植物生态学报 ›› 2009, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (2): 254-269.DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2009.02.003
所属专题: 青藏高原植物生态学:遥感生态学
王军邦(), 刘纪远, 邵全琴, 刘荣高, 樊江文, 陈卓奇
收稿日期:
2008-01-08
接受日期:
2008-07-10
出版日期:
2009-03-31
发布日期:
2009-03-31
作者简介:
E-mail:jbwang@igsnrr.ac.cn
基金资助:
WANG Jun-Bang(), LIU Ji-Yuan, SHAO Quan-Qin, LIU Rong-Gao, FAN Jiang-Wen, CHEN Zhuo-Qi
Received:
2008-01-08
Accepted:
2008-07-10
Online:
2009-03-31
Published:
2009-03-31
摘要:
三江源区不仅是地处青藏高原的全球气候变化的敏感区, 也是我国甚至亚洲最重要河流的上游关键源区。作为提供物质基础的植被净初级生产力(Net primary production, NPP), 是评价生态系统状况的重要指标。该文应用已在碳通量观测塔验证, 扩展到区域水平的遥感-过程耦合模型GLOPEM-CEVSA, 以空间插值的气象数据和1 km分辨率的AVHRR遥感反演的FPAR数据为模型主要输入, 模拟并分析了1988~2004年该区NPP时空格局及其控制机制。结果表明, 该区植被平均NPP为143.17 gC·m-2·a-1, 呈自东南向西北逐渐降低的空间格局, 其中, 以森林NPP最高(267.90 gC·m-2·a-1), 其次为农田(222.94 gC·m-2·a-1)、草地(160.90 gC·m-2·a-1)和湿地(161.36 gC·m-2·a-1), 荒漠最低(36.13 gC·m-2·a-1)。其年际变化趋势在空间上呈现出明显的差异, 西部地区NPP表现为增加趋势, 每10 a增加7.8~28.8 gC·m-2; 而中、东部表现为降低趋势, 每10 a降低13.1~42.8 gC·m-2。根据显著性检验, NPP呈增加趋势(趋势斜率b>0), 显著性水平高于99%和95%的区域占研究区总面积的13.43%和20.34%, 主要分布在西部地区;NPP呈降低趋势(趋势斜率b<0), 显著性水平高于99%和95%的区域占研究区面积的0.75%和3.77%, 主要分布在中、东部地区, 尤以该区长江和黄河等沿线区分布更为集中, 变化显著性也更高。三江源NPP的年际变化趋势的气候驱动力分析表明, 整个区域水平上该地区植被生产力受气候变化的主导, 西部地区暖湿化趋势, 造成了该地区生产力较为明显的、大范围的增加趋势; 但东、中部地区则主要受人类活动的影响, 特别是长江、黄河等河流沿线, 是人类居住活动密集的地区, 造成这些地区放牧压力较大、草地退化严重, 而该地区暖干化趋势加剧了这一过程。
王军邦, 刘纪远, 邵全琴, 刘荣高, 樊江文, 陈卓奇. 基于遥感-过程耦合模型的1988~2004年青海三江源区净初级生产力模拟. 植物生态学报, 2009, 33(2): 254-269. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2009.02.003
WANG Jun-Bang, LIU Ji-Yuan, SHAO Quan-Qin, LIU Rong-Gao, FAN Jiang-Wen, CHEN Zhuo-Qi. SPATIAL-TEMPORAL PATTERNS OF NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY FOR 1988-2004 BASED ON GLOPEM-CEVSA MODEL IN THE “THREE-RIVER HEADWATERS” REGION OF QINGHAI PROVINCE, CHINA. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2009, 33(2): 254-269. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2009.02.003
变量 Variable | 描述 Description | 单位 Unit | 缺省值 Default | 常绿针叶林ENF | 落叶针叶林DNF | 混交林MF | 常绿阔叶林EBF | 落叶阔叶林DBF | 草地Grass | 灌丛Shrub | 荒漠Desert | 农田Crop |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b19 | 叶维持性呼吸系数 Leaf maintenance respiration co. | kgC-1·d-1·kg-1 | 0.000 8 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.006 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 |
b20 | 枝干维持性呼吸系数 Stem maintenance respiration co. | kgC-1·d-1·kg-1 | 0.001 0 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
b21 | 粗根维持性呼吸系数 Coarse root maintenance respiration co. | kgC-1·d-1·kg-1 | 0.001 5 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
b22 | 细根维持性呼吸系数 Fine root maintenance respiration co. | kgC-1·d-1·kg-1 | 0.003 0 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.003 |
b29 | 叶生物量分配系数 Leaf carbon allocation fraction | - | 0.3 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
b30 | 枝干生物量分配系数 Stem carbon allocation fraction | - | 0.2 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.93 | 0.90 | 0.93 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
b31 | 根生物量分配系数 Root carbon allocation fraction | - | 0.5 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.6 |
b32 | 叶周转时间 Leaf litter C turnover fraction | a | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
b33 | 枝干周转时间 Stem litter C turnover fraction | a | 1 | 90 | 50 | 90 | 90 | 100 | 1 | 10 | 1 | 1 |
b34 | 根周转时间 Root litter C turnover fraction | a | 1 | 45 | 30 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 1 |
表1 模型默认参数说明及取值
Table 1 The some parameters used in GLOPEM-CEVSA model
变量 Variable | 描述 Description | 单位 Unit | 缺省值 Default | 常绿针叶林ENF | 落叶针叶林DNF | 混交林MF | 常绿阔叶林EBF | 落叶阔叶林DBF | 草地Grass | 灌丛Shrub | 荒漠Desert | 农田Crop |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b19 | 叶维持性呼吸系数 Leaf maintenance respiration co. | kgC-1·d-1·kg-1 | 0.000 8 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.006 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 |
b20 | 枝干维持性呼吸系数 Stem maintenance respiration co. | kgC-1·d-1·kg-1 | 0.001 0 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
b21 | 粗根维持性呼吸系数 Coarse root maintenance respiration co. | kgC-1·d-1·kg-1 | 0.001 5 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
b22 | 细根维持性呼吸系数 Fine root maintenance respiration co. | kgC-1·d-1·kg-1 | 0.003 0 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.003 |
b29 | 叶生物量分配系数 Leaf carbon allocation fraction | - | 0.3 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
b30 | 枝干生物量分配系数 Stem carbon allocation fraction | - | 0.2 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.93 | 0.90 | 0.93 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
b31 | 根生物量分配系数 Root carbon allocation fraction | - | 0.5 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.6 |
b32 | 叶周转时间 Leaf litter C turnover fraction | a | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
b33 | 枝干周转时间 Stem litter C turnover fraction | a | 1 | 90 | 50 | 90 | 90 | 100 | 1 | 10 | 1 | 1 |
b34 | 根周转时间 Root litter C turnover fraction | a | 1 | 45 | 30 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 1 |
图2 三江源区主要生态系统类型分布图
Fig. 2 Ecosystem classification map on “Three-River Headwaters” Region ENF: Evergreen needle-leaf forest DNF: Deciduous needle-leaf forest EBF: Evergreen broadleaf forest DBF: Deciduous broadleaf forest
生态系统 Ecosystem | 平均值 Mean | 标准偏差 SD | 变异系数 CV (%) | 朴世龙和方精云( Piao & Fang ( |
---|---|---|---|---|
农田 Crop | 222.94 | 68.25 | 30.61 | 175 |
森林 Forest | 267.90 | 58.81 | 21.95 | 297 |
草地 Grass | 160.90 | 93.01 | 57.80 | 121 |
荒漠 Desert | 36.13 | 31.16 | 86.26 | 42 |
湿地 Wet land | 161.36 | 70.18 | 43.49 | |
其它 Other | 106.10 | 78.13 | 73.64 | |
全区 Whole area | 143.17 | 98.21 | 68.60 |
表2 本研究模拟的各生态系统类型的净初级生产力
Table 2 The modeled NPP of the ecosystem in this study and comparison with other research (gC·m-2·a-1)
生态系统 Ecosystem | 平均值 Mean | 标准偏差 SD | 变异系数 CV (%) | 朴世龙和方精云( Piao & Fang ( |
---|---|---|---|---|
农田 Crop | 222.94 | 68.25 | 30.61 | 175 |
森林 Forest | 267.90 | 58.81 | 21.95 | 297 |
草地 Grass | 160.90 | 93.01 | 57.80 | 121 |
荒漠 Desert | 36.13 | 31.16 | 86.26 | 42 |
湿地 Wet land | 161.36 | 70.18 | 43.49 | |
其它 Other | 106.10 | 78.13 | 73.64 | |
全区 Whole area | 143.17 | 98.21 | 68.60 |
草地类型 Grass type | 模拟产草量 Modeled | 80年代草调产草量 Surveyed in the 1980s | 2004年监测产草量 Surveyed in 2004 | 2005年监测产草量 Surveyed in 2005 |
---|---|---|---|---|
草地 Grass | 461.54 | 666.50 | 537.50 | 668.50 |
荒漠 Desert | 187.00 | 162.00 | ||
湿地 Wet land | 859.75 | 961.50 |
表3 本研究结果与20世纪80年代草地调查(全省)及三江源实测平均产草量比较
Table 3 Comparison between the modeled result with the grass yield surveyed in the 1980s (whole Qinghai Province), and the surveyed in 2004 and 2005 in Three-River Headwaters region (kgDM·hm-2)
草地类型 Grass type | 模拟产草量 Modeled | 80年代草调产草量 Surveyed in the 1980s | 2004年监测产草量 Surveyed in 2004 | 2005年监测产草量 Surveyed in 2005 |
---|---|---|---|---|
草地 Grass | 461.54 | 666.50 | 537.50 | 668.50 |
荒漠 Desert | 187.00 | 162.00 | ||
湿地 Wet land | 859.75 | 961.50 |
图3 三江源植被1988~2004年平均NPP(gC·m-2·a--1) (a)和变异系数(%)(b), 及NPP年际变化趋势(gC·m-2·a--1) (c)和 变化趋势显著性(d)的空间格局 变化趋势显著性图为: 当趋势斜率b>0和b<0, 复相关系数高于显著性水平为95%和99%的复相关系数0.23和0.37的区域, 本文样本数为17
Fig. 3 The mean (gC·m-2·a--1) (a), coefficience of variance (%) of NPP (b), and the slope (gC·m-2·a--11) (c) and significant level of linear regression of NPP trend (d) of Three-River Headwaters region in 1988~2004 Significance classification of changing trends: slope b>0 (increase) and slope b<0 (decrease) at the regions where multiple relativeRis higher than 0.23 or 0.37 which corresponds to significant level of 95% and 99%, respectively; 17 samples in this paper
县(乡) County | NPP | NPP趋势斜率 Trend slope | NPP趋势复相关系数 Trend R2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
均值 Mean | 标准偏差SD | 变异系数 CV (%) | 均值 Mean | 标准偏差 SD | 均值 Mean | 标准偏差 SD | |
泽库县 Zeku | 271.94 | 40.90 | 15.04 | -3.30 | 1.69 | 0.10 | 0.07 |
河南县 Henan | 328.32 | 29.16 | 8.88 | -4.28 | 2.28 | 0.11 | 0.07 |
同德县 Tongde | 238.68 | 52.19 | 21.87 | -2.95 | 1.97 | 0.09 | 0.07 |
兴海县 Xinghai | 161.77 | 48.10 | 29.73 | -1.93 | 2.47 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
玛沁县 Maqin | 214.03 | 64.55 | 30.16 | -1.64 | 2.62 | 0.08 | 0.09 |
班玛县 Banma | 303.56 | 47.57 | 15.67 | -3.75 | 2.68 | 0.12 | 0.11 |
甘德县 Gande | 273.53 | 48.30 | 17.66 | -2.71 | 2.10 | 0.10 | 0.08 |
达日县 Dari | 233.07 | 49.13 | 21.08 | -1.31 | 2.31 | 0.08 | 0.08 |
久治县 Jiuzhi | 309.83 | 57.54 | 18.57 | -3.38 | 2.52 | 0.11 | 0.09 |
玛多县 Maduo | 116.43 | 43.10 | 37.02 | -1.08 | 2.54 | 0.09 | 0.10 |
玉树县 Yushu | 254.88 | 53.59 | 21.03 | -2.75 | 2.81 | 0.13 | 0.11 |
杂多县 Zaduo | 175.92 | 53.63 | 30.49 | 0.92 | 2.72 | 0.12 | 0.12 |
称多县 Chenduo | 190.74 | 53.20 | 27.89 | -2.15 | 2.20 | 0.15 | 0.13 |
治多县 Zhiduo | 66.48 | 61.33 | 92.26 | 1.41 | 1.80 | 0.24 | 0.22 |
囊谦县 Nangqian | 272.58 | 59.24 | 21.73 | -2.00 | 3.09 | 0.10 | 0.11 |
曲麻莱县 Qumalai | 88.05 | 46.05 | 52.30 | 0.78 | 1.78 | 0.16 | 0.17 |
唐古拉山 Tanggula | 59.73 | 29.78 | 49.86 | 2.88 | 1.73 | 0.38 | 0.19 |
表4 三江源植被1988~2004年各县(乡)净初级生产力及其趋势斜率和复相关系数
Table 4 The averaged net primary production and regression coefficient of its trend line of each county in Three-River Headwaters region
县(乡) County | NPP | NPP趋势斜率 Trend slope | NPP趋势复相关系数 Trend R2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
均值 Mean | 标准偏差SD | 变异系数 CV (%) | 均值 Mean | 标准偏差 SD | 均值 Mean | 标准偏差 SD | |
泽库县 Zeku | 271.94 | 40.90 | 15.04 | -3.30 | 1.69 | 0.10 | 0.07 |
河南县 Henan | 328.32 | 29.16 | 8.88 | -4.28 | 2.28 | 0.11 | 0.07 |
同德县 Tongde | 238.68 | 52.19 | 21.87 | -2.95 | 1.97 | 0.09 | 0.07 |
兴海县 Xinghai | 161.77 | 48.10 | 29.73 | -1.93 | 2.47 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
玛沁县 Maqin | 214.03 | 64.55 | 30.16 | -1.64 | 2.62 | 0.08 | 0.09 |
班玛县 Banma | 303.56 | 47.57 | 15.67 | -3.75 | 2.68 | 0.12 | 0.11 |
甘德县 Gande | 273.53 | 48.30 | 17.66 | -2.71 | 2.10 | 0.10 | 0.08 |
达日县 Dari | 233.07 | 49.13 | 21.08 | -1.31 | 2.31 | 0.08 | 0.08 |
久治县 Jiuzhi | 309.83 | 57.54 | 18.57 | -3.38 | 2.52 | 0.11 | 0.09 |
玛多县 Maduo | 116.43 | 43.10 | 37.02 | -1.08 | 2.54 | 0.09 | 0.10 |
玉树县 Yushu | 254.88 | 53.59 | 21.03 | -2.75 | 2.81 | 0.13 | 0.11 |
杂多县 Zaduo | 175.92 | 53.63 | 30.49 | 0.92 | 2.72 | 0.12 | 0.12 |
称多县 Chenduo | 190.74 | 53.20 | 27.89 | -2.15 | 2.20 | 0.15 | 0.13 |
治多县 Zhiduo | 66.48 | 61.33 | 92.26 | 1.41 | 1.80 | 0.24 | 0.22 |
囊谦县 Nangqian | 272.58 | 59.24 | 21.73 | -2.00 | 3.09 | 0.10 | 0.11 |
曲麻莱县 Qumalai | 88.05 | 46.05 | 52.30 | 0.78 | 1.78 | 0.16 | 0.17 |
唐古拉山 Tanggula | 59.73 | 29.78 | 49.86 | 2.88 | 1.73 | 0.38 | 0.19 |
图4 三江源区主要生态系统净第一性生产力(NPP) (a)、降水和气温(b)年际变化及NPP与气温(c)和降水(d)的关系
Fig. 4 The interannual variances of NPP of main ecosystem (a), precipitation and temperature of whole area (b), and the relationship between NPP and temperature (c), and precipitation (d) of whole area in Three-River Headwaters region
回归系数 Unstandardized coefficients | 标准化回归系数 Standardized coefficients | R2 | 显著性 Sig. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b0 | b1 | b2 | B1 | B2 | |||
农田 Crop | -101.341 | 0.697 | 26.551 | 0.761 | 0.236 | 0.704 | 0.000 |
森林 Forest | 60.106 | 0.383 | 10.168 | 0.546 | 0.130 | 0.357 | 0.045 |
草地 Grass | 146.243 | 0.138 | 14.536 | 0.327 | 0.394 | 0.357 | 0.045 |
荒漠 Desert | 115.901 | 0.030 | 11.084 | 0.121 | 0.513 | 0.304 | 0.079 |
湿地 Wet land | 178.501 | 0.000 | 14.937 | 0.001 | 0.535 | 0.287 | 0.094 |
全区 Whole area | 105.817 | 0.067 | 10.476 | 0.253 | 0.442 | 0.341 | 0.054 |
表5 三江源区NPP与降水和气温线性回归结果(回归方程为NPP=b0+b1×降水+b2×气温)
Table 5 Linear regression coefficients between NPP and climate factors of precipitation and temperature ( the regresstion function is: NPP= b0+b1×Precipitation+b2×Temperature)
回归系数 Unstandardized coefficients | 标准化回归系数 Standardized coefficients | R2 | 显著性 Sig. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b0 | b1 | b2 | B1 | B2 | |||
农田 Crop | -101.341 | 0.697 | 26.551 | 0.761 | 0.236 | 0.704 | 0.000 |
森林 Forest | 60.106 | 0.383 | 10.168 | 0.546 | 0.130 | 0.357 | 0.045 |
草地 Grass | 146.243 | 0.138 | 14.536 | 0.327 | 0.394 | 0.357 | 0.045 |
荒漠 Desert | 115.901 | 0.030 | 11.084 | 0.121 | 0.513 | 0.304 | 0.079 |
湿地 Wet land | 178.501 | 0.000 | 14.937 | 0.001 | 0.535 | 0.287 | 0.094 |
全区 Whole area | 105.817 | 0.067 | 10.476 | 0.253 | 0.442 | 0.341 | 0.054 |
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