洮河上游紫果云杉种群结构特征

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2019.0077

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

该研究以洮河上游尕海-则岔自然保护区、卡车林区和冶力关林区的紫果云杉(Picea purpurea)天然种群为研究对象, 通过样地调查和数据统计, 绘制种群结构图, 编制静态生命表, 拟合并分析存活曲线, 运用数量化方法研究种群动态, 揭示种群生存现状, 预测种群发展趋势, 以期为该物种的保护、管理及结构恢复提供理论依据。结果显示: 3个林区紫果云杉种群自然更新能力强, 幼苗、幼树储量丰富, 幼小龄期死亡率普遍偏高; 尕海-则岔种群存活曲线符合Deevey-III型, 种群稳定结构完整, 卡车林区和冶力关林区种群存活曲线均符合Deevey-II型, 且均出现了局部衰退; 3个林区种群动态指数均大于0, 说明种群均属于增长型, 增长潜力为尕海-则岔>卡车>冶力关; 受随机干扰时卡车林区紫果云杉最敏感, 冶力关次之, 尕海-则岔种群最稳定。该研究表明: 竞争和自疏作用是造成紫果云杉幼小龄级个体存活率偏低的普遍因素, 3个林区不同的生存状况反映了紫果云杉种群在不同生境及生活史下生存能力的差异, 保护幼苗生存环境并提高幼苗质量和存活率是种群更新和发展的关键。尕海-则岔紫果云杉生存良好, 种群生存状况主要受自身生物学特性和环境因子的影响; 卡车林区主要受人为影响, 种群结构遭到破坏; 冶力关林区受分布限制, 造成种群结构不稳定, 须采取一定的人工措施来促进种群更新与增长。

关键词: 洮河上游, 紫果云杉, 种群结构, 生存分析

Abstract:

Aims Natural population of Picea purpurea in Gahai-Zecha Nature Reserve and Kache and Yeliguan forest regions in the Taohe River upstream was selected, to reveal the demographic status of P. purpurea populations. The results from the current study will provide theoretical basis for the protection, management and structural restoration of P. purpurea.
Methods Based on field surveys and data analysis, population structure diagram was drawn, static life table was designed, and survival curve of P. purpurea was fitted and analyzed. Quantitative methods were used to study the population dynamics. The population development trend was predicted by time-sequence model.
Important findings In the three forest regions, P. purpurea population showed signs of strong natural regeneration ability with abundant seedling and sapling reserves, yet the mortality rate of saplings was high. The population in Gahai-Zecha forest manifested a Deevey-III type survival curve representing a stable population with a complete population structure, and the population in Kache forest and Yeliguan forest manifested Deevey-II type survival curves with partial declines present in both forests. With population dynamics indexes (V_pi) > 0, the populations of all three forests were in growth. The growth potentials ranking from highest to lowest were Gahai-Zecha > Kache > Yeliguan. The P. purpurea population in Kache forest showed the highest sensitivity to random interference followed by that in Yeliguan forest while Gahai-Zecha population was the most stable. This study showed that competition and self-thinning were the common causes of low survival rate of P. purpurea saplings and that different living situation in the three forests reflected the difference of survivability of P. purpurea populations in different habitats and life histories. The key to regeneration and development of P. purpurea populations was to protect the habitat of seedlings and to improve their quality and survival rate. The P. purpurea population in Gahai-Zecha forest grew well and the survivorship of that population was mainly affected by its own biological characteristics and environmental factors. The population structure of Kache forest was damaged under human interference. The population structure of Yeliguan forest was unstable due to its limited distribution. Appropriate anthropogenic interference measures should be adopted to promote population renewal and growth.

Key words: Taohe River upstream, Picea purpurea, population structure, survival analysis

赵阳, 刘锦乾, 陈学龙, 杨萌萌, 曹家豪, 齐瑞, 曹秀文. 洮河上游紫果云杉种群结构特征. 植物生态学报, 2020, 44(3): 266-276. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2019.0077

ZHAO Yang, LIU Jin-Qian, CHEN Xue-Long, Yang Meng-Meng, CAO Jia-Hao, QI Rui, CAO Xiu-Wen. Population structure characteristics of Picea purpurea in the upstream of Taohe River. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2020, 44(3): 266-276. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2019.0077

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2019.0077

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2020/V44/I3/266

图/表 8

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径级指标 Diameter class indexes (cm)	龄级 Age class	生长期 Growing period
0 < DBH < 5	I	幼苗、幼树 Seedling and sapling
5 ≤ DBH < 10	II	小龄期 Small-age
10 ≤ DBH < 15	III
15 ≤ DBH < 20	IV
20 ≤ DBH < 25	V	青年期 Youth-age
25 ≤ DBH < 30	VI
30 ≤ DBH < 35	VII
35 ≤ DBH < 40	VIII
40 ≤ DBH < 45	IX	中年期 Middle-age
45 ≤ DBH < 50	X
50 ≤ DBH < 55	XI
55 ≤ DBH < 60	XII
60 ≤ DBH < 65	XIII	老年期 Old-age
65 ≤ DBH < 70	XIV
70 ≤ DBH < 75	XV
75 ≤ DBH	XVI

径级指标 Diameter class indexes (cm)	龄级 Age class	生长期 Growing period
0 < DBH < 5	I	幼苗、幼树 Seedling and sapling
5 ≤ DBH < 10	II	小龄期 Small-age
10 ≤ DBH < 15	III
15 ≤ DBH < 20	IV
20 ≤ DBH < 25	V	青年期 Youth-age
25 ≤ DBH < 30	VI
30 ≤ DBH < 35	VII
35 ≤ DBH < 40	VIII
40 ≤ DBH < 45	IX	中年期 Middle-age
45 ≤ DBH < 50	X
50 ≤ DBH < 55	XI
55 ≤ DBH < 60	XII
60 ≤ DBH < 65	XIII	老年期 Old-age
65 ≤ DBH < 70	XIV
70 ≤ DBH < 75	XV
75 ≤ DBH	XVI

不同林区 Different forest	龄级 Age class	龄级指标 Age class index (cm)	A_x	l_x	lnl_x	d_x	q_x	L_x	T_x	e_x	K_x	S_x
尕海-则岔林区 Gahai-Zecha forest region	I	0 < DBH < 5	1 135	1 000	6.908	720	0.720	640	1 148	1.148	1.272	0.280
	II	5 ≤ DBH < 10	318	280	5.635	151	0.538	205	508	1.814	0.772	0.462
	III	10 ≤ DBH < 15	147	130	4.864	79	0.612	90	304	2.344	0.947	0.388
	IV	15 ≤ DBH < 20	57	50	3.916	11	0.211	45	214	4.254	0.236	0.789
	V	20 ≤ DBH < 25	45	40	3.680	5	0.133	37	169	4.256	0.143	0.867
	VI	25 ≤ DBH < 30	39	34	3.537	6	0.179	31	132	3.833	0.198	0.821
	VII	30 ≤ DBH < 35	32	28	3.339	7	0.250	25	100	3.563	0.288	0.750
	VIII	35 ≤ DBH < 40	24	21	3.051	4	0.208	19	76	3.583	0.234	0.792
	IX	40 ≤ DBH < 45	19	17	2.818	4	0.211	15	57	3.395	0.236	0.789
	X	45 ≤ DBH < 50	15	13	2.581	3	0.200	12	42	3.167	0.223	0.800
	XI	50 ≤ DBH < 55	12	11	2.358	3	0.250	9	30	2.833	0.288	0.750
	XII	55 ≤ DBH < 60	9	8	2.071	2	0.222	7	21	2.611	0.251	0.778
	XIII	60 ≤ DBH < 65	7	6	1.819	2	0.286	5	14	2.214	0.336	0.714
	XIV	65 ≤ DBH < 70	5	4	1.483	1	0.200	4	8	1.900	0.223	0.800
	XV	70 ≤ DBH < 75	4	4	1.260	1	0.250	3	4	1.250	0.288	0.750
	XVI	75 ≤ DBH	3	3	0.972	3		1	1	0.500
卡车林区 Kache forest region	I	0 < DBH < 5	405	1 000	6.908	753	0.753	503	1 006	1.006	1.399	0.247
	II	5 ≤ DBH < 10	100	247	5.509	168	0.680	126	503	2.036	1.139	0.320
	III	10 ≤ DBH < 15	32	79	4.370	12	0.156	42	377	4.766	0.170	0.844
	IV	15 ≤ DBH < 20	27	67	4.200	-30	-0.444	35	335	5.023	-0.368	1.444
	V	20 ≤ DBH < 25	39	96	4.567	-96	-1.000	50	299	3.110	-0.693	2.000
	VI	25 ≤ DBH < 30	78	193	5.261	12	0.064	99	249	1.293	0.066	0.936
	VII	30 ≤ DBH < 35	73	180	5.194	128	0.712	93	150	0.833	1.246	0.288
	VIII	35 ≤ DBH < 40	21	52	3.948	40	0.762	28	57	1.106	1.435	0.238
	IX	40 ≤ DBH < 45	5	12	2.513	2	0.200	7	29	2.386	0.223	0.800
	X	45 ≤ DBH < 50	4	10	2.290	2	0.250	6	22	2.230	0.288	0.750
	XI	50 ≤ DBH < 55	3	7	2.002	0	0.000	5	16	2.153	0.000	1.000
	XII	55 ≤ DBH < 60	3	7	2.002	2	0.333	5	11	1.517	0.405	0.667
	XIII	60 ≤ DBH < 65	2	5	1.597	0	0.000	3	7	1.323	0.000	1.000
	XIV	65 ≤ DBH	2	5	1.597	5		3	3	0.662
冶力关林区 Yeliguan forest region	I	0 < DBH < 5	278	1 000	6.908	712	0.712	503	1 494	1.494	1.246	0.288
	II	5 ≤ DBH < 10	80	288	5.662	158	0.550	147	990	3.441	0.799	0.450
	III	10 ≤ DBH < 15	36	129	4.864	-58	-0.444	67	843	6.513	-0.368	1.444
	IV	15 ≤ DBH < 20	52	187	5.231	7	0.038	96	776	4.150	0.039	0.962
	V	20 ≤ DBH < 25	50	180	5.192	22	0.120	93	680	3.781	0.128	0.880
	VI	25 ≤ DBH < 30	44	158	5.064	-94	-0.591	82	588	3.713	-0.464	1.591
	VII	30 ≤ DBH < 35	70	252	5.529	-101	-0.400	129	506	2.009	-0.336	1.400
	VIII	35 ≤ DBH < 40	98	353	5.865	216	0.612	179	377	1.070	0.947	0.388
	IX	40 ≤ DBH < 45	38	137	4.918	18	0.132	71	198	1.449	0.141	0.868
	X	45 ≤ DBH < 50	33	119	4.777	76	0.636	62	127	1.072	1.012	0.364
	XI	50 ≤ DBH < 55	12	43	3.765	14	0.333	23	66	1.518	0.405	0.667
	XII	55 ≤ DBH < 60	8	29	3.360	11	0.375	16	42	1.461	0.470	0.625
	XIII	60 ≤ DBH < 65	5	18	2.890	4	0.200	10	26	1.445	0.223	0.800
	XIV	65 ≤ DBH < 70	4	14	2.666	7	0.500	9	16	1.081	0.693	0.500
	XV	70 ≤ DBH < 75	2	7	1.973	4	0.500	5	7	0.976	0.693	0.500
	XVI	75 ≤ DBH	1	4	1.280	4		2	2	0.678

不同林区 Different forest	龄级 Age class	龄级指标 Age class index (cm)	A_x	l_x	lnl_x	d_x	q_x	L_x	T_x	e_x	K_x	S_x
尕海-则岔林区 Gahai-Zecha forest region	I	0 < DBH < 5	1 135	1 000	6.908	720	0.720	640	1 148	1.148	1.272	0.280
	II	5 ≤ DBH < 10	318	280	5.635	151	0.538	205	508	1.814	0.772	0.462
	III	10 ≤ DBH < 15	147	130	4.864	79	0.612	90	304	2.344	0.947	0.388
	IV	15 ≤ DBH < 20	57	50	3.916	11	0.211	45	214	4.254	0.236	0.789
	V	20 ≤ DBH < 25	45	40	3.680	5	0.133	37	169	4.256	0.143	0.867
	VI	25 ≤ DBH < 30	39	34	3.537	6	0.179	31	132	3.833	0.198	0.821
	VII	30 ≤ DBH < 35	32	28	3.339	7	0.250	25	100	3.563	0.288	0.750
	VIII	35 ≤ DBH < 40	24	21	3.051	4	0.208	19	76	3.583	0.234	0.792
	IX	40 ≤ DBH < 45	19	17	2.818	4	0.211	15	57	3.395	0.236	0.789
	X	45 ≤ DBH < 50	15	13	2.581	3	0.200	12	42	3.167	0.223	0.800
	XI	50 ≤ DBH < 55	12	11	2.358	3	0.250	9	30	2.833	0.288	0.750
	XII	55 ≤ DBH < 60	9	8	2.071	2	0.222	7	21	2.611	0.251	0.778
	XIII	60 ≤ DBH < 65	7	6	1.819	2	0.286	5	14	2.214	0.336	0.714
	XIV	65 ≤ DBH < 70	5	4	1.483	1	0.200	4	8	1.900	0.223	0.800
	XV	70 ≤ DBH < 75	4	4	1.260	1	0.250	3	4	1.250	0.288	0.750
	XVI	75 ≤ DBH	3	3	0.972	3		1	1	0.500
卡车林区 Kache forest region	I	0 < DBH < 5	405	1 000	6.908	753	0.753	503	1 006	1.006	1.399	0.247
	II	5 ≤ DBH < 10	100	247	5.509	168	0.680	126	503	2.036	1.139	0.320
	III	10 ≤ DBH < 15	32	79	4.370	12	0.156	42	377	4.766	0.170	0.844
	IV	15 ≤ DBH < 20	27	67	4.200	-30	-0.444	35	335	5.023	-0.368	1.444
	V	20 ≤ DBH < 25	39	96	4.567	-96	-1.000	50	299	3.110	-0.693	2.000
	VI	25 ≤ DBH < 30	78	193	5.261	12	0.064	99	249	1.293	0.066	0.936
	VII	30 ≤ DBH < 35	73	180	5.194	128	0.712	93	150	0.833	1.246	0.288
	VIII	35 ≤ DBH < 40	21	52	3.948	40	0.762	28	57	1.106	1.435	0.238
	IX	40 ≤ DBH < 45	5	12	2.513	2	0.200	7	29	2.386	0.223	0.800
	X	45 ≤ DBH < 50	4	10	2.290	2	0.250	6	22	2.230	0.288	0.750
	XI	50 ≤ DBH < 55	3	7	2.002	0	0.000	5	16	2.153	0.000	1.000
	XII	55 ≤ DBH < 60	3	7	2.002	2	0.333	5	11	1.517	0.405	0.667
	XIII	60 ≤ DBH < 65	2	5	1.597	0	0.000	3	7	1.323	0.000	1.000
	XIV	65 ≤ DBH	2	5	1.597	5		3	3	0.662
冶力关林区 Yeliguan forest region	I	0 < DBH < 5	278	1 000	6.908	712	0.712	503	1 494	1.494	1.246	0.288
	II	5 ≤ DBH < 10	80	288	5.662	158	0.550	147	990	3.441	0.799	0.450
	III	10 ≤ DBH < 15	36	129	4.864	-58	-0.444	67	843	6.513	-0.368	1.444
	IV	15 ≤ DBH < 20	52	187	5.231	7	0.038	96	776	4.150	0.039	0.962
	V	20 ≤ DBH < 25	50	180	5.192	22	0.120	93	680	3.781	0.128	0.880
	VI	25 ≤ DBH < 30	44	158	5.064	-94	-0.591	82	588	3.713	-0.464	1.591
	VII	30 ≤ DBH < 35	70	252	5.529	-101	-0.400	129	506	2.009	-0.336	1.400
	VIII	35 ≤ DBH < 40	98	353	5.865	216	0.612	179	377	1.070	0.947	0.388
	IX	40 ≤ DBH < 45	38	137	4.918	18	0.132	71	198	1.449	0.141	0.868
	X	45 ≤ DBH < 50	33	119	4.777	76	0.636	62	127	1.072	1.012	0.364
	XI	50 ≤ DBH < 55	12	43	3.765	14	0.333	23	66	1.518	0.405	0.667
	XII	55 ≤ DBH < 60	8	29	3.360	11	0.375	16	42	1.461	0.470	0.625
	XIII	60 ≤ DBH < 65	5	18	2.890	4	0.200	10	26	1.445	0.223	0.800
	XIV	65 ≤ DBH < 70	4	14	2.666	7	0.500	9	16	1.081	0.693	0.500
	XV	70 ≤ DBH < 75	2	7	1.973	4	0.500	5	7	0.976	0.693	0.500
	XVI	75 ≤ DBH	1	4	1.280	4		2	2	0.678

不同林区 Different forest	曲线方程 Survival curve	存活曲线类型 Survival type
尕海-则岔林区 Gahai-Zecha forest region	Y = 1052.654x ^-1.868, R²= 0.989, F = 1 085.471, p < 0.000 1	Deevey-III
尕海-则岔林区 Gahai-Zecha forest region	Y = 407.192e ^-1.321^x, R²= 0.856, F = 71.083, p < 0.000 1	Deevey-III
卡车林区 Kache forest region	Y = 538.798x ^-1.935, R²= 0.773, F = 40.811, p < 0.000 1	Deevey-II
卡车林区 Kache forest region	Y = 271.407e ^-0.373^x, R²= 0.838, F = 61.952, p < 0.000 1	Deevey-II
冶力关林区 Yeliguan forest region	Y = 290.048x ^-1.215, R²= 0.618, F = 19.429, p < 0.001	Deevey-II
冶力关林区 Yeliguan forest region	Y = 205.059e ^-0.245^x, R²= 0.736, F = 33.405, p < 0.000 1	Deevey-II