云南铁杉开花结实特性及其与环境因子的关系

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00086

植物生态学报 ›› 2013, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (9): 820-829.DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00086

云南铁杉开花结实特性及其与环境因子的关系

李立¹^,²^,^*(), 杨佳妮³, 崔凯¹, 李正红¹, 李根前², 廖声熙¹

¹中国林业科学研究院资源昆虫研究所, 昆明 650224
²西南林业大学林学院, 昆明 650224
³北京林业大学梁希2010级理科实验班, 北京 100083
⁴Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, CT 06514 USA
⁵School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, CT 06511, USA

收稿日期:2012-12-26 接受日期:2013-05-22 出版日期:2013-12-26 发布日期:2013-09-02
通讯作者: 李立
作者简介:*E-mail: lili19661118@126.com
基金资助:
美国农业部林务局国际合作项目(09-IC-11420004-064)

Strobili and seed characteristics of Tsuga dumosa and its relationship with environmental factors

LI Li¹^,²^,^*(), YANG Jia-Ni³, CUI Kai¹, R. Talbot TROTTER⁴^,⁵, LI Zheng-Hong¹, LI Gen-Qian², LIAO Sheng-Xi¹

¹Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China
²College of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
³Science Experimental Class of Liang Xi in 2010, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
⁴Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, CT 06514 USA
⁵School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, CT 06511, USA

Received:2012-12-26 Accepted:2013-05-22 Online:2013-12-26 Published:2013-09-02
Contact: LI Li

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以进入生殖阶段的8个天然云南铁杉(Tsuga dumosa)种群为对象, 对开花、结实植株(24个样株)的生长量进行测定, 并采用标准枝法对不同树冠层次与方位的开花及结实数量进行调查, 研究了开花结实规律和对其有主要影响的环境因子。结果表明: 云南铁杉雌、雄球花比为1:2, 雌球花转化为果实的数量仅占28%, 胸径为7 cm (树龄约25年)的植株最早进入开花结实阶段, 胸径为25-30 cm的植株开花结实量最高, 胸径为89 cm (树龄约200年)的植株开花结实最晚; 树冠不同层次与方位上开花结实数量有着明显的差异; 相关性分析得出植株胸径与开花结实量极显著相关(p < 0.01)、与冠幅显著相关, 生境中林分郁闭度与开花结实量、株高、胸径之间均呈负相关关系, 其中与结实量的相关性达显著水平; 主成分分析得出植株开花及结实主要受到温度因子、水分因子、光照因子协同作用的影响。云南铁杉雌雄球花的比例偏雄性、结实周期长、结实方式不经济、灾害性天气的影响是造成该种群逐渐走向濒危的主要原因。因此, 采用人工促进天然更新、建立母树林和种子园以提高种子的质量, 对云南铁杉种群的恢复和保护具有重要意义。

关键词: 环境因子, 雄球花, 雌球花, 种群恢复, 球果, 云南铁杉

Abstract:

Aims In this paper, we studied the timing and environmental factors associated with the production of male and female strobili (cones) of Tsuga dumosa using eight populations of reproductive age.
Methods We measured the growth of 24 reproductive plants, and quantified the production of male and female cones at multiple canopy heights and directions using the standard branch method.
Important findings The ratio of female to male cones was 1:2, and only 28% female cones developed seeds. Plants with a 7 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) (about 25 years old) begin producing cones first, while plants with DBH between 25 and 30 cm produced the highest abundance of male and female cones. A plant with a 89 cm DBH (about 200 years old) produced cones latest. There were obvious differences in the distribution of male and female cones at different canopy heights and orientations. Correlation analyses show that there was a significant positive correlation between DBH and cone (male and female) quantity (p < 0.01), and a significant positive correlation between DBH and the size of canopy. There was a negative correlation between canopy density and cone quantity, height, and DBH. The seed yield was significantly negative correlation. Analysis using principal components indicated temperature, water, and light exposure were the main factors affecting cone production. These factors caused population decline in the ratio between female and male cones towards male-biased, and seed bearing period is long and seed bearing way is not economic. Thus, weather conditions aggravated population decline. Artificial regeneration, establishing a seed orchard, and improving the quality of seeds are significant factors in the improvement of seed quality and population restoration.

Key words: environmental factor, female cone, male cone, population restoration, strobili, Tsuga dumosa

李立, 杨佳妮, 崔凯, 李正红, 李根前, 廖声熙. 云南铁杉开花结实特性及其与环境因子的关系. 植物生态学报, 2013, 37(9): 820-829. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00086

LI Li, YANG Jia-Ni, CUI Kai, R. Talbot TROTTER, LI Zheng-Hong, LI Gen-Qian, LIAO Sheng-Xi. Strobili and seed characteristics of Tsuga dumosa and its relationship with environmental factors. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2013, 37(9): 820-829. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00086

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00086

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2013/V37/I9/820

图/表 11

参考文献 24

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样地 SP	经度 Longitude	纬度 Latitude	海拔 H (m)	郁闭度 CD	年平均气温 MAT (℃)	最冷月平均气温 MTC (℃)	最暖月平均气温 MTW (℃)	年降水量 AP (mm)	≥10 ℃年积温 AT_≥10℃(℃)	年日照时数 ASH (h)	相对湿度 RH (%)
1	99°48′ E	26°39′ N	3 027	0.48	10.8	3.1	15.5	1 351.9	3 046.7	2 003.6	78
2	99°25′ E	26°83′ N	2 840	0.62	14.7	3.8	18.2	1 066.5	3 371.6	2 196.8	74
3	99°18′ E	26°27′ N	2 956	0.55	12.1	3.6	17.2	1 022.3	3 211.0	2 176.4	73
4	100°42′ E	24°29′ N	2 704	0.72	17.6	10.9	22.8	1 103.5	6 398.1	2 100.9	76
5	101°37′ E	24°23′ N	2 890	0.61	16.8	10.3	20.9	961.3	5 711.4	2 133.2	71
6	101°22′ E	24°11′ N	2 700	0.70	17.4	10.5	21.6	952.7	5 722.8	2 252.4	69
7	100°16′ E	27°09′ N	2 925	0.59	16.3	9.7	20.1	1 121.7	4 832.5	2 092.6	77
8	98°50′ E	25°21′ N	2 810	0.64	15.6	8.1	20.9	974.2	4 929.4	2 379.6	72

样地 SP	经度 Longitude	纬度 Latitude	海拔 H (m)	郁闭度 CD	年平均气温 MAT (℃)	最冷月平均气温 MTC (℃)	最暖月平均气温 MTW (℃)	年降水量 AP (mm)	≥10 ℃年积温 AT_≥10℃(℃)	年日照时数 ASH (h)	相对湿度 RH (%)
1	99°48′ E	26°39′ N	3 027	0.48	10.8	3.1	15.5	1 351.9	3 046.7	2 003.6	78
2	99°25′ E	26°83′ N	2 840	0.62	14.7	3.8	18.2	1 066.5	3 371.6	2 196.8	74
3	99°18′ E	26°27′ N	2 956	0.55	12.1	3.6	17.2	1 022.3	3 211.0	2 176.4	73
4	100°42′ E	24°29′ N	2 704	0.72	17.6	10.9	22.8	1 103.5	6 398.1	2 100.9	76
5	101°37′ E	24°23′ N	2 890	0.61	16.8	10.3	20.9	961.3	5 711.4	2 133.2	71
6	101°22′ E	24°11′ N	2 700	0.70	17.4	10.5	21.6	952.7	5 722.8	2 252.4	69
7	100°16′ E	27°09′ N	2 925	0.59	16.3	9.7	20.1	1 121.7	4 832.5	2 092.6	77
8	98°50′ E	25°21′ N	2 810	0.64	15.6	8.1	20.9	974.2	4 929.4	2 379.6	72

样株 ST	胸径 DBH (cm)	株高 TH (m)	冠幅 CB (m²)
1	20.2	8.3	2.4
2	30.3	10.4	2.9
3	25.0	9.5	2.6
4	30.5	11.8	3.2
5	20.4	8.6	2.5
6	26.1	11.1	2.8
7	21.4	9.4	2.5
8	31.2	11.9	3.6
9	26.7	10.6	3.0
10	34.6	14.2	5.1
11	29.4	12.5	4.6
12	25.3	10.3	3.9
13	27.6	11.6	3.5
14	32.8	13.3	4.8
15	24.3	9.8	3.4
16	28.6	12.2	3.7
17	33.9	13.7	5.2
18	24.8	10.2	3.3
19	22.6	9.3	2.6
20	31.7	12.9	4.2
21	26.9	11.4	3.1
22	32.2	12.7	4.4
23	23.5	9.5	2.7
24	27.3	11.2	3.8

样株 ST	胸径 DBH (cm)	株高 TH (m)	冠幅 CB (m²)
1	20.2	8.3	2.4
2	30.3	10.4	2.9
3	25.0	9.5	2.6
4	30.5	11.8	3.2
5	20.4	8.6	2.5
6	26.1	11.1	2.8
7	21.4	9.4	2.5
8	31.2	11.9	3.6
9	26.7	10.6	3.0
10	34.6	14.2	5.1
11	29.4	12.5	4.6
12	25.3	10.3	3.9
13	27.6	11.6	3.5
14	32.8	13.3	4.8
15	24.3	9.8	3.4
16	28.6	12.2	3.7
17	33.9	13.7	5.2
18	24.8	10.2	3.3
19	22.6	9.3	2.6
20	31.7	12.9	4.2
21	26.9	11.4	3.1
22	32.2	12.7	4.4
23	23.5	9.5	2.7
24	27.3	11.2	3.8

差异源 Difference source	df	SS	MS	F	F_0.05	F_0.01
上层 Upside layer	5	5 716.335	1 143.267	127.353^**	8.754	9.932
中层 Middle layer	5	2 654.246	530.849	61.267^*	8.754	9.932
下层 Under layer	5	957.432	191.486	20.913	8.754	9.932
东向 East	5	1 431.653	286.331	32.658	8.754	9.932
南向 South	5	1 214.387	242.877	27.465	8.754	9.932
西向 West	5	2 485.761	497.152	58.739^*	8.754	9.932
北向 North	5	2 159.635	431.927	54.571^*	8.754	9.932

云南铁杉开花结实特性及其与环境因子的关系

Strobili and seed characteristics of Tsuga dumosa and its relationship with environmental factors

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参考文献 24

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层次与方位 Layer and orientation	平均值 Average ($\overline{X}$)	$\overline{X}$–14 876	$\overline{X}$–18 651	$\overline{X}$–19 206	$\overline{X}$–20 309	$\overline{X}$–21 098	$\overline{X}$–22 796
上层 Upside layer	41 592	26 716^**	22 941^**	22 386^**	21 283^**	20 494^**	18 796^**
中层 Middle layer	22 796	7 920^*	4 145^*	3 590	2 487	1 698
西向 West	21 098	6 222^*	2 447	1 892	789
北向 North	20 309	5 433^*	1 658	1 103
东向 East	19 206	4 330	555
南向 South	18 651	3 775
下层 Under layer	14 876

差异源 Difference source	df	SS	MS	F	F_0.05	F_0.01
上层 Upside layer	5	653.426	130.685	55.418^*	2.749	3.861
中层 Middle layer	5	1 175.248	235.050	104.136^**	2.749	3.861
下层 Under layer	5	296.374	59.275	12.781	2.749	3.861
东向 East	5	557.642	111.528	46.394^*	2.749	3.861
南向 South	5	593.286	118.657	48.563^*	2.749	3.861
西向 West	5	325.741	65.148	17.932	2.749	3.861
北向 North	5	381.579	76.316	22.647	2.749	3.861

层次与方位 Layer and orientation	平均值 Average ($\overline{X}$)	$\overline{X}$–1 006	$\overline{X}$–1 100	$\overline{X}$–1 234	$\overline{X}$–2 577	$\overline{X}$–2 691	$\overline{X}$–2 795
中层 Middle layer	3 801	2 795^**	2 701^**	2 567^**	1 224	1 110	1 006
上层 Upside layer	2 795	1 789^*	1 695^*	1 561^*	218	104
南向 South	2 691	1 685^*	1 591^*	1 457^*	114
东向 East	2 577	1 571^*	1 477^*	1 343
北向 North	1 234	228	134
西向 West	1 100	94
下层 Under layer	1 006

	NFS	NMS	NCS	TH	DBH	CB	E	N	H
NFS	1.000	0.516	0.951^**	0.262	0.936^**	0.197	0.324	-0.602	-0.569
NMS		1.000	0.768	0.374	0.943^**	0.524	0.635	0.278	0.433
NCS			1.000	0.067	0.925^**	0.873^*	0.147	-0.094	-0.902^*
TH				1.000	0.037	0.049	-0.053	0.031	-0.126
DBH					1.000	0.856^*	-0.089	-0.046	-0.154
CB						1.000	0.072	-0.025	-0.098
	MTC		MTW	MAT	AT_≥10℃	AP	RH	ASH	CD
NFS	0.513		0.632	0.458	0.715	-0.746	-0.619	0.885^*	-0.731
NMS	0.648		0.724	0.605	0.793	-0.681	-0. 573	0.891^*	-0.627
NCS	0.846^*		0.851^*	0.863^*	0.957^**	0.948^**	0.837^*	0.674	-0.829^*
TH	-0.710		0.203	0.114	0.074	0.054	0.092	0.380	-0.016
DBH	-0.345		0.428	0.309	0.831^*	0.876^*	0.704	0.538	-0.064
CB	-0.184		0.317	0.256	0.312	0.167	0.068	0.457	0.273

变量 Variable	主成分 Principal component
变量 Variable	1	2	3
E	0.293	0.628	0.532
N	0.267	0.451	0.674
H	-0.018	0.236	0.095
MTC	0.931	-0.160	0.013
MTW	0.956	-0.122	0.085
MAT	0.942	-0.143	0.056
AT_≥10℃	0.984	-0.097	0.132
AP	-0.165	0.928	-0.073
RH	-0.240	0.745	-0.327
ASH	0.021	-0.252	0.896
特征值 Eigenvalue	7.423	3.054	2.254
方差贡献率 % of variance	52.367	21.246	8.132
累积贡献率 % of cumulative	52.367	73.613	81.745

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