降水变化对内蒙古典型草原地上生物量的影响

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2018.0230

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

降水格局的变化是气候变化影响干旱和半干旱区草原植物群落结构和功能的关键过程。作为植物群落结构和功能的基本组成单位——植物功能群——对气候变化的响应差异明显。有关不同植物功能群如何响应降水格局的研究, 有助于揭示气候变化对干旱与半干旱区生态系统关键功能与过程稳定性的变异机制。该文利用1982-2015年的典型草原群落地上生物量长期动态监测数据及其所对应的气候数据, 系统揭示降水变化对干旱与半干旱区生态系统生产力的影响。主要研究结果如下: 1) 1982-2015年内蒙古典型草原区降水变化特征明显, 主要表现在降水集中度呈显著的降低趋势; 小降水事件(≤5 mm)明显增多。2)降水变化导致群落生物量呈下降趋势。其中, 多年生丛生禾草的生物量呈上升趋势; 一二年生植物、多年生杂类草、多年生根茎禾类草的生物量均呈下降趋势。3)群落生物量与生长季降水量、降水集中度呈显著的正相关关系。各功能群中, 多年生杂类草、半灌木和生长季降水量呈显著正相关关系, 灌木与降水集中度呈显著负相关关系。4)群落生物量与各等级降水的频率相关性均不显著, 但与I-II类(0.1-10 mm)降水贡献率显著负相关。各功能群中, 多年生杂类草与I类降水(0.1-5.0 mm)的发生频率和降水贡献率均呈显著的负相关关系, 与VI类降水(20-25 mm)的发生频率和贡献率均呈显著的正相关关系。多年生根茎禾类草和VIII类降水(>35 mm)的发生频率和贡献率均呈显著的正相关关系。说明小降水事件的增加将显著降低群落的地上生物量, 小降水事件对干旱、半干旱区植被生长具有重要的生态学意义。

关键词: 降水变化, 降水集中度, 典型草原, 地上生物量, 功能群

Abstract:

Aims Precipitation and its spatiotemporal changes are crucial for determining the effects of climate on plant community assembly and functioning of ecosystem (CAFE) in arid and semi-arid regions. Plant functional groups (PFGs) - an effective representation of CAFE—have been widely reported for their identity-dependent response to the changing climate. Here, we examine the responses of different PFGs to the temporal changes in precipitation by using aboveground biomass (AGB) as the dependent variable.
Methods We conducted a long-term ecological research of AGB since 1982 in a typical steppe grassland of Nei Mongol, China. We used the monthly-observation dataset from 1982 through 2015 to quantify the empirical relationships between AGB of different PDFs and precipitation.
Important findings We found that: 1) the decline in precipitation-concentration degree (PCD) was coupled with an increase in small rainfall events (≤5 mm) during the 35-year study period; 2) temporal changes in precipitation resulted in AGB decreases of annuals and biennials (AB), perennial forbs (PF) and perennial rhizome grass (PR), whereas AGB increased for perennial bunchgrasses (PB); 3) AGB, PF and semi-shrubs (SS) were positively correlated with growing season rainfall with AGB positively correlated with PCD while AGB of the shrubs (S) was negatively correlated with PCD; 4) AGB showed no significant correlation with precipitation frequency, but a significant negative correlation for type I to II precipitation 0.1-10 mm; 5) AGB had negative correlations with frequency and amount of type I (0.1-5.0 mm) and type VI (20-25 mm) precipitation. We concluded that the increase in small precipitation events will significantly reduce the AGB. These small precipitation events should be further explored for their ecological significances in the arid and semi-arid regions.

Key words: precipitation dynamics, precipitation-concentration degree, typical steppe, aboveground biomass, plant functional groups

苗百岭, 梁存柱, 史亚博, 梁茂伟, 刘钟龄. 降水变化对内蒙古典型草原地上生物量的影响. 植物生态学报, 2019, 43(7): 557-565. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2018.0230

MIAO Bai-Ling, LIANG Cun-Zhu, SHI Ya-Bo, LIANG Mao-Wei, LIU Zhong-Ling. Temporal changes in precipitation altered aboveground biomass in a typical steppe in Nei Mongol, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2019, 43(7): 557-565. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2018.0230

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2018.0230

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2019/V43/I7/557

图/表 8

参考文献 53

[1]	Bai YF, Han XG, Wu JG, Chen ZZ, Li LH ( 2004). Ecosystem stability and compensatory effects in the Inner Mongolia grassland. Nature, 431, 181-184. DOI URL PMID
[2]	Bai YF, Wu JG, Xing Q, Pan QM, Huang JH, Yang DL, Han XG ( 2008). Primary production and rain use efficiency across a precipitation gradient on the Mongolia Plateau. Ecology, 89, 2140-2153. DOI URL PMID
[3]	Bao YJ, Cao M, Li ZH, Guo P, Zhang J, Qin J ( 2019). A comparative study of the response of Leymus chinensis and Stipa grandis root characteristics to moisture gradients. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 39, 1063-1070.
	[ 鲍雅静, 曹明, 李政海, 郭鹏, 张靖, 秦洁 ( 2019). 羊草与大针茅根系构型对水分梯度响应的比较研究. 生态学报, 39, 1063-1070.]
[4]	Conant RT, Dalla-Betta P, Klopatek CC, Klopatek JM ( 2004). Controls on soil respiration in semiarid soils. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 36, 945-951. DOI URL PMID
[5]	Cui XY, Chen ZZ, Du ZC ( 2001). Study on light- and water- use characteristics of main plants in semiarid steppe. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 10, 14-21.
	[ 崔骁勇, 陈佐忠, 杜占池 ( 2001). 半干旱草原主要植物光能和水分利用特征的研究. 草业学报, 10, 14-21.]
[6]	Dijkstra FA, Blumenthal D, Morgan JA, LeCain DR, Follett RF ( 2010). Elevated CO₂ effects on semi-arid grassland plants in relation to water availability and competition. Functional Ecology, 24, 1152-1161. DOI URL
[7]	Dougherty RL, Lauenroth WK, Singh JS ( 1996). Response of a grassland cactus to frequency and size of rainfall events in a North American shortgrass steppe. Journal of Ecology, 84, 177-183. DOI URL
[8]	Easterling DR, Meehl GA, Parmesan C, Changnon SA, Karl TR, Mearns LO ( 2000). Climate extremes: Observations, modeling, and impacts. Science, 289, 2068-2074. DOI URL PMID
[9]	Fay PA, Carlisle JD, Knapp AK, Blair JM, Collins SL ( 2003). Productivity responses to altered rainfall patterns in a C₄-dominated grassland. Oecologia, 137, 245-251. DOI URL PMID
[10]	Gao JQ, Yang XG, Dong CY, Li KN ( 2015). Precipitation resource changed characteristics in arid and humid regions in Northern China with climate changes. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 31, 99-110.
	[ 高继卿, 杨晓光, 董朝阳, 李克南 ( 2015). 气候变化背景下中国北方干湿区降水资源变化特征分析. 农业工程学报, 31, 99-110.]
[11]	Groisman PY, Karl TR, Easterling DR, Knight RW, Jamason PF, Hennessy KJ, Suppiah R, Page CM, Wibig J, Fortuniak K, Razuvaev VN, Douglas A, Førland E, Zhai PM ( 1999). Changes in the probability of heavy precipitation: Important indicators of climatic change. Climatic Change, 42, 243-283. DOI URL
[12]	Guo K, Dong XJ, Liu ZM ( 2000). Characteristics of soil moisture content on sand dunes in Mu Us sandy grassland: Why Artemisia ordosica declines on old fixed sand dunes. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 24, 275-279.
	[ 郭柯, 董学军, 刘志茂 ( 2000). 毛乌素沙地沙丘土壤含水量特点——兼论老固定沙地上油蒿衰退原因. 植物生态学报, 24, 275-279.]
[13]	Hallett LM, Hsu JS, Cleland EE, Collins SL, Dickson TL, Farrer EC, Gherardi LA, Gross KL, Hobbs RJ, Turnbull L, Suding KN ( 2014). Biotic mechanisms of community stability shift along a precipitation gradient. Ecology, 95, 1693-1700. DOI URL PMID
[14]	IPCC ( 2013). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 1535.
[15]	Kawamura K, Akiyama T, Yokota HO, Tsutsumi M, Yasuda T, Watanabe O, Wang SP ( 2005). Quantifying grazing intensities using geographic information systems and satellite remote sensing in the Xilingol steppe region, Inner Mongolia, China. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 107, 83-93. DOI URL PMID
[16]	Knapp AK, Beier C, Briske DD, Classen AT, Luo YQ, Reichstein M, Smith MD, Smith SD, Bell JE, Fay PA, Heisler JL, Leavitt SW, Sherry R, Smith B, Wen ES ( 2008). Consequences of more extreme precipitation regimes for terrestrial ecosystems. BioScience, 58, 811-821. DOI URL
[17]	Knapp AK, Briggs JM, Koelliker JK ( 2001). Frequency and extent of water limitation to primary production in a mesic temperate grassland. Ecosystems, 4, 19-28. DOI URL
[18]	Knapp AK, Ciais P, Smith MD ( 2017). Reconciling inconsistencies in precipitation-productivity relationships: Implications for climate change. New Phytologist, 214, 41-47. DOI URL PMID
[19]	Knapp AK, Fay PA, Blair JM, Collins SL, Smith MD, Carlisle JD, Harper CW, Danner BT, Lett MS, McCarron JK ( 2002). Rainfall variability, carbon cycling, and plant species diversity in a mesic grassland. Science, 298, 2202-2205. DOI URL PMID
[20]	Knapp AK, Medina E ( 1999). Success of C4 photosynthesis in the field: Lessons from communities dominated by C4 plants. In: Sage RF, Monson RK eds. C4 Plant Biology. Academic Press, New York. 251-283.
[21]	Knapp AK, Smith MD ( 2001). Variation among biomes in temporal dynamics of aboveground primary production. Science, 291, 481-484. DOI URL PMID
[22]	Lauenroth WK, Sala OE ( 1992). Long-term forage production of north American shortgrass steppe. Ecological Applications, 2, 397-403. DOI URL PMID
[23]	Li ZY, Ma WH, Liang CZ, Liu ZL, Wang W, Wang LX ( 2015). Long-term vegetation dynamics driven by climatic variations in the Inner Mongolia grassland: Findings from 30-year monitoring. Landscape Ecology, 30, 1701-1711. DOI URL
[24]	Liu B, Chang XX, Li SB ( 2010). Rainfall patterns and pulse characteristics in desert regions of the Heihe River basin. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 30, 5194-5199.
	[ 刘冰, 常学向, 李守波 ( 2010). 黑河流域荒漠区降水格局及其脉动特征. 生态学报, 30, 5194-5199.]
[25]	Ludwig JA, Tongway DJ, Freudenberger DO, Nobl JC, Hodgkinson KC ( 1996). Landscape Ecology: Function and Management: Principles from Australia᾿s Rangelands. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.
[26]	Ma YH, Zhang TH, Liu XP, Mao W, Yue XF ( 2015). Effects of small rainfall events in spring on germination of Chenopodium acuminatum in Horqin Sandy Land. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 35, 4063-4070.
	[ 马赟花, 张铜会, 刘新平, 毛伟, 岳祥飞 ( 2015). 春季小降雨事件对科尔沁沙地尖头叶藜萌发的影响. 生态学报, 35, 4063-4070.]
[27]	Mowll W, Blumenthal DM, Cherwin K, Smith A, Symstad AJ, Vermeire LT, Collins SL, Smith MD, Knapp AK ( 2015). Climatic controls of aboveground net primary production in semi-arid grasslands along a latitudinal gradient portend low sensitivity to warming. Oecologia, 177, 959-969. DOI URL PMID
[28]	Nippert JB, Fay PA, Carlisle JD, Knapp AK, Smith MD ( 2009). Ecophysiological responses of two dominant grasses to altered temperature and precipitation regimes. Acta Oecologica, 35, 400-408. DOI URL
[29]	Niu SL, Jiang GM, Li YG ( 2004). Environmental regulations of C₃ and C₄ plants. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 24, 308-314.
	[ 牛书丽, 蒋高明, 李永庚 ( 2004). C₃与C₄植物的环境调控. 生态学报, 24, 308-314.]
[30]	Niu SL, Wu MY, Han Y, Xia JY, Li LH, Wan SQ ( 2007). Water-mediated responses of ecosystem carbon fluxes to climatic change in a temperate steppe. New Phytologist, 177, 209-219. DOI URL PMID
[31]	Noy-Meir I ( 1973). Desert ecosystems: Environment and producers. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4, 25-51. DOI URL PMID
[32]	Owens MK, Lyons RK, Alejandro CL ( 2006). Rainfall partitioning within semiarid juniper communities: Effects of event size and canopy cover. Hydrological Processes, 20, 3179-3189. DOI URL
[33]	Ren ZY, Yan JP, Wang PT ( 2016). Spatio-temporal variations of precipitation concentration degree and precipitation concentration period in Inner Mongolia. Journal of Desert Research, 36, 760-766.
	[ 任志艳, 延军平, 王鹏涛 ( 2016). 1960-2012年内蒙古降水集中度和降水集中期时空变化. 中国沙漠, 36, 760-766.]
[34]	Reynolds JF, Kemp PR, Ogle K, Fernández RJ ( 2004). Modifying the “pulse-reserve” paradigm for deserts of North America: Precipitation pulses, soil water, and plant responses. Oecologia, 141, 194-210. DOI URL PMID
[35]	Reynolds JF, Kemp PR, Tenhunen JD ( 2000). Effects of long-term rainfall variability on evapotranspiration and soil water distribution in the Chihuahuan Desert: A modeling analysis. Plant Ecology, 150, 145-159. DOI URL
[36]	Robertson TR, Bell CW, Zak JC, Tissue DT ( 2009). Precipitation timing and magnitude differentially affect aboveground annual net primary productivity in three perennial species in a Chihuahuan Desert grassland. New Phytologist, 181, 230-242. DOI URL PMID
[37]	Robertson TR, Zak JC, Tissue DT ( 2010). Precipitation magnitude and timing differentially affect species richness and plant density in the sotol grassland of the Chihuahuan Desert. Oecologia, 162, 185-197. DOI URL PMID
[38]	Sala OE, Lauenroth WK ( 1982). Small rainfall events: An ecological role in semiarid regions. Oecologia, 53, 301-304. DOI URL PMID
[39]	Sala OE, Parton WJ, Joyce LA, Lauenroth WK ( 1988). Primary production of the central grassland region of the United States. Ecology, 69, 40-45. DOI URL PMID
[40]	Schwinning S, Sala OE ( 2004). Hierarchy of responses to resource pulses in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Oecologia, 141, 211-220. DOI URL PMID
[41]	Schwinning S, Sala OE, Loik ME, Ehleringer JR ( 2004). Thresholds, memory, and seasonality: Understanding pulse dynamics in arid/semi-arid ecosystems. Oecologia, 141, 191-193. DOI URL PMID
[42]	Sims PL, Singh JS, Lauenroth WK ( 1978). The structure and function of ten western north American grasslands: I. Abiotic and vegetational characteristics. Journal of Ecology, 66, 251-285. DOI URL
[43]	Snyder KA, Donovan LA, James JJ, Tiller RL, Richards JH ( 2004). Extensive summer water pulses do not necessarily lead to canopy growth of Great Basin and northern Mojave Desert shrubs. Oecologia, 141, 325-334. DOI URL PMID
[44]	Soriano A, Sala O ( 1984). Ecological strategies in a Patagonian arid steppe. Vegetatio, 56, 9-15. DOI URL PMID
[45]	Swemmer AM, Knapp AK, Snyman HA ( 2007). Intra-seasonal precipitation patterns and above-ground productivity in three perennial grasslands. Journal of Ecology, 95, 780-788. DOI URL
[46]	Tan LP, Zhou GS ( 2013). Variations of Leymus chinesis community, functional groups, plant species and their relationships with climate factors. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 33, 650-658. DOI URL
	[ 谭丽萍, 周广胜 ( 2013). 内蒙古羊草群落、功能群、物种变化及其与气候的关系. 生态学报, 33, 650-658.] DOI URL
[47]	Tong C, Wu J, Yong S, Yang J, Yong W ( 2004). A landscape- scale assessment of steppe degradation in the Xilin River Basin, Inner Mongolia, China. Journal of Arid Environments, 59, 133-149. DOI URL
[48]	Walter H ( 1971). Natural savannahs as a transition to the arid zone. In: Walter H ed. Ecology of Tropical and Subtropical Vegetation. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, UK. 238-265.
[49]	Wiesmeier M, Steffens M, Kölbl A, Kögel-Knabner I ( 2009). Degradation and small-scale spatial homogenization of topsoils in intensively-grazed steppes of Northern China. Soil & Tillage Research, 104, 299-310. DOI URL PMID
[50]	Zhang LJ, Qian YF ( 2004). A study on the feature of precipitation concentration and its relation to flood-producing in the Yangtze River Valley of China. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 47, 622-630.
	[ 张录军, 钱永甫 ( 2004). 长江流域汛期降水集中程度和洪涝关系研究. 地球物理学报, 47, 622-630.]
[51]	Zhao WZ, Liu H ( 2011). Precipitation pulses and ecosystem responses in arid and semiarid regions: A review. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 22, 243-249. URL PMID
	[ 赵文智, 刘鹄 ( 2011). 干旱、半干旱环境降水脉动对生态系统的影响. 应用生态学报, 22, 243-249.] URL PMID
[52]	Zhao XY, Liu LX, Wang W, Chang XL, Qu H, Mao W, Jia KF ( 2014). Impacts of precipitation change on desert-grassland vegetation productivity. Journal of Desert Research, 34, 1486-1495.
	[ 赵学勇, 刘良旭, 王玮, 常学礼, 曲浩, 毛伟, 贾昆峰 ( 2014). 降水波动对荒漠草原生产力的影响. 中国沙漠, 34, 1486-1495.]
[53]	Zheng XQ, Zheng XJ, Li Y ( 2012). Distribution and change of different precipitation pulse sizes in the southern marginal zone of the Junggar Basin, China. Arid Zone Research, 29, 495-502.
	[ 郑新倩, 郑新军, 李彦 ( 2012). 准噶尔盆地南缘降水脉冲量级分布及其变化规律. 干旱区研究, 29, 495-502.]

功能群 Plant functional group	物种 Species
多年生根茎禾类草 Perennial rhizome grass	根茎冰草、黄囊薹草、羊草 Agropyron michnoi, Carex korshinskii, Leymus chinensis
多年生丛生禾草 Perennial bunchgrasses	糙隐子草、大针茅、渐尖早熟禾、阿尔泰溚草、羊茅、羽茅 Cleistogenes squarrosa, Stipa grandis, Poa attenuata, Koeleria macrantha, Festuca ovina, Achnatherum sibiricum
多年生杂类草 Perennial forbs	阿尔泰狗娃花、矮韭、细叶白头翁、瓣蕊唐松草、花苜蓿、柔毛蒿、串铃草、北芸香、多叶棘豆、二裂委陵菜、二色补血草、防风、甘草、狗舌草、黄花韭、火绒草、菊叶委陵菜、柳穿鱼、轮叶委陵菜、麻花头、红纹马先蒿、蓬子菜、披针叶野决明、乳白花黄耆、乳浆大戟、长柱沙参、山韭、伏毛山莓草、砂韭、费菜、细叶韭、细叶鸢尾、红柴胡、少花米口袋、达乌里芯芭、星毛委陵菜、宿根亚麻、野韭、直立黄芪、多裂叶荆芥、山蚂蚱草、女娄菜、翼茎风毛菊 Heteropappus altaicus, Allium anisopodium, Pulsatilla turczaninovii, Thalictrum petaloideum, Medicago ruthenica, Artemisia pubescens, Phlomis mongolica, Haplophyllum dauricum, Oxytropis myriophylla, Potentilla bifurca, Limonium bicolor, Saposhnikovia divaricata, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Tephroseris kirilowii, Allium condensatum, Leontopodium leontopodioides, Potentilla tanacetifolia, Linaria vulgaris subsp. sinensis, Potentilla verticillaris, Klasea centauroides, Pedicularis striata, Galium verum, Thermopsis lanceolata, Astragalus galactites, Euphorbia esula, Adenophora stenanthina, Allium senescens, Sibbaldia adpressa, Allium bidentatum, phedimus aizoon, Allium tenuissimum, Iris tenuifolia, Bupleurum scorzonerifolium, Gueldenstaedtia verna, Cymbaria daurica, Potentilla acaulis, Linum perenne, Allium ramosum, Astragalus adsurgens, Nepeta multifida, Silene jenisseensis, Silene aprica, Saussurea japonica var. pteroclada
灌木 Shrubs	小叶锦鸡儿 Caragana microphylla
半灌木 Semi-shrubs	冷蒿、木地肤、燥原荠 Artemisia frigida, Kochia prostrata, Ptilotricum canescens
一二年生植物 Annuals and biennials	刺藜、大籽蒿、瓦松、鹤虱、猪毛蒿、藜、小花花旗杆、鳞叶龙胆、轴藜、猪毛菜 Dysphania aristata, Artemisia sieversiana, Orostachys fimbriatus, Lappula myosotis, Artemisia scoparia, Chenopodium album, Dontostemon micranthus, Gentiana squarrosa, Axyris amaranthoides, Salsola collina

功能群 Plant functional group	物种 Species
多年生根茎禾类草 Perennial rhizome grass	根茎冰草、黄囊薹草、羊草 Agropyron michnoi, Carex korshinskii, Leymus chinensis
多年生丛生禾草 Perennial bunchgrasses	糙隐子草、大针茅、渐尖早熟禾、阿尔泰溚草、羊茅、羽茅 Cleistogenes squarrosa, Stipa grandis, Poa attenuata, Koeleria macrantha, Festuca ovina, Achnatherum sibiricum
多年生杂类草 Perennial forbs	阿尔泰狗娃花、矮韭、细叶白头翁、瓣蕊唐松草、花苜蓿、柔毛蒿、串铃草、北芸香、多叶棘豆、二裂委陵菜、二色补血草、防风、甘草、狗舌草、黄花韭、火绒草、菊叶委陵菜、柳穿鱼、轮叶委陵菜、麻花头、红纹马先蒿、蓬子菜、披针叶野决明、乳白花黄耆、乳浆大戟、长柱沙参、山韭、伏毛山莓草、砂韭、费菜、细叶韭、细叶鸢尾、红柴胡、少花米口袋、达乌里芯芭、星毛委陵菜、宿根亚麻、野韭、直立黄芪、多裂叶荆芥、山蚂蚱草、女娄菜、翼茎风毛菊 Heteropappus altaicus, Allium anisopodium, Pulsatilla turczaninovii, Thalictrum petaloideum, Medicago ruthenica, Artemisia pubescens, Phlomis mongolica, Haplophyllum dauricum, Oxytropis myriophylla, Potentilla bifurca, Limonium bicolor, Saposhnikovia divaricata, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Tephroseris kirilowii, Allium condensatum, Leontopodium leontopodioides, Potentilla tanacetifolia, Linaria vulgaris subsp. sinensis, Potentilla verticillaris, Klasea centauroides, Pedicularis striata, Galium verum, Thermopsis lanceolata, Astragalus galactites, Euphorbia esula, Adenophora stenanthina, Allium senescens, Sibbaldia adpressa, Allium bidentatum, phedimus aizoon, Allium tenuissimum, Iris tenuifolia, Bupleurum scorzonerifolium, Gueldenstaedtia verna, Cymbaria daurica, Potentilla acaulis, Linum perenne, Allium ramosum, Astragalus adsurgens, Nepeta multifida, Silene jenisseensis, Silene aprica, Saussurea japonica var. pteroclada
灌木 Shrubs	小叶锦鸡儿 Caragana microphylla
半灌木 Semi-shrubs	冷蒿、木地肤、燥原荠 Artemisia frigida, Kochia prostrata, Ptilotricum canescens
一二年生植物 Annuals and biennials	刺藜、大籽蒿、瓦松、鹤虱、猪毛蒿、藜、小花花旗杆、鳞叶龙胆、轴藜、猪毛菜 Dysphania aristata, Artemisia sieversiana, Orostachys fimbriatus, Lappula myosotis, Artemisia scoparia, Chenopodium album, Dontostemon micranthus, Gentiana squarrosa, Axyris amaranthoides, Salsola collina

地上生物量 Aboveground biomass (g·m^-2)	降水量 Precipitation (mm)		相对多度 Relative Abundance (%)
地上生物量 Aboveground biomass (g·m^-2)	年 Year	生长季 Growing season	多年生根茎禾类草 Perennial rhizome grass	多年生丛生禾草 Perennial bunchgrasses	多年生杂类草 Perennial forbs	一二年生植物 Annuals and biennials	灌木 Shrubs	半灌木 Semi-shrubs
195.8	330.8	287.9	63.4	19.3	9.9	4.8	1.9	0.7

地上生物量 Aboveground biomass (g·m^-2)	降水量 Precipitation (mm)		相对多度 Relative Abundance (%)
地上生物量 Aboveground biomass (g·m^-2)	年 Year	生长季 Growing season	多年生根茎禾类草 Perennial rhizome grass	多年生丛生禾草 Perennial bunchgrasses	多年生杂类草 Perennial forbs	一二年生植物 Annuals and biennials	灌木 Shrubs	半灌木 Semi-shrubs
195.8	330.8	287.9	63.4	19.3	9.9	4.8	1.9	0.7

编号 ID	日降水量 Daily precipitation (mm)	降水等级 Precipitation grade
I	0.1-5	小雨/小雪-中雪 Light rain/Light snow-Moderate snow
II	5-10	小雨/中雪-大雪 Light rain/Moderate snow-Heavy snow
III	10-15	中雨/暴雪 Moderate rain/Torrential snow
IV	15-20	中雨/暴雪 Moderate rain/Torrential snow
V	20-25	中雨/暴雪-大暴雪 Moderate rain/Torrential snow-Snowstorm
VI	25-30	大雨/大暴雪 Heavy rain/Snowstorm
VII	30-35	大雨/大暴雪 Heavy rain/Snowstorm
VIII	>35	大雨-暴雨/大暴雪-特大暴雪 Heavy rain-Torrential rain/Snowstorm- Historical extreme snow