatic plant with extensive tolerance to environmental stress. In order to better understand the adaptation and tolerance of reeds subjected to heavy metal pollution in different levels of water, we conducted a study on the effects of Pb pollution on growth, biomass and photosynthesis of reeds in flood and drought environment. This research would provide theoretical basis for application of reeds in wetland restoration and remediation.

Methods We conducted a pot experiment with destructive sampling after 90 days of growth. The water treatments were main plot, including two water levels. The Pb treatments were secondary plot (nested within water treatments), including five levels (0, 500, 1 500, 3 000, 4 500 mg·kg^-1). There were 10 treatments with 12 replicates per treatment.

Important findings In the flood environment, Pb pollution significantly inhibited the growth of buds and rhizomes, but had no significant effect on the number of offspring shoots. The offspring shoots had higher growth rate per day, net photosynthetic rate and biomass compared to the parent shoots. In the drought environment, Pb pollution inhibited the growth of roots, buds and rhizomes, and biomass accumulation of parent and offspring shoots as well as photosynthetic parameters. These parameters were lower under the drought condition than in the flood environment. The Pb was mostly concentrated in roots compared to rhizomes and offspring shoots. In both flood and drought environments, the concentration of Pb in parent shoots was about three times of that in offspring shoots. The Pb concentration in offspring shoots under the flood condition was less than that in the drought environment. Overall, these results indicated that the synergistic effect of Pb and drought significantly inhibited the growth, biomass accumulation and photosynthesis of reeds, which might result in reduced offspring productivity and population density and may lead to population decline. However, the flooded reeds could adopt some strategies of Pb allocation to alleviate the negative effect of Pb on the growth, physiology and clonal propagation, benefiting the population reproduction and stabilization.

Key words: Pb pollution, water, growth, biomass allocation, photosynthesis

ZHANG Na, ZHU Yang-Chun, LI Zhi-Qiang, LU Xin, FAN Ru-Qin, LIU Li-ZhuTONG , Fei, CHEN Jing, MU Chun-Sheng, ZHANG Zhen-Hua. Effect of Pb pollution on the growth, biomass allocation and photosynthesis of Phragmites australis in flood and drought environment[J]. Chin J Plan Ecolo, 2018, 42(2): 229-239.

Figures/Tables 12

References 26

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	重复测量分析 Repeated measure (p)
	铅 Pb	水 Water	铅 × 水 Pb × water		时间 Time		时间 × 铅 Time × Pb		时间 × 水 Time × Water		时间 × 铅 × 水 Time × Pb × Water
母株生长 Growth of parent shoot
茎长 Stem length	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.01		< 0.001		< 0.01		< 0.001		< 0.001
叶片死亡数 No. of dead leaves	0.366	< 0.001	< 0.05		< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.05
子株生长 Growth of offspring shoot
茎长 Stem length	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001
叶片死亡数 No. of dead leaves	0.168	< 0.001	0.913		< 0.001		< 0.05		< 0.001		0.742
生长指标 Growth parameters		双因素方差分析 Two-way AVONA
		铅 Pb				水 Water				铅×水 Pb × water
		F		p		F		p		F		p
母株叶片死亡率 Leaf mortality in parent shoots		2.496		0.054		2.461		0.127		0.932		0.459
子株叶片死亡率 Leaf mortality in offspring shoots		7.086		< 0.001		2.185		0.150		4.353		< 0.01

	重复测量分析 Repeated measure (p)
	铅 Pb	水 Water	铅 × 水 Pb × water		时间 Time		时间 × 铅 Time × Pb		时间 × 水 Time × Water		时间 × 铅 × 水 Time × Pb × Water
母株生长 Growth of parent shoot
茎长 Stem length	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.01		< 0.001		< 0.01		< 0.001		< 0.001
叶片死亡数 No. of dead leaves	0.366	< 0.001	< 0.05		< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.05
子株生长 Growth of offspring shoot
茎长 Stem length	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001
叶片死亡数 No. of dead leaves	0.168	< 0.001	0.913		< 0.001		< 0.05		< 0.001		0.742
生长指标 Growth parameters		双因素方差分析 Two-way AVONA
		铅 Pb				水 Water				铅×水 Pb × water
		F		p		F		p		F		p
母株叶片死亡率 Leaf mortality in parent shoots		2.496		0.054		2.461		0.127		0.932		0.459
子株叶片死亡率 Leaf mortality in offspring shoots		7.086		< 0.001		2.185		0.150		4.353		< 0.01

水分 Water level	处理时间 Treatment time (d)	指标 Parameter	铅处理浓度 Pb concentration of treatments (mg·kg^-1)
水分 Water level	处理时间 Treatment time (d)	指标 Parameter	对照 Control	500	1 500	3 000	4 500
淹水 Flood	30	PSL (cm)	18.13 ± 0.81^a	16.64 ± 0.75^ab	15.54 ± 0.40^b	13.10 ± 0.52c	13.24 ± 0.29^c
		PDLN (No.)	1.28 ± 0.05^b	1.54 ± 0.12^ab	1.73 ± 0.11^a	1.90 ± 0.06^a	1.84 ± 0.13^a
		PGR (cm·d^-1)	0.44 ± 0.03^a	0.39 ± 0.02^ab	0.35 ± 0.01^b	0.27 ± 0.02^c	0.28 ± 0.01^c
	60	PSL (cm)	23.86 ± 0.83^a	22.34 ± 1.52^ab	22.71 ± 0.72^ab	19.22 ± 1.04^b	18.17 ± 0.54^b
		PDLN (No.)	3.57 ± 0.15^b	3.65 ± 0.22^b	4.38 ± 0.14^a	4.50 ± 0.24^a	4.56 ± 0.08^a
		PGR (cm·d^-1)	0.19 ± 0.02^a	0.19 ± 0.03^a	0.24 ± 0.01^a	0.21 ± 0.04^a	0.16 ± 0.02^a
	90	PSL (cm)	26.00 ± 0.96^a	24.03 ± 1.84^a	24.21 ± 0.97^a	22.80 ± 0.57^a	21.68 ± 1.20^a
		PDLN (No.)	7.02 ± 0.06^a	6.59 ± 0.43^a	6.61 ± 0.22^a	6.80 ± 0.16^a	6.43 ± 0.15^a
		PGR (cm·d^-1)	0.07 ± 0.03^a	0.06 ± 0.01^a	0.05 ± 0.01^a	0.12 ± 0.04^a	0.12 ± 0.03^a
干旱 Drought	30	PSL (cm)	12.17 ± 0.88^a*	11.90 ± 0.73^a*	9.30 ± 0.37^b*	7.87 ± 0.36^b*	7.72 ± 0.42^b*
		PDLN (No.)	1.64 ± 0.06^c*	2.08 ± 0.15^b*	2.13 ± 0.05^ab*	2.18 ± 0.10^ab*	2.42 ± 0.17^a*
		PGR (cm·d^-1)	0.24 ± 0.03^a*	0.23 ± 0.02^a*	0.15 ± 0.01^b*	0.10 ± 0.01^b*	0.09 ± 0.01^b*
	60	PSL (cm)	17.30 ± 0.54^a*	15.06 ± 0.89^b*	11.15 ± 0.57^c*	9.09 ± 0.42^d*	7.58 ± 0.61^d*
		PDLN (No.)	2.60 ± 0.04^b	3.19 ± 0.27^a*	3.33 ± 0.12^a*	3.51 ± 0.17^a*	3.65 ± 0.15^a*
		PGR (cm·d^-)	0.17 ± 0.03^a	0.11 ± 0.01^b*	0.06 ± 0.01^bc*	0.04 ± 0.00^c*	0.02 ± 0.01^c*
	90	PSL (cm)	20.29 ± 0.94^a*	18.14 ± 0.74^a*	13.61 ± 0.94^b*	9.43 ± 0.10^c*	8.31 ± 0.53^c*
		PDLN (No.)	7.32 ± 0.16^a	5.46 ± 0.15^b*	4.82 ± 0.13^bc*	4.73 ± 0.34^bc*	4.08 ± 0.36^c*
		PGR (cm·d^-1)	0.10 ± 0.02^a	0.10 ± 0.03^a	0.08 ± 0.03^ab	0.02 ± 0.01^b	0.03 ± 0.01^b*

水分 Water level	处理时间 Treatment time (d)	指标 Parameter	铅处理浓度 Pb concentration of treatments (mg·kg^-1)
水分 Water level	处理时间 Treatment time (d)	指标 Parameter	对照 Control	500	1 500	3 000	4 500
淹水 Flood	30	PSL (cm)	18.13 ± 0.81^a	16.64 ± 0.75^ab	15.54 ± 0.40^b	13.10 ± 0.52c	13.24 ± 0.29^c
		PDLN (No.)	1.28 ± 0.05^b	1.54 ± 0.12^ab	1.73 ± 0.11^a	1.90 ± 0.06^a	1.84 ± 0.13^a
		PGR (cm·d^-1)	0.44 ± 0.03^a	0.39 ± 0.02^ab	0.35 ± 0.01^b	0.27 ± 0.02^c	0.28 ± 0.01^c
	60	PSL (cm)	23.86 ± 0.83^a	22.34 ± 1.52^ab	22.71 ± 0.72^ab	19.22 ± 1.04^b	18.17 ± 0.54^b
		PDLN (No.)	3.57 ± 0.15^b	3.65 ± 0.22^b	4.38 ± 0.14^a	4.50 ± 0.24^a	4.56 ± 0.08^a
		PGR (cm·d^-1)	0.19 ± 0.02^a	0.19 ± 0.03^a	0.24 ± 0.01^a	0.21 ± 0.04^a	0.16 ± 0.02^a
	90	PSL (cm)	26.00 ± 0.96^a	24.03 ± 1.84^a	24.21 ± 0.97^a	22.80 ± 0.57^a	21.68 ± 1.20^a
		PDLN (No.)	7.02 ± 0.06^a	6.59 ± 0.43^a	6.61 ± 0.22^a	6.80 ± 0.16^a	6.43 ± 0.15^a
		PGR (cm·d^-1)	0.07 ± 0.03^a	0.06 ± 0.01^a	0.05 ± 0.01^a	0.12 ± 0.04^a	0.12 ± 0.03^a
干旱 Drought	30	PSL (cm)	12.17 ± 0.88^a*	11.90 ± 0.73^a*	9.30 ± 0.37^b*	7.87 ± 0.36^b*	7.72 ± 0.42^b*
		PDLN (No.)	1.64 ± 0.06^c*	2.08 ± 0.15^b*	2.13 ± 0.05^ab*	2.18 ± 0.10^ab*	2.42 ± 0.17^a*
		PGR (cm·d^-1)	0.24 ± 0.03^a*	0.23 ± 0.02^a*	0.15 ± 0.01^b*	0.10 ± 0.01^b*	0.09 ± 0.01^b*
	60	PSL (cm)	17.30 ± 0.54^a*	15.06 ± 0.89^b*	11.15 ± 0.57^c*	9.09 ± 0.42^d*	7.58 ± 0.61^d*
		PDLN (No.)	2.60 ± 0.04^b	3.19 ± 0.27^a*	3.33 ± 0.12^a*	3.51 ± 0.17^a*	3.65 ± 0.15^a*
		PGR (cm·d^-)	0.17 ± 0.03^a	0.11 ± 0.01^b*	0.06 ± 0.01^bc*	0.04 ± 0.00^c*	0.02 ± 0.01^c*
	90	PSL (cm)	20.29 ± 0.94^a*	18.14 ± 0.74^a*	13.61 ± 0.94^b*	9.43 ± 0.10^c*	8.31 ± 0.53^c*
		PDLN (No.)	7.32 ± 0.16^a	5.46 ± 0.15^b*	4.82 ± 0.13^bc*	4.73 ± 0.34^bc*	4.08 ± 0.36^c*
		PGR (cm·d^-1)	0.10 ± 0.02^a	0.10 ± 0.03^a	0.08 ± 0.03^ab	0.02 ± 0.01^b	0.03 ± 0.01^b*

水分 Water level	处理时间 Treatment time (d)	指标 Parameter	铅处理浓度 Pb concentration of treatments (mg·kg^-1)
水分 Water level	处理时间 Treatment time (d)	指标 Parameter	对照 Control	500	1 500	3 000	4 500
淹水 Flood	30	OSL (cm)	15.08 ± 0.88^a	13.20 ± 0.99^ab	11.28 ± 0.95^b	8.42 ± 0.26^c	7.92 ± 0.35^c
		ODLN (No.)	0.27 ± 0.09^a	0.28 ± 0.05^a	0.06 ± 0.03^b	0.06 ± 0.03^b	0.00 ± 0.00^b
		OGR (cm·d^-1)	0.76 ± 0.05^a	0.66 ± 0.05^ab	0.57 ± 0.05^b	0.42 ± 0.01^c	0.40 ± 0.02^c
	60	OSL (cm)	31.06 ± 0.37^a	30.08 ± 0.42^a	28.53 ± 0.77^a	20.12 ± 0.73^b	15.24 ± 0.83^c
		ODLN (No.)	1.49 ± 0.10^a	1.50 ± 0.17^a	1.74 ± 0.34^a	1.82 ± 0.20^a	1.96 ± 0.22^a
		OGR (cm·d^-1)	0.53 ± 0.03^a	0.57 ± 0.02^a	0.58 ± 0.02^a	0.39 ± 0.03^b	0.24 ± 0.03^c
	90	OSL (cm)	41.22 ± 1.14^a	40.97 ± 1.19^a	40.65 ± 1.68^a	32.98 ± 1.78^b	22.41 ± 0.74^c
		ODLN (No.)	3.28 ± 0.15^a	2.99 ± 0.27^ab	2.95 ± 0.22^ab	3.10 ± 0.20^ab	2.53 ± 0.35^b
		OGR (cm·d^-1)	0.34 ± 0.05^ab	0.36 ± 0.03^a	0.40 ± 0.04^a	0.43 ± 0.04^a	0.24 ± 0.03^b
干旱Drought	30	OSL (cm)	4.50 ± 0.65^a*	3.38 ± 0.63^a*	3.38 ± 0.55^a*	3.50 ± 0.29^a*	1.50 ± 0.05^b*
		ODLN (No.)	0.00 ± 0.00^a*	0.00 ± 0.00^a*	0.00 ± 0.00^a	0.00 ± 0.00^a	0.00 ± 0.00^a
		OGR (cm·d^-1)	0.23 ± 0.03^a*	0.17 ± 0.03^a*	0.17 ± 0.03^a*	0.18 ± 0.01^a*	0.07 ± 0.00^b*
	60	OSL (cm)	19.95 ± 1.08^a*	11.23 ± 0.43^b*	5.55 ± 0.75^c*	4.44 ± 0.87^c*	3.65 ± 0.61^c*
		ODLN (No.)	0.10 ± 0.04^a*	0.14 ± 0.05^a*	0.15 ± 0.05^a*	0.25 ± 0.16^a*	0.06 ± 0.06^a*
		OGR (cm·d^-1)	0.52 ± 0.03^a	0.26 ± 0.03^b*	0.07 ± 0.04^cd*	0.03 ± 0.02^d*	0.14 ± 0.04^c
	90	OSL (cm)	28.82 ± 1.16^a*	24.56 ± 0.76^b*	14.46 ± 1.00^c*	8.45 ± 0.25^d*	4.13 ± 0.12^e*
		ODLN (No.)	2.23 ± 0.28^a*	1.83 ± 0.11^ab*	1.40 ± 0.26^ab*	1.86 ± 0.34^ab*	1.21 ± 0.44^b*
		OGR (cm·d^-1)	0.30 ± 0.06^b	0.44 ± 0.03^a	0.30 ± 0.05^b	0.13 ± 0.03^c*	0.03 ± 0.02^c*