放牧对内蒙古典型草原生态系统植物及土壤δ15N的影响

doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.02.007

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

植物和土壤中的¹⁵N自然丰度值(δ¹⁵N)是评价生态系统N循环的一个重要指标, 而放牧是草原生态系统的主要土地利用方式, 对草原生态系统的N循环过程的改变起着重要作用。该研究测定了内蒙古锡林河流域放牧和围封条件下草原群落主要优势植物和土壤的δ¹⁵N值, 探讨放牧对草原N循环的影响。研究中所测定的8种植物叶片δ¹⁵N变化很大(-4.04‰-4.34‰), 但与植物功能型有一定的相关性。放牧显著降低了大针茅(Stipa grandis)、杂类草和小半灌木木地肤(Kochia prostrata)的δ¹⁵N值。具有潜在共生固氮能力的豆科植物δ¹⁵N偏低负值(-4.04‰ - -1.90‰), 但在放牧和围封条件下无显著差异; 而被认为具有联合固氮能力的羊草(Leymus chinensis), 放牧后δ¹⁵N显著增加, 一定程度上表明了豆科植物和羊草生物固氮能力的存在。所有植物中, 除无菌根侵染的木地肤外, 其他有丛枝菌根真菌侵染记录的物种δ¹⁵N值较低, 通常接近0或为负值, 说明在N限制的内蒙古草原, 菌根转运N可能也是一种重要的N源途径。放牧显著降低了0-20 cm土壤δ¹⁵N值, 这也与过去的研究结果不同。δ¹⁵N的测定为生态系统提供了一个整合时空N循环过程的综合指标, 反映出放牧改变了草原生态系统的N循环。

关键词: δ¹⁵N, 草原生态系统, 放牧, 氮循环

Abstract:

Aims Stable N isotope signature (δ¹⁵N) in both plant and soil is potentially an important parameter to evaluate N cycling in grassland ecosystems. Grazing is a dominant land use in northern China grasslands and might have greatly changed N cycling. Our objective was to determine the¹⁵N signature of leaves and soils in grazed and fenced plots of a typical steppe to investigate how δ¹⁵N values in an ecosystem are affected by grazing.

Methods We collected foliar and soil samples in a nearly 20 years fenced plot and an adjacent freely grazed plot. The foliar samples came from eight dominant species, including three perennial legumes (Caragana microphylla, Astragalus galactites and Melilotoides ruthenica), two grasses (Leymus chinensis and Stipa grandis), two forbs (Heteropappus altaicus and Potentilla acaulis) and a semi-shrub (Kochia prostrata). We also sampled 0-10 and 10-20 cm rhizosphere soils of C. microphylla and K. prostrata. Nitrogen isotope ratios were determined with a Thermal Finnigan MAT Delta^plus XP isotope-ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS).

Important findings Although the δ¹⁵N value of leaves of different plant species varied greatly, the observed pattern of variability is consistent in both grazed and fenced plots, i.e., semi-shrub > forbs and grasses > legumes. Long-term grazing reduced foliar δ¹⁵N values of forbs, semi-shrub and S. grandis significantly while changing little or even increasing that of potential biological N fixers (legumes and L. chinensis). As the only arbuscular mycorrhizae non-infected plant species, K. prostrata is enriched in¹⁵N (with δ¹⁵N values of 4.34‰ ± 0.35‰ and 2.04‰ ± 0.20‰ in fenced and grazed plots, respectively) compared with the depletion of other species. Mycorrhizal association may be considered to play an important role in plant nutrient transfer in those N-limited grassland ecosystems. In contrast to results of previous studies, soil δ¹⁵N values decreased significantly with grazing.

Key words: ¹⁵N signature, grassland ecosystems, grazing, N cycling

吴田乡, 黄建辉. 放牧对内蒙古典型草原生态系统植物及土壤δ¹⁵N的影响. 植物生态学报, 2010, 34(2): 160-169. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.02.007

WU Tian-Xiang, HUANG Jian-Hui. Effects of grazing on the δ ¹⁵N values of foliage and soil in a typical steppe ecosystem in Inner Mongolia, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2010, 34(2): 160-169. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.02.007

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.02.007

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2010/V34/I2/160

图/表 5

表1 围封和放牧样地中土壤的理化性质

Table 1 Soil physiochemical properties in fenced and grazed plots

土地利用 Land use	土层深度 Soil depth (cm)	土壤含水量 Soil moisture (%)	pH	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	全磷 Total P (g·kg^-1)	铵态氮 NH₄⁺-N (mg·kg^-1)	硝态氮 NO₃^--N (mg·kg^-1)
围封	0-10	2.02	6.78	16.01	0.92	0.21	2.15	0.57
Fenced	10-20	1.72	6.72	10.11	0.50	0.14	2.19	0.76
放牧	0-10	1.06	6.89	9.20	0.56	0.14	7.31	1.68
Grazed	10-20	1.48	6.62	9.28	0.55	0.14	7.22	1.91

图1 放牧和围封下小叶锦鸡儿和木地肤根际土壤的δ15N (平均值±标准误差)。 a、b, 表示在p < 0.05水平上差异显著。

Fig. 1 δ15N of rhizosphere soils of Caragana microphylla and Kochia prostrata in fenced and grazed plots (mean ± SE). a, b represent significant difference at p < 0.05.

图2 放牧和围封条件下各类植物叶片的δ15N值(平均值 ± 标准误差)。 Asga., 乳白花黄芪; Cami., 小叶锦鸡儿; Heal., 阿尔泰狗娃花; Kopr., 木地肤; Lech., 羊草; Meru., 扁蓿豆; Poac., 星毛委陵菜; Stgr., 大针茅; *, p < 0.05, **, p < 0.01, ***, p < 0.001; ns表示差异不显著

Fig. 2 Foliar 15N natural abundance of plant species in fenced and grazed plots (mean ± SE). Asga., Astragalus galactites; Cami., Caragana microphylla; Heal., Heteropappus altaicus; Kopr., Kochia prostrata; Lech., Leymus chinensis; Meru., Melilotoides ruthenica; Poac., Potentilla acaulis; Stgr., Stipa grandis; *, p < 0.05, **, p < 0.01, ***, p < 0.001; ns denotes no significant difference

图3 植物叶片的δ15N和氮含量(%)的关系。 A, 豆科植物; B, 所有非豆科植物; C, 非豆科植物(不包括小半灌木木地肤); Rf2和Rg2分别表示围封和放牧条件下的R2值。

Fig. 3 Relationship between foliar δ15N and N concentration (%). A, legumes; B, all non-legumes; C, non-legumes except semi-shrub; Rf2, Rg2 represent R2 values under fenced and grazed conditions, respectively.

表2 放牧和围封条件下豆科植物的分布情况

Table 2 Distribution of legumes in grazed and fenced plots

物种 Species	土地利用 Land use	密度 Density (plant·m^-2)	频度 Frequency (%)	高度 Height (cm)
扁蓿豆 Melilotoides ruthenica	围封 Fenced	0.05	5	5.00
扁蓿豆 Melilotoides ruthenica	放牧 Grazed	1.50	60	8.05
小叶锦鸡儿 Caragana microphylla	围封 Fenced	0.95	40	22.42
小叶锦鸡儿 Caragana microphylla	放牧 Grazed	1.15	35	15.76
乳白花黄芪 Astragalus galactites	放牧 Grazed	1.10	55	3.93

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放牧对内蒙古典型草原生态系统植物及土壤δ¹⁵N的影响

Effects of grazing on the δ ¹⁵N values of foliage and soil in a typical steppe ecosystem in Inner Mongolia, China

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