关键词: 花性状, 访花昆虫偏好, 功能群, 植物－访花昆虫网络

Abstract: Aims Floral traits acting as primary mediators of plant–insect interactions, exert a direct influence on the foraging preferences and pollination efficiency of insects, particularly in urban green spaces. Investigating the effects of floral traits on flower visiting insect preference and community structure in urban green spaces can provide a scientific basis for conserving flower visiting insect diversity and constructing insect friendly habitats. Methods Six urban parks in Fuzhou were selected as study sites. A total of 124 flowering plant species were systematically observed for 12 floral traits (morphological and structural) and their associated diurnal flower visiting insect communities. An integrated approach combining random forest models, linear mixed models, canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), and functional diversity analysis was employed to examine the effects of floral traits on insect visitation frequency, preference, and community structure. Important findings Urban angiosperms exhibited a high degree of floral trait diversity. Random forest models identified stamen length, flowering height, and inflorescence type as key predictors of the number of flower visits; linear mixed models further highlighted inflorescence type as the primary determinant. CCA revealed distinct preference patterns: bees, syrphid flies and flies were attracted to yellow/white flowers with capitulum inflorescence and exserted stamen. Butterflies showed a preference for red/purple, bilateral symmetry, spike inflorescence. Furthermore, we observed that beetles, mosquitoes and other flower-visiting insects generally preferred asymmetry flowers with large corolla diameter, high flower height, and elongated stamen and gynoecium. Ants favored red flowers with long corolla tubes and cyme inflorescence. Floral trait functional diversity analysis showed that the diversity of corolla tube length, stamen length and gynoecium length significantly affected the evenness and dominance of insect communities. By increasing the overall functional diversity of floral traits, we can effectively promote species richness and community diversity while concurrently reducing species dominance. Community‑weighted means of stamen length, gynoecium length, tube length and tube diameter significantly influenced insect community structure and the number of flower visits. In summary, floral morphological and structural traits are key drivers of flower visiting insect preference and community structure in urban habitats, with distinct responses among insect functional groups. Our findings provide a scientific basis for constructing insect‑friendly urban plant communities.

Key words: Flower trait, flower-visiting insects preference, function group, plant-pollinator interaction