亚麻响应盐、碱胁迫的生理特征

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2015.0240

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

利用中性盐NaCl、Na₂SO₄和碱性盐NaHCO₃、Na₂CO₃混合模拟不同强度的盐、碱胁迫条件, 对亚麻(Linum usitatissimum)进行14天胁迫处理, 测定其地上部分和根生长速率、光合特征、离子平衡及有机渗透调节物质积累, 以探讨亚麻对盐、碱两种胁迫的生理响应特点。研究表明: 亚麻生长对盐、碱胁迫的响应存在差异, 在相同盐浓度下, 碱胁迫对亚麻的伤害大于盐胁迫。碱胁迫使地上部分中Na⁺浓度急剧增高, 造成叶绿体破坏、光合色素含量下降, 光合能力及碳同化能力也急剧下降。亚麻中Na⁺含量随着胁迫强度的增加而升高, 而K⁺含量呈下降趋势, 碱胁迫下的变化明显大于盐胁迫。因此, 碱胁迫导致Na⁺过度积累可能是碱胁迫对植物伤害大于盐胁迫的最主要原因。碱胁迫下Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺在根中下降明显, 可见高pH值阻碍根对Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺的吸收。Fe²⁺和Zn²⁺对渗透调节的影响不大, 因为它们的离子含量较低。盐胁迫促进阴离子(Cl^-、H₂PO₄^-和SO₄^2-)的积累来平衡大量涌入的Na⁺, 但是碱胁迫明显减少无机阴离子含量, 可能造成严重营养胁迫(如P和S不足)。亚麻在盐胁迫下积累大量可溶性糖来平衡大量的Na⁺, 但碱胁迫下积累大量有机酸来维持细胞内离子平衡和pH值稳定, 碱胁迫大量积累的有机酸也可能被分泌到根外调节根外的pH值, 这说明亚麻对两种不同胁迫的响应方式不同。研究证明高pH值会直接影响植物根系的生长发育, 影响植物矿质元素的吸收, 阻碍离子稳态重建, 有机酸代谢是亚麻碱胁迫下的关键适应机制。

关键词: 亚麻, 盐胁迫, 碱胁迫, 生长特性, 光合特性, 离子平衡, 渗透调节

Abstract: AimsEffects of salt and alkali stresses (NaCl-Na₂SO₄and NaHCO₃-Na₂CO₃) were compared on growth, photosynthesis characters, ionic balance and osmotic adjustment of linseed (Linum usitatissimum), to elucidate the mechanisms of salt and alkali stress (high pH value) damage to plants, and their physiological adaptive mechanisms to the stresses. MethodsThe experiment was carried out in an artificial greenhouse. Plants grew at approximately 700 mmol·m^-2·s^-1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) in greenhouse under photoperiod of 15 h in light and 9 h in dark. In each plastic pot (17 cm diameter) which contained 2.5 kg of washed sand, 20 linseed seeds were sown. The seedlings were exposed to stresses lasting 14 days after 2 months.Important findingsThe inhibitory effects of alkali stress on linseed growth were more remarkable than those of salt stress, indicating that alkali and salt represent two distinct forms of stress. The alkali stress increased the Na⁺ content in shoots, damaged the photosynthetic system, and highly reduced the net photosynthetic rate and C assimilation capacity. Under salinity stress, the Na⁺ content increased, the K⁺ content decreased with increasing stress. Greater changes were observed under alkali than under salt stress. Alkali stress caused the massive influx of Na⁺, which probably explained that the harmful of alkali stress on plants was stronger than that of salt stress. Under alkali stress, Ca²⁺and Mg²⁺ decreased in roots, showing that high pH value around roots hindered the absorption of them. Fe²⁺and Zn²⁺had little effects on the osmotic adjustment, mainly because of they had a low ion content. Under salt stress, anion increased in order to balance the sharp increase of Na⁺. However, alkali stress made severe deficit of negative charge, broke the intracellular ionic balance and pH homeostasis, and caused a series of strain response. Our results showed that linseed enhanced the synthesis of soluble sugars to balance massive influx of Na⁺under salt stress, but linseed enhanced the synthesis of organic acids to compensate for the shortage of inorganic anions, which might be a key pathway for the pH adjustment. In conclusion, the alkali stress (high pH value) clearly inhibited the growth, element absorption, ion homeostasis reconstruction of plants. Organic acid concentration is possibly a key adaptive factor for linseed to maintain intracellular ion balance and regulate high pH value under alkali stress.

Key words: Linum usitatissimum, salt stress, alkali stress, growth characters, photosynthesis characters, ionic balance, osmotic adjustment

郭瑞, 李峰, 周际, 李昊儒, 夏旭, 刘琪. 亚麻响应盐、碱胁迫的生理特征. 植物生态学报, 2016, 40(1): 69-79. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2015.0240

GUO Rui,LI Feng,ZHOU Ji,LI Hao-Ru,XIA Xu,LIU Qi. Eco-physiological responses of linseed (Linum usitatissimum) to salt and alkali stresses. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2016, 40(1): 69-79. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2015.0240

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2015.0240

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2016/V40/I1/69

图/表 6

表1 不同盐浓度处理液电导率、pH值和水势值

Table 1 The electrical conductivity (EC), pH value and osmotic potential under different levels of salinity stress treatment solutions

处理 Treatment	总盐度 Salinity (mmol·L^-1)	电导率 EC (dS·m^-1)	渗透势 Osmotic potential (MPa)	pH值 pH value
对照 Control	0	2.17	-0.05	6.97
盐胁迫 Salt stress	40	5.65	-0.25	6.51
	80	8.67	-0.43	6.55
	120	11.33	-0.60	6.46
碱胁迫 Alkali stress	40	4.40	-0.23	9.66
	80	7.15	-0.41	9.82
	120	10.35	-0.56	9.94

图1 盐、碱胁迫对亚麻地上部分和根相对生长率(RGR)和绝对含水量(WC)的影响(平均值±标准误差, n = 5)。不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 1 Effects of salt and alkali stresses on shoot and root ground relative growth rate (RGR) and on absolute water content (AWC) (mean ± SE, n = 5). Different small letters indicate significant differences between different treatments (p < 0.05).

图2 盐、碱胁迫对亚麻叶片光系统II原初光能转换效率(ΦPSII)、非光化学淬灭(NPQ)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)、叶绿素a (Chl a)、叶绿素b (Chl b)和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量的影响(平均值±标准误差, n = 5)。不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 2 Effects of salt and alkali stresses on the maximum PSII quantum yield (ΦPSII), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and photochemical quenching (qP) of chlorophyll a fluorescence, and chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b), carotenoids (Car) parameters in leaves of linseed seedlings (mean ± SE, n = 5). Different small letters indicate significant differences between different treatments (p < 0.05).

图3 盐、碱胁迫对亚麻地上部分和根中K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+/Na+, Ca2+/ Na+和Mg2+/Na+含量的影响(平均值±标准误差, n = 5)。不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 3 Effects of salt and alkali stresses on the contents of K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+/Na+, Ca2+/Na+ and Mg2+/Na+ in the shoots and roots of linseed seedlings (mean ± SE, n = 5). Different small letters indicate significant differences between different treatments (p < 0.05).

图4 盐、碱胁迫对亚麻地上部分和根干物质中Cl-、NO3-、H2PO4-和SO42-含量的影响(平均值±标准误差, n = 5)。不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 4 Effects of salt and alkali stresses on the contents of Cl-, NO3-, H2PO4- and SO42- in the shoots and roots of linseed seedlings (mean ± SE, n = 5). Different small letters indicate significant differences between different treatments (p < 0.05).

图5 盐、碱胁迫对亚麻地上部分和根干物质中可溶性糖、有机酸、脯氨酸和甜菜碱含量的影响(平均值±标准误差, n = 5)。不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 5 Effects of salt and alkali stresses on the contents of soluble sugars, organic acid, proline and betaine in the shoots and roots of linseed seedlings (mean ± SE, n = 5). Different small letters indicate significant differences between different treatments (p < 0.05).

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