艾美耳球虫投放对高原鼠兔及高寒草地植物群落特征的影响

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2024.0168

植物生态学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (1): 199-210.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0168 cstr: 32100.14.cjpe.2024.0168

艾美耳球虫投放对高原鼠兔及高寒草地植物群落特征的影响

姚宝辉¹^,⁴, 王蓉¹^,³^,⁴, 谈昭贤¹^,³^,⁴, 张妍¹^,²^,⁴, 王义弘¹^,²^,⁴, 王苏芹¹^,²^,⁴, 周华坤¹^,⁴, 曲家鹏¹^,⁴^,^*()()

¹中国科学院西北高原生物研究所, 西宁 810008
²中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
³青海师范大学生命科学学院, 西宁 810008
⁴青海省动物生态基因组学重点实验室, 西宁 810008

收稿日期:2024-05-21 接受日期:2024-12-10 出版日期:2025-01-20 发布日期:2025-03-08
通讯作者: * 曲家鹏: ORCID: 0000-0002-8584-336X (jpqu@nwipb.cas.cn)
基金资助:
中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(A类)(XDA26020201);国家自然科学基金(32471603);青海省重点研发与转化计划(2023-SF-120);2024年第二批中央林业改革发展基金(2024-TG16);青海省昆仑英才高端创新创业人才项目

Effects of Eimeria spp. control of plateau pika on the plant community characteristics of alpine grassland

YAO Bao-Hui¹^,⁴, WANG Rong¹^,³^,⁴, TAN Zhao-Xian¹^,³^,⁴, ZHANG Yan¹^,²^,⁴, WANG Yi-Hong¹^,²^,⁴, WANG Su-Qin¹^,²^,⁴, ZHOU Hua-Kun¹^,⁴, QU Jia-Peng¹^,⁴^,^*()()

¹Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China
²University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
³College of Life Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
⁴Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining 810008, China

Received:2024-05-21 Accepted:2024-12-10 Online:2025-01-20 Published:2025-03-08
Supported by:
Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA26020201);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32471603);Qinghai Provincial Key R&D and Transformation Program(2023-SF-120);Central Financial Funds for Forestry and Grassland Reform and Development in 2024(2024-TG16);Leading Talents of the Kunlun Talents in Qinghai Province

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)是青藏高原优势草食小型哺乳动物, 通过采食、挖掘及排泄等行为活动影响草地生态系统功能。艾美耳球虫(Eimeria spp.)是高原鼠兔的主要肠道寄生物, 具有较高的种属特异性, 是一种潜在的高原鼠兔种群防控新模式。然而, 艾美耳球虫防控高原鼠兔后高寒草地植被的变化情况尚不清楚。该研究选取艾美耳球虫防控高原鼠兔后的草地和对照草地, 通过分析不同处理后高寒草地植被多样性、共现网络和指示种等来探究艾美耳球虫防控高原鼠兔后对草地植被群落结构的影响。结果表明: 在野外投放艾美耳球虫后, 高原鼠兔的有效洞口数显著下降, 控鼠效果良好。艾美耳球虫投放后草地总盖度、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和β多样性指数等均显著增高; 混合效应模型的结果表明, 艾美耳球虫投放对草地植被Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数的影响更大。艾美耳球虫防控高原鼠兔后植被群落共现网络分析中的群落间关联性和平均连通度增高, 草地关键物种由杂类草变成了禾本科和莎草科物种。研究结果为青藏高原高寒草地生物多样性保护、高寒草地啮齿动物科学防控以及生态系统适应性管理提供新的见解。

关键词: 艾美耳球虫, 高原鼠兔, 植物群落, 共现网络分析, 防控效果

Abstract:

Aims Plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) is a dominant small herbivorous mammal on the Qingzang Plateau, which affects the grassland ecosystem function through feeding, digging and excreting. Eimeriaspp., as the main intestinal parasite of plateau pika, has relatively high species specificity and is a potential new model for population control of plateau pika. However, it is still unclear about the change of plant communities in alpine grassland after control of plateau pika by Eimeriaspp.

Methods In this study, the grassland after control of plateau pika by Eimeria spp. and the control grassland were selected, and the plant diversity and network stability of alpine grassland after different treatments were analyzed to explore the effects of control of plateau pika by Eimeriaspp. on the plant community structure of grassland.

Important findings After field placement of Eimeriaspp., the active burrow entrance of plateau pika decreased significantly. After Eimeriaspp. treatment, grassland total coverage, Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson index and β diversity index increased significantly. The results of the mixed-effects model showed that Eimeriaspp. treatment had a greater impact on the Simpson index and Pielou evenness index. Increased inter-community correlations and average connectivity and stability in co-occurrence network analyses of plant communities after control of plateau pika by Eimeriaspp., and grassland keystone species changed from forbs to gramineae and cyperaceae. The results of this study provide new insights for biodiversity conservation, glires control, and ecosystem adaptive management of alpine grassland on the Qingzang Plateau.

Key words: Eimeria spp., plateau pika, plant community, co-occurrence network analysis, control effect

姚宝辉, 王蓉, 谈昭贤, 张妍, 王义弘, 王苏芹, 周华坤, 曲家鹏. 艾美耳球虫投放对高原鼠兔及高寒草地植物群落特征的影响. 植物生态学报, 2025, 49(1): 199-210. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0168

YAO Bao-Hui, WANG Rong, TAN Zhao-Xian, ZHANG Yan, WANG Yi-Hong, WANG Su-Qin, ZHOU Hua-Kun, QU Jia-Peng. Effects of Eimeria spp. control of plateau pika on the plant community characteristics of alpine grassland. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2025, 49(1): 199-210. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0168

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2024.0168

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2025/V49/I1/199

图/表 6

图1 青藏高原高寒草地不同处理下草地有效洞口数的变化(平均值±标准误)。CK, 对照草地; ES, 艾美耳球虫投放草地。**, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001; ns, p > 0.05。

Fig. 1 Changes in the number of effective burrow openings in alpine grasslands on the Qingzang Plateau under different treatments (mean ± SE). CK, control grassland; ES, grassland treated with Eimeria spp. **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001; ns, p > 0.05.

表1 不同年份和处理下草地植被特征指标的变化(平均值±标准误)

Table 1 Changes in different years and treatments of the active burrow entrance and plant characteristic index (mean ± SE)

指标 Index	2022			2023
指标 Index	CK	ES	p	CK	ES	p
总盖度 Total coverage (%)	71.03 ± 2.09	73.07 ± 2.03	0.488	74.97 ± 1.89	85.90 ± 2.26	<0.001
立枯盖度 Vertical withering coverage (%)	0.71 ± 0.06	0.65 ± 0.08	0.558	0.63 ± 0.10	0.60 ± 0.13	0.842
碎屑盖度 Fragment coverage (%)	2.27 ± 0.21	2.50 ± 0.40	0.608	1.97 ± 0.23	1.90 ± 0.24	0.840
平均高度 Average height (cm)	2.40 ± 0.13	2.72 ± 0.18	0.162	3.28 ± 0.21	2.96 ± 0.21	0.286
丰富度指数 Species richness index	16.57 ± 0.50	15.43 ± 0.62	0.080	11.93 ± 0.31	11.60 ± 0.57	0.613
Shannon-Wiener指数 Shannon-Wiener index	2.26 ± 0.04	2.10 ± 0.07	0.051	1.89 ± 0.04	2.08 ± 0.07	0.015
Simpson指数 Simpson index	0.85 ± 0.01	0.82 ± 0.01	0.135	0.78 ± 0.01	0.83 ± 0.01	0.007
Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index	0.81 ± 0.01	0.79 ± 0.02	0.360	0.77 ± 0.01	0.86 ± 0.02	<0.001
β多样性指数 β diversity index	0.65 ± 0.01	0.67 ± 0.03	0.674	0.68 ± 0.02	0.74 ± 0.02	0.049

图2 年份(Year)、艾美耳球虫投放(ES)及其相互作用(Inter)对植被多样性变化的贡献。A, 丰富度指数。B, Shannon-Wiener指数。C, Simpson指数。D, Pielou均匀度指数。E, β多样性指数。

Fig. 2 Contribution of years (Year), Eimeria spp. treatment (ES), and their interaction (Inter) to the changes in plant diversity. A, Species richness index. B, Shannon-Wiener index. C, Simpson index. D, Pielou evenness index. E, β diversity index.

图3 不同处理下植被群落共现网络分析。CK2022, 2022年对照草地; CK2023, 2023年对照草地; ES2022, 2022年艾美耳球虫投放草地; ES2023, 2023年艾美耳球虫投放草地。Aco. szechenyianum, 铁棒槌; Aja. tenuifolia, 细叶亚菊; Aju. lupulina, 白苞筋骨草; Ana. lactea, 乳白香青; And. umbellata, 点地梅; Ane. obtusiloba, 钝裂银莲花; Ant. nitens, 茅香; Arg. anserina, 鹅绒委陵菜; Art. dubia, 牛尾蒿; Art. sieversiana, 大籽蒿; Astr. membranaceus, 黄耆; Aste. yunnanensis, 云南紫菀; Bup. longiradiatum, 大叶柴胡; Car. Alatauensis subsp. minor, 矮生嵩草; Car. atrofusca, 黑褐穗薹草; Car. kokanica, 喜马拉雅嵩草; Cir. souliei, 葵花大蓟; Con. ajacis, 飞燕草; Cor. bungeana, 地丁草; Del. densiflorum, 密花翠雀花; Dra. nemorosa, 葶苈; Els. densa, 密花香薷; Ely. nutans, 垂穗披碱草; Eph. sinica, 草麻黄; Eup. fischeriana, 狼毒大戟; Fes. ovina, 羊茅; Gal. verum, 蓬子菜; Gen. algida, 高山龙胆; Gen. farreri, 线叶龙胆; Gen. squarrosa, 鳞叶龙胆; Gen. straminea, 麻花艽; Gue. diversifolia, 异叶米口袋; Gym. gymnandrum, 露蕊乌头; Her. hemsleyanum, 独活; Inc. sinensis, 角蒿; Iri. tectorum, 鸢尾; Kno. sibirica, 西伯利亚蓼; Koe. macrantha, 草; Lag. gaertn, 兔耳草; Lan. tibetica, 肉果草; Leo. leontopodioides, 火绒草; Leo. nanum, 矮火绒草; Lig. virgaurea, 黄帚橐吾; Lon. semenovii, 藏西忍冬; Lys. maritima, 海乳草; Mic. sikkimensis, 微孔草; Mor. chinensis, 摩苓草; Mor. kokonorica, 青海刺参; Oxy. ochrocephala, 黄花棘豆; Oxy. qinghaiensi, 青海棘豆; Par. trinervis, 三脉梅花草; Ped. kansuensis, 甘肃马先蒿; Per. desmocephala, 聚头帚菊; Phl. rotata, 独一味; Ple. camtschaticu, 棱子芹; Ple. hookeri, 叠裂子芹; Poa annua, 早熟禾; Pot. multifida, 多裂委陵菜; Pot. nivea, 雪白委陵菜; Prz. tangutica, 唐古特马尿泡; Ran. japonicus, 毛茛; Sau. pulchra, 美丽风毛菊; Sau. stella, 星状风毛菊; Sci. distigmaticus, 双柱头藨草; Ste. chamaejasme, 瑞香狼毒; Sti. aliena, 异针茅; Sti. capillata, 针茅; Swe. bimaculata, 獐牙菜; Tar. mongolicum, 蒲公英; Tha. alpinum, 高山唐松草; Tha. aquilegiifolium, 唐松草; Ver. polita, 婆婆纳。

Fig. 3 Plant community co-occurrence network under different treatments. CK2022, Control grassland in 2022; CK2023, control grassland in 2023; ES2022, grassland treated with Eimeria in 2022; ES2023, Grassland treated with Eimeria in 2023. Aco. szechenyianum, Aconitum szechenyianum; Aja. tenuifolia, Ajania tenuifolia; Aju. lupulina, Ajuga lupulina; Ana. lactea, Anaphalis lactea; And. umbellata, Androsace umbellata; Ane. obtusiloba, Anemone obtusiloba; Ant. nitens, Anthoxanthum nitens; Arg. anserina, Argentina anserina; Art. dubia, Artemisia dubia; Art. sieversiana, Artemisia sieversiana; Astr. membranaceus, Astragalus membranaceus; Aste. yunnanensis, Aster yunnanensis; Bup. longiradiatum, Bupleurum longiradiatum; Car. alatauensis, Carex alatauensis; Car. atrofusca, Carex atrofusca subsp. minor; Car. kokanica, Carex kokanica; Cir. souliei, Cirsium souliei; Con. ajacis, Consolida ajacis; Cor. bungeana, Corydalis bungeana; Del. densiflorum, Delphinium densiflorum; Dra. nemorosa, Draba nemorosa; Els. densa, Elsholtzia densa; Ely. nutans, Elymus nutans; Eph. sinica, Ephedra sinica; Eup. fischeriana, Euphorbia fischeriana; Fes. ovina, Festuca ovina; Gal. verum, Galium verum; Gen. algida, Gentiana algida; Gen. farreri, Gentiana farreri; Gen. squarrosa, Gentiana squarrosa; Gen. straminea, Gentiana straminea; Gue. diversifolia, Gueldenstaedtia diversifolia; Gym. gymnandrum, Gymnaconitum gymnandrum; Her. hemsleyanum, Heracleum hemsleyanum; Inc. sinensis, Incarvillea sinensis; Iri. tectorum, Iris tectorum; Kno. sibirica, Knorringia sibirica; Koe. macrantha, Koeleria macrantha; Lag. gaertn, Lagotis gaertn; Lan. tibetica, Lancea tibetica; Leo. leontopodioides, Leontopodium leontopodioides; Leo. nanum, Leontopodium nanum; Lig. virgaurea, Ligularia virgaurea; Lon. semenovii, Lonicera semenovii; Lys. maritima, Lysimachia maritima; Mic. sikkimensis, Microula sikkimensis; Mor. chinensis, Morina chinensis; Mor. kokonorica, Morina kokonorica; Oxy. ochrocephala, Oxytropis ochrocephala; Oxy. qinghaiensi, Oxytropis qinghaiensi; Par. trinervis, Parnassia trinervis; Ped. kansuensis, Pedicularis kansuensis; Per. desmocephala, Pertya desmocephala; Phl. rotata, Phlomoides rotata; Ple. camtschaticu, Pleurospermum camtschaticu; Ple. hookeri, Pleurospermum hookeri; Pot. multifida, Potentilla multifida; Pot. nivea, Potentilla nivea; Prz. tangutica, Przewalskia tangutica; Ran. japonicus, Ranunculus japonicus; Sau. pulchra, Saussurea pulchra; Sau. stella, Saussurea stella; Sci. distigmaticus, Scirpus distigmaticus; Ste. chamaejasme, Stellera chamaejasme; Sti. aliena, Stipa aliena; Sti. capillata, Stipa capillata; Swe. bimaculata, Swertia bimaculata; Tar. mongolicum, Taraxacum mongolicum; Tha. alpinum, Thalictrum alpinum; Tha. aquilegiifolium, Thalictrum aquilegiifolium; Ver. polita, Veronica polita.

表2 不同处理下植被群落共现网络分析的相关参数

Table 2 Parameters related to the plant community co-occurrence network under different treatments

	节点 Node	边 Edge	平均连通度 Average connectivity	平均聚类系数 Average clustering coefficient
CK2022	38	243	12.789	0.790
CK2023	31	257	16.581	0.835
ES2022	34	237	13.941	0.642
ES2023	39	438	25.528	0.828

图4 不同处理中的关键植物物种SPEC-OCCU图。x轴表示占有率, 即植物物种在不同处理的所有30个样方中的分布情况; y轴表示特异性, 即植物物种是否也存在于其他处理中。CK2022, 2022年对照草地; CK2023, 2023年对照草地; ES2022, 2022年艾美耳球虫投放草地; ES2023, 2023年艾美耳球虫投放草地。

Fig. 4 SPEC-OCCU plots show the key plant species in different treatments. The x-axis represents occupancy, i.e., how well the plant species are distributed across all 30 quadrats of different treatments; and the y-axis represents specificity, i.e., whether they are also found in other treatments. CK2022, control grassland in 2022; CK2023, control grassland in 2023; ES2022, grassland treated with Eimeria in 2022; ES2023, grassland treated with Eimeria in 2023.

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艾美耳球虫投放对高原鼠兔及高寒草地植物群落特征的影响

Effects of Eimeria spp. control of plateau pika on the plant community characteristics of alpine grassland

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