不同降雨条件下北京土石山区混生乔灌植物的水分吸收和生态位特征

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2024.0057

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

分析同一林分内上层乔木与下层灌木在不同降雨事件下的水分吸收和生态位变化特征, 探究混生植物的水分利用策略及对水分的竞争/互补关系, 可为北京土石山区植被恢复和管理提供理论依据。在不同降雨类型(干旱期发生的小雨, 简称“干旱小雨”; 相对湿润期发生的中雨, 简称“湿润中雨”; 干旱期发生的暴雨, 简称“干旱暴雨”)雨前和雨后1-4天内分别采集乔木(刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)、栾树(Koelreuteria paniculata)和侧柏(Platycladus orientalis))和灌木(荆条(Vitex negundo))的木质部、土壤、地下水和雨水样品, 分析其稳定同位素特征及其动态变化, 运用MixSIAR模型计算植物对各种潜在水源的利用比例, 并应用Levins指数和Levins重叠指数计算水分生态位宽度和生态位重叠度。结果表明: 土壤含水量和同位素组成、乔木和灌木吸水深度和水分生态位特征均受降雨类型的影响。(1)干旱小雨后灌木的水分利用对降水更为敏感, 其利用水源由深层土壤向上层土壤转移, 而乔木水分来源依然以地下水为主; 湿润中雨后, 不同林分的乔木和灌木均以0-40 cm土壤水为主要水分来源; 干旱暴雨改变了乔木和灌木的水分利用策略, 雨后灌木的主要水分来源均为0-40 cm浅层土壤水分, 而乔木对不同土层的吸水量趋于均匀。(2)干旱小雨前后, 刺槐和栾树生态位宽度低于对应林下灌木, 而干旱暴雨前后栾树生态位宽度高于林下灌木。侧柏和林下荆条生态位宽度对降雨的响应一致, 即荆条生态位宽度在雨后第1天陡增, 侧柏生态位宽度在雨后第2天陡增。干旱小雨前, 刺槐和林下荆条水分生态位重叠较大, 雨后其随降雨天数增加而递减。除干旱小雨前乔木和灌木具有相同水分来源之外, 乔木和灌木面对降雨具有不同水分利用策略, 从而避免了彼此间水分竞争。

关键词: 降雨, 氢氧稳定同位素, 水分利用策略, 水分生态位特征

Abstract:

Aims Our study aims to explore water usage strategies and the competitive or complementary relationships among neighboring arboreal and shrubby plants within the same stand under diverse rainfall conditions. Through an analysis of soil water absorption and water niche characteristics of these neighboring plants, we aim to provide a theoretical basis for vegetation restoration and management in the rocky mountainous areas, Beijing.

Methods Xylem samples were collected from trees including Robinia pseudoacacia, Koelreuteria paniculata, and Platycladus orientalis, as well as from the shrub Vitex negundo. Additionally, samples of soil, groundwater, and rainwater were gathered both before and 1-4 days following different types of rainfall events: light rain during a dry period, moderate rain during a wet period, and rainstorms during a dry period. These samples were analyzed to examine the characteristics and dynamic changes of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes composition (δ²H and δ¹⁸O). The MixSIAR model was employed to determine the contribution rates of groundwater and soil water from different soil layers to various plant species. Furthermore, water niche width and niche overlap were assessed using the Levins index and Levins overlap formula, respectively.

Important findings The results indicate that soil water content, δ²H and δ¹⁸O, water absorption depth, and niche characteristics of neighboring arboreal and shrubby plants were significantly influenced by the types of rainfall. Following light rainfall during a dry period, shrubs exhibited heightened sensitivity to precipitation, shifting their water source from deep soil to upper soil layers, while arboreal species predominantly relied on groundwater. After moderate rainfall during a wet period, arboreal and shrubby plants from different forest types primarily absorbed water from soil layers within the 0-40 cm depth range. Rainstorms during a dry period altered the water utilization strategies of arboreal and shrubby plants, with shrubs predominantly sourcing water from the 0-40 cm soil layers, while arboreal species exhibited more uniform water uptake across different soil layers. The niche width of R. pseudoacacia and K. paniculata was lower compared to corresponding shrubs before and after light rainfall during a dry period, whereas the niche width of K. paniculata exceeded that of understory shrubs both before and after rainstorms during dry periods. Platycladus orientalis and understory shrubs exhibited similar responses to different types of rainfall, with the niche width of P. orientalisexperiencing a sharp increase on the first day following rain, while that of shrubs spiked on the second day post-rainfall. For the dry period before light rainfall, there was a substantial overlap in the water niche between R. pseudoacaciaand understory shrubs, which diminished with an increase in the number of rainfall days thereafter. Except for the dry period before light rainfall, arboreal and shrubby plants demonstrated distinct water utilization strategies across different types of rainfall, thus mitigating water competition between them.

Key words: rainfall, hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes, water use strategy, water niche characteristic

周红娟, 刘子赫, 刘柯言, 张初蕊, 胡旭, 韩璐, 陈立欣. 不同降雨条件下北京土石山区混生乔灌植物的水分吸收和生态位特征. 植物生态学报, 2024, 48(9): 1089-1103. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0057

ZHOU Hong-Juan, LIU Zi-He, LIU Ke-Yan, ZHANG Chu-Rui, HU Xu, HAN Lu, CHEN Li-Xin. Water uptake and niche characteristics of neighboring plants for arbors and shrubs under different rainfall conditions in a rocky mountainous area, Beijing. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2024, 48(9): 1089-1103. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0057

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2024.0057

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2024/V48/I9/1089

图/表 10

表1 北京土石山区典型林木的样地基本信息(平均值±标准差)

Table 1 Basic information of typical forest trees in a rocky mountainous area in Beijing (mean ± SD)

林型 Forest type	海拔 Altitude (m)	坡度 Slope (°)	坡向 Slope aspect	密度 Density (tree·hm^-2)	胸径 Diameter at breast height (cm)	树高 Tree height (m)	林下灌木 Shrub	灌木高 Shrub height (m)	灌木生物量Shrub biomass (t·hm^-2)
RP	146.67	17	东北 Northeast	650	19.36 ± 3.25	9.34 ± 1.36	荆条 Vitex negundo	0.91 ± 0.14	1.59 ± 0.18
KP	155.29	15	东北 Northeast	700	8.64 ± 6.36	9.48 ± 1.23	荆条 Vitex negundo	0.75 ± 0.18	1.42 ± 0.15
PO	142.45	10	东北 Northeast	850	16.69 ± 4.55	10.25 ± 1.22	荆条 Vitex negundo	0.59 ± 0.11	1.33 ± 0.12

表2 采样时间和降雨信息

Table 2 Date of sampling and rainfall information

降雨日期 Rain event date	降雨量 Rainfall amount (mm)	降雨强度 Rainfall intensity (mm·min^-1)	降雨类型 Rainfall type	雨前 BR	雨后第1天 1st AR	雨后第2天 2nd AR	雨后第3天 3rd AR	雨后第4天 4th AR
2023-06-19	8.60	0.07	干旱小雨 Light rainfall during a dry period	2023-06-18	2023-06-20	2023-06-21	2023-06-22	ns
2023-08-21	13.44	0.04	湿润中雨 Moderate rainfall during a wet period	2023-08-15	2023-08-21	2023-08-22	ns	ns
2023-09-08-2023-09-10	85.20	0.04	干旱暴雨 Rainstorm during a dry period	2023-09-06	2023-09-10	2023-09-11	2023-09-12	2023-09-13

图1 北京土石山区采样期间土壤体积含水量和降雨的变化。KP, 栾树林; PO, 侧柏林; RP, 刺槐林。土壤体积含水量(m3·m−3)是每个样地在10、30和50 cm深度测量的平均值。

Fig. 1 Variations of soil volumetric water content and precipitation during the sampling period in a rocky mountainous area in Beijing. KP, Koelreuteria paniculata forest; PO, Platycladus orientalis forest; RP, Robinia pseudoacacia forest. The soil volumetric water content (m3·m−3) were the mean of measurements at the depths of 10, 30 and 50 cm for each plot.

图2 不同降雨类型下土壤水、乔木木质部水、灌木木质部水、雨水、地下水的氢氧同位素组成(δ2H和δ18O)分布特征(平均值±标准差)。Soil water, 土壤水; Tree xylem water, 乔木木质部水; Shrub xylem water, 灌木木质部水; 降雨量, 8.60、13.44和85.20 mm; LMWL, 大气降水线; GWL, 地下水线。不同小写字母表示降雨类型间存在显著差异(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 2 Distribution characteristics of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes composition (δ2H and δ18O) of soil water, tree xylem water, shrub xylem water, rain and groundwater under different rainfall types (mean ± SD). Rainfall amounts, 8.60 mm, 13.44 mm and 85.20 mm; LMWL, local meteoric water line; GWL, groundwater line. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at different rainfall types (p < 0.05).

图3 不同降雨量降雨前后不同林分土壤含水量变化(平均值±标准差)。KP, 栾树林; PO, 侧柏林; RP, 刺槐林。降雨量, 8.60、13.44和85.20 mm; BR, 雨前; 1st AR, 雨后第1天; 2nd AR, 雨后第2天; 3rd AR, 雨后第3天; 4th AR, 雨后第4天。不同小写字母表示同一土层不同采样时间土壤含水量存在显著差异(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 3 Variations of soil water content in different stands and rainfall amounts before and after rainfall (mean ± SD). KP, Koelreuteria paniculata forest; PO, Platycladus orientalis forest; RP, Robinia pseudoacacia forest. AR, after rain; BR, before rain. Rainfall amounts, 8.60, 13.44 and 85.20 mm. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences in soil water content under the same soil layer at different sampling times (p < 0.05).

图4 不同降雨量降雨前后不同林分土壤水氢氧同位素组成(δ2H和δ18O)的变化(平均值±标准差)。KP, 栾树林; PO, 侧柏林; RP, 刺槐林。降雨量, 8.60、13.44和85.20 mm; BR, 雨前; 1st AR, 雨后第1天; 2nd AR, 雨后第2天; 3rd AR, 雨后第3天; 4th AR, 雨后第4天。不同大写字母表示不同采样时间土壤水δ18O值存在显著差异, 不同小写字母表示不同采样时间土壤水δ2H值存在显著差异(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 4 Variations of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes composition (δ2H and δ18O) of soil water in different stands and rainfall amounts before and after rainfall (mean ± SD). RP, Robinia pseudoacacia forest; KP, Koelreuteria paniculata forest; PO, Platycladus orientalis forest. AR, after rain; BR, before rain. Rainfall amounts, 8.60 mm, 13.44 mm and 85.20 mm. Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences in δ18O values of soil water at different sampling times, and different lowercase letters indicate significant differences in δ2H values of soil water at different sampling times (p < 0.05).

图5 不同降雨量降雨前后不同林分木质部水的氢氧同位素组成(δ2H和δ18O)变化(平均值±标准差)。kp, 栾树; po, 侧柏; rp, 刺槐; vnkp, 栾树林下荆条; vnpo, 侧柏林下荆条; vnrp, 刺槐林下荆条。降雨量, 8.60、13.44和85.20 mm; BR, 雨前; 1st AR, 雨后第1天; 2nd AR, 雨后第2天; 3rd AR, 雨后第3天; 4th AR, 雨后第4天。不同大写字母表示不同植被间木质部同位素数值存在显著差异, 不同小写字母表示不同采样时间的木质部同位素数值存在显著差异(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 5 Variations of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes composition (δ2H and δ18O) of xylem water in different stands and rainfall amounts before and after rainfall (mean ± SD). kp, Koelreuteria paniculata; po, Platycladus orientalis; rp, Robinia pseudoacacia; vnkp, Vitex negundo under Koelreuteria paniculata; vnpo, Vitex negundo under Platycladus orientalis; vnrp, Vitex negundo under Robinia pseudoacacia. AR, after rain; BR, before rain. Rainfall amounts, 8.60, 13.44 and 85.20 mm. Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences in xylem isotope values among different vegetations, and different lowercase letters indicate significant differences in xylem isotope values at different sampling times (p < 0.05).

图6 不同降雨量降雨前后不同林分乔木和灌木对各层土壤水分的利用比例。kp, 栾树; po, 侧柏; rp, 刺槐; vnkp, 栾树林下荆条; vnpo, 侧柏林下荆条; vnrp, 刺槐林下荆条。降雨量, 8.60、13.44和85.2 mm。BR, 雨前; 1st AR, 雨后第1天; 2nd AR, 雨后第2天; 3rd AR, 雨后第3天; 4th AR, 雨后第4天; GW, 地下水。

Fig. 6 Absorption proportion of soil water in each layer for trees and shrubs in different stands and rainfall amounts before and after rainfall. kp, Koelreuteria paniculata; po, Platycladus orientalis; rp, Robinia pseudoacacia; vnkp, Vitex negundo under Koelreuteria paniculata; vnpo, Vitex negundo under Platycladus orientalis; vnrp, Vitex negundo under Robinia pseudoacacia. Rainfall amounts, 8.60, 13.44 and 85.2 mm. AR, after rain; BR, before rain. GW, groundwater.

图7 不同降雨量降雨前后不同林分上层乔木和下层灌木水分生态位宽度变化特征。kp, 栾树; po, 侧柏; rp, 刺槐; vnkp, 栾树林下荆条; vnpo, 侧柏林下荆条; vnrp, 刺槐林下荆条。降雨量, 8.60、13.44和85.20 mm。BR, 雨前; 1st AR, 雨后第1天; 2nd AR, 雨后第2天; 3rd AR, 雨后第3天; 4th AR, 雨后第4天。***, p < 0.001; *, p < 0.05; ns, p > 0.05。

Fig. 7 Variations of water niche width of overstory arbors and understory shrubs in different stands and rainfall amounts before and after rainfall. kp, Koelreuteria paniculata; po, Platycladus orientalis; rp, Robinia pseudoacacia; vnkp, Vitex negundo under Koelreuteria paniculata; vnpo, Vitex negundo under Platycladus orientalis; vnrp, Vitex negundo under Robinia pseudoacacia. Rainfall amounts, 8.60, 13.44 and 85.20 mm; AR, after rain; BR, before rain. ***, p < 0.001; *, p < 0.05; ns, p > 0.05.

图8 降雨前后不同林分上层乔木和下层灌木水分生态位重叠变化特征。KP, 栾树林; PO, 侧柏林; RP, 刺槐林。BR, 雨前; 1st AR, 雨后第1天; 2nd AR, 雨后第2天; 3rd AR, 雨后第3天; 4th AR, 雨后第4天。不同小写字母表示降雨类型间存在显著差异(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 8 Characteristics of water niche overlap of overstory arbors and understory shrubs in different stands before and after rainfall. KP, Koelreuteria paniculata forest; PO, Platycladus orientalis forest; RP, Robinia pseudoacacia forest. AR, after rain; BR, before rain. Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference in different rainfall types (p < 0.05).

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