不同生境下濒危植物裸果木种群结构及动态特征

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2015.0095

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

裸果木(Gymnocarpos przewalskii)为古地中海旱生植物区系孑遗种, 是砾质荒漠的主要建群种之一。通过对安西极旱荒漠国家级自然保护区内3种生境(水冲滩地、山间冲沟、平缓戈壁)条件下裸果木种群的样地调查, 编制不同生境裸果木种群的静态生命表, 绘制其存活曲线和生存分析函数的曲线, 并采用时间序列模型对种群的数量动态进行预测, 以揭示不同生境下裸果木的种群结构和动态特征。结果表明: 3种生境下裸果木种群均属增长型, 数量变化动态指数(V’ pi) > 0, 但对外界干扰比较敏感, 存活曲线趋于Deevey-II型, 表明种群各龄级的死亡率基本接近; 不同生境裸果木种群大小依次为水冲滩地>山间冲沟>平缓戈壁, 结合对种群年龄结构的分析, 进一步表明水分条件较好的水冲滩地和山间冲沟生境更加适宜裸果木生存; 生存分析和时间序列预测表明幼龄个体的缺乏是未来裸果木种群发生衰退的主要原因, 且平缓戈壁生境下的裸果木种群将先于另外两种生境下的种群发生更加快速的衰退。

关键词: 裸果木, 生境, 静态生命表, 生存分析, 时间序列预测

Abstract: Aims

Gymnocarpos przewalskii is a relict plant of the Tethys flora, which is also one of the constructive species in stony desert. Our objective was to determine the structure and dynamic characteristics of G. przewalskii in different habitats.

Methods

Based on the equal-area plot investigations in three habitats of G. przewalskii, the static life table was established, survival curves and the function curves derived from the survival analysis were also constructed to evaluate the population characteristics. The population dynamics were predicted by a time-sequence model.

<i>Important findings</i>

The survival curves of G. przewalskii appear to approach the Deevey-II type, which indicate that the mortality rate in different size classes was similar, and the population fit in with the growing type in all habitats, but sensitive to environment disturbances. The population size of G. przewalskii was largest in flooding lands, medium in gullies and smallest in the flat desert and the age structure showed that the flooding lands and gullies are better habitats for the growth of G. przewalskii. The survival analysis and the time-sequence model demonstrated that the lack of young individuals could be the major cause for population declines of G. przewalskii in all habitats; moreover, a decline is likely to occur in the flat desert earlier and quicker.

Key words: Gymnocarpos przewalskii, habitat, life table, survival analysis, time sequence analysis

王立龙, 王亮, 张丽芳, 刘玉洋, 徐世健. 不同生境下濒危植物裸果木种群结构及动态特征. 植物生态学报, 2015, 39(10): 980-989. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2015.0095

Li-Long WANG, Liang WANG, Li-Fang ZHANG, Yu-Yang LIU, Shi-Jian XU. Structure and dynamic characteristics of Gymnocarpos przewalskii in different habitats. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2015, 39(10): 980-989. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2015.0095

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2015.0095

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2015/V39/I10/980

图/表 10

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生境 Habitat	物种名称 Species name	平均密度 Mean density (plants·plot^-1)	平均高度 Mean height (m)	平均冠幅 Mean crown (m)	平均盖度 Mean canopy (%)	重要值 Important value	群落组成 Community composition
水冲滩地 Flooding land (20)	1. 膜果麻黄 Ephedra przewalskii	11.02	0.29	1.06	3.20	0.13	膜果麻黄 E. przewalskii + 裸果木 G. przewalskii + 合头草 S. regelii
	2. 裸果木 Gymnocarpos przewalskii	10.60	0.34	0.74	3.10	0.12
	3. 合头草 Sympegma regelii	7.31	0.42	0.78	2.23	0.10
	4. 红砂 Reaumuria songarica	4.17	0.38	0.80	1.26	0.07
	5. 细枝岩黄芪 Hedysarum scoparium	1.61	0.62	1.18	0.66	0.06
山间冲沟 Gully (18)	1. 合头草 Sympegma regelii	13.80	0.43	0.80	3.00	0.19	合头草 S. regelii + 泡泡刺 N. sphaerocarpa + 裸果木 G. przewalskii
	2. 泡泡刺 Nitraria sphaerocarpa	4.00	0.29	1.35	3.20	0.13
	3. 裸果木 Gymnocarpos przewalskii	4.10	0.36	0.85	3.00	0.12
	4. 红砂 Reaumuria songarica	2.80	0.27	0.68	0.80	0.06
	5. 沙拐枣 Calligonum mongolicum	0.41	0.56	1.17	0.42	0.05
平缓戈壁 Flat desert (18)	1. 红砂 Reaumuria songarica	11.80	0.26	0.75	2.20	0.14	红砂 R. songarica + 泡泡刺 N. sphaerocarpa + 合头草 S. regelii
	2. 泡泡刺 Nitraria sphaerocarpa	7.02	0.27	0.91	1.81	0.11
	3. 合头草 Sympegma regelii	6.68	0.39	0.60	1.80	0.10
	4. 膜果麻黄 Ephedra przewalskii	2.91	0.37	0.95	1.92	0.09
	5. 裸果木 Gymnocarpos przewalskii	2.64	0.42	0.81	1.85	0.09

生境 Habitat	物种名称 Species name	平均密度 Mean density (plants·plot^-1)	平均高度 Mean height (m)	平均冠幅 Mean crown (m)	平均盖度 Mean canopy (%)	重要值 Important value	群落组成 Community composition
水冲滩地 Flooding land (20)	1. 膜果麻黄 Ephedra przewalskii	11.02	0.29	1.06	3.20	0.13	膜果麻黄 E. przewalskii + 裸果木 G. przewalskii + 合头草 S. regelii
	2. 裸果木 Gymnocarpos przewalskii	10.60	0.34	0.74	3.10	0.12
	3. 合头草 Sympegma regelii	7.31	0.42	0.78	2.23	0.10
	4. 红砂 Reaumuria songarica	4.17	0.38	0.80	1.26	0.07
	5. 细枝岩黄芪 Hedysarum scoparium	1.61	0.62	1.18	0.66	0.06
山间冲沟 Gully (18)	1. 合头草 Sympegma regelii	13.80	0.43	0.80	3.00	0.19	合头草 S. regelii + 泡泡刺 N. sphaerocarpa + 裸果木 G. przewalskii
	2. 泡泡刺 Nitraria sphaerocarpa	4.00	0.29	1.35	3.20	0.13
	3. 裸果木 Gymnocarpos przewalskii	4.10	0.36	0.85	3.00	0.12
	4. 红砂 Reaumuria songarica	2.80	0.27	0.68	0.80	0.06
	5. 沙拐枣 Calligonum mongolicum	0.41	0.56	1.17	0.42	0.05
平缓戈壁 Flat desert (18)	1. 红砂 Reaumuria songarica	11.80	0.26	0.75	2.20	0.14	红砂 R. songarica + 泡泡刺 N. sphaerocarpa + 合头草 S. regelii
	2. 泡泡刺 Nitraria sphaerocarpa	7.02	0.27	0.91	1.81	0.11
	3. 合头草 Sympegma regelii	6.68	0.39	0.60	1.80	0.10
	4. 膜果麻黄 Ephedra przewalskii	2.91	0.37	0.95	1.92	0.09
	5. 裸果木 Gymnocarpos przewalskii	2.64	0.42	0.81	1.85	0.09

种群动态指数级 Dynamic index	动态指数 Dynamic index value (%)
种群动态指数级 Dynamic index	水冲滩地 Flooding land	山间冲沟 Gully	平缓戈壁 Flat desert
V₁	-26.67	-40.74	-60.00
V₂	-10.45	40.74	-77.27
V₃	-5.63	-23.81	-37.14
V₄	11.27	-30.00	20.00
V₅	31.75	46.67	0.00
V₆	60.47	31.25	71.43
V₇	35.29	36.36	75.00
V₈	72.73	85.71	0.00
V₉	66.67	-66.67	50.00
V_pi	12.72	15.66	15.73
V' pi	1.27	1.57	1.57

种群动态指数级 Dynamic index	动态指数 Dynamic index value (%)
种群动态指数级 Dynamic index	水冲滩地 Flooding land	山间冲沟 Gully	平缓戈壁 Flat desert
V₁	-26.67	-40.74	-60.00
V₂	-10.45	40.74	-77.27
V₃	-5.63	-23.81	-37.14
V₄	11.27	-30.00	20.00
V₅	31.75	46.67	0.00
V₆	60.47	31.25	71.43
V₇	35.29	36.36	75.00
V₈	72.73	85.71	0.00
V₉	66.67	-66.67	50.00
V_pi	12.72	15.66	15.73
V' pi	1.27	1.57	1.57

生境 Habitat	龄级 Age class	高度 Height (cm)	A_x	a_x	l_x	d_x	q_x	L_x	T_x	e_x	lnl_x	K_x
水冲滩地 Flooding land	I	H < 10	44	71	1 000	70	0.07	965	4 876	4.88	6.91	0.07
	II	10 ≤ H < 20	60	66	930	71	0.08	895	3 911	4.21	6.84	0.08
	III	20 ≤ H < 30	67	61	859	70	0.08	824	3 016	3.51	6.76	0.09
	IV	30 ≤ H < 40	71	56	789	71	0.09	753	2 192	2.78	6.67	0.09
	V	40 ≤ H < 50	63	51	718	281	0.39	578	1 439	2.00	6.58	0.50
	VI	50 ≤ H < 60	43	31	437	113	0.26	381	861	1.97	6.08	0.30
	VII	60 ≤ H < 70	17	23	324	113	0.35	268	480	1.48	5.78	0.43
	VIII	80 ≤ H < 90	11	15	211	112	0.53	155	212	1.00	5.35	0.75
	IX	90 ≤ H < 100	3	7	99	85	0.86	57	57	0.58	4.60	1.96
	X	H ≥ 100	3	1	14	-	-	-	-	-	2.64	-
山间冲沟 Gully	I	H < 10	16	28	1 000	107	0.11	946	4 661	4.66	6.91	0.12
	II	10 ≤ H < 20	27	25	893	107	0.12	839	3 714	4.16	6.79	0.12
	III	20 ≤ H < 30	16	22	786	107	0.14	732	2 875	3.66	6.67	0.15
	IV	30 ≤ H < 40	21	19	679	108	0.16	625	2 143	3.16	6.52	0.17
	V	40 ≤ H < 50	30	16	571	107	0.19	518	1 518	2.66	6.35	0.21
	VI	50 ≤ H < 60	16	13	464	107	0.23	411	1 000	2.15	6.14	0.26
	VII	60 ≤ H < 70	11	10	357	107	0.30	304	589	1.65	5.88	0.36
	VIII	80 ≤ H < 90	7	7	250	107	0.43	196	286	1.14	5.52	0.56
	IX	90 ≤ H < 100	0	4	143	107	0.75	89	89	0.63	4.96	1.38
	X	H ≥ 100	3	1	36	-	-	-	-	-	3.58	-
平缓戈壁 Flat desert	I	H < 10	2	38	1 000	158	0.16	921	3 408	3.41	6.91	0.17
	II	10 ≤ H < 20	5	32	842	158	0.19	763	2 487	2.95	6.74	0.21
	III	20 ≤ H < 30	22	26	684	158	0.23	605	1 724	2.52	6.53	0.26
	IV	30 ≤ H < 40	35	20	526	158	0.30	447	1 118	2.13	6.27	0.36
	V	40 ≤ H < 50	28	14	368	157	0.43	289	671	1.82	5.91	0.56
	VI	50 ≤ H < 60	28	8	211	79	0.38	171	382	1.81	5.35	0.47
	VII	60 ≤ H < 70	8	5	132	53	0.40	105	211	1.60	4.88	0.51
	VIII	80 ≤ H < 90	2	3	79	26	0.33	66	105	1.33	4.37	0.40
	IX	90 ≤ H < 100	2	2	53	27	0.51	39	39	0.75	3.97	0.71
	X	H ≥ 100	1	1	26	-	-	-	-	-	3.26	-