太阳辐射变化对亚热带人工常绿针叶林总初级生产力影响的模拟分析

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00019

植物生态学报 ›› 2014, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (3): 219-230.DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00019

所属专题：生态系统碳水能量通量

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太阳辐射变化对亚热带人工常绿针叶林总初级生产力影响的模拟分析

李登秋¹^,^*(), 周艳莲²^,^**, 居为民¹, 王辉民³, 柳艺博¹, 吴小翠¹

¹南京大学国际地球系统科学研究所, 南京 210023
²南京大学地理与海洋科学学院, 南京 210023
³中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所生态系统网络观测与模拟重点实验室, 北京 100101

收稿日期:2013-11-04 接受日期:2013-12-04 出版日期:2014-11-04 发布日期:2014-02-27
通讯作者: 李登秋,周艳莲
作者简介:**E-mail: zhouyl@nju.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家重点基础研究发展规划(973计划)(2010CB833503);国家重点基础研究发展规划(973计划)(2010CB950702);国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)(2012AA12A306);江苏省高校优势学科建设工程资助项目;江苏省高校优秀科技创新团队项目

Modelling the effects of changes in solar radiation on gross primary production in subtropical evergreen needle-leaf plantations

LI Deng-Qiu¹^,^*(), ZHOU Yan-Lian²^,^**, JU Wei-Min¹, WANG Hui-Min³, LIU Yi-Bo¹, WU Xiao-Cui¹

¹International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
²School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
³Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

Received:2013-11-04 Accepted:2013-12-04 Online:2014-11-04 Published:2014-02-27
Contact: LI Deng-Qiu,ZHOU Yan-Lian

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

太阳辐射是陆地生态系统碳水循环的能量来源。太阳辐射的变化对植被吸收大气CO₂具有重要影响。该文通过辐射观测数据建立散射辐射比例与晴空指数的关系, 结合生态过程模型(BEPS)和通量观测数据, 模拟分析了太阳辐射变化对千烟洲常绿针叶林总初级生产力(GPP)的影响。研究结果表明: 千烟洲森林生态系统的阴叶对年GPP总量的贡献达67%, 太阳辐射变化对阴叶光合作用的影响决定了冠层GPP的变化; 太阳辐射强度和分布的年际差异导致年GPP对太阳辐射变化的响应不同, 2003、2004和2005年太阳辐射分别变化-5.44%、-1.83%和6.26%, 可使千烟洲生态系统当年GPP总量达到最大值; 在季节上, 太阳辐射的增加会导致5-6月GPP上升, 7-9月GPP下降, 使年GPP变化程度降低; 在天尺度上, 晴空指数在0.43时, 太阳辐射变化对GPP的影响最小。

关键词: 散射辐射, 直接辐射, 总初级生产力, 阴叶, 阳叶

Abstract:

Aims Solar radiation is the energy source of terrestrial ecosystem carbon and water cycles. Observation shows that solar radiation has experienced noticeable variations in recent decades and significantly impacted on plant photosynthesis. Our objective was to investigate the impacts of changes in solar radiation on gross primary production (GPP) at the Qianyanzhou eddy tower site in subtropical forest in China.
Methods We first established the relationship between diffuse radiation fraction and clearness index based on the observed solar radiation and diffuse radiation data. Then, a two-leaf ecological process model, the Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator (BEPS), was used to simulate the impacts of different changes in solar radiation on shaded GPP, sunlit GPP, and canopy GPP in the typical subtropical evergreen needle-leaf plantations.
Important findings Results showed that the effects of changes in solar radiation on shaded leaves predominantly determined the changes in the canopy photosynthesis as the shaded leaves contributed 67% to the total GPP. The impacts of changes in solar radiation on GPP varied inter-annually due to variations in the intensity and distribution of solar radiation from year to year. The GPP during 2003-2005 reached maximum when the solar radiation changed by -5.44%, -1.83%, and 6.26% in each year, respectively. Increased solar radiation enhanced the GPP during May and June, but reduced the GPP from July through September. The shaded leaves responded to changes in radiation differently in different seasons, and the sunlit and shaded leaves had different responses in the same season. Consequently, there were patterns of apparent offset in the total GPP and reduced sensitivity to changes in solar radiation on an annual basis. The changes in solar radiation had the smallest impact on GPP when the clearness index was at 0.43.

Key words: diffuse radiation, direct radiation, gross primary production, shaded leaf, sunlit leaf

李登秋, 周艳莲, 居为民, 王辉民, 柳艺博, 吴小翠. 太阳辐射变化对亚热带人工常绿针叶林总初级生产力影响的模拟分析. 植物生态学报, 2014, 38(3): 219-230. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00019

LI Deng-Qiu, ZHOU Yan-Lian, JU Wei-Min, WANG Hui-Min, LIU Yi-Bo, WU Xiao-Cui. Modelling the effects of changes in solar radiation on gross primary production in subtropical evergreen needle-leaf plantations. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2014, 38(3): 219-230. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00019

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00019

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2014/V38/I3/219

图/表 10

图1 2003-2005年千烟洲人工林生态系统晴空指数与太阳辐射的季节变化。A、B和C分别为2003、2004和2005年。柱状图表示不同晴空指数区间(<0.25, 0.25-0.50, ≥0.50)在各月所占百分比; 空心圆表示各月平均太阳辐射。

Fig. 1 Seasonal variations in the clearness index and solar radiation in the Qianyanzhou plantation ecosystem from 2003 to 2005. A, B and C are 2003, 2004 and 2005, respectively. The bar represents the percentage of predefined intervals of clearness index (<0.25, 0.25-0.50, ≥0.50) in each month; the open circle represents the monthly average solar radiation.

表1 BEPS模型模拟的千烟洲通量塔观测站2003-2005年总初级生产力与观测数据的比较

Table 1 Comparisons between gross primary production (GPP) simulated by the BEPS model and observed at the Qianyanzhou eddy tower site during 2003-2005

年 Year	观测总初级生产力 Observed GPP (g C·m^-2·a^-1)	模拟总初级生产力 Simulated GPP (g C·m^-2·a^-1)	阴叶总初级生产力 GPP in shaded leaves (g C·m^-2·a^-1)	决定系数 Determination coefficient	平均偏差 Mean bias error	均方根误差 Error of mean square root
2003	1 650	1 695	1 138	0.85	0.12	1.01
2004	1 730	1 767	1 174	0.89	0.10	0.83
2005	1 609	1 718	1 157	0.87	0.30	1.02
2003-2005	1 663	1 727	1 156	0.86	0.13	0.94

图2 散射辐射比例与晴空指数的散点(圆圈)图和拟合曲线(实线)。R0, 大气层顶太阳辐射; Rd, 散射辐射; Rs, 太阳辐射。

Fig. 2 Scatterplot between diffuse radiation fraction and clearness index (circle), along with the fitted regression curve (solid line). R0, solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere; Rd, diffuse radiation; Rs, solar radiation.

图3 大气层顶太阳辐射(R0)为40 MJ·m-2·d-1时, 太阳辐射(Rs)、直接辐射(Rb)和散射辐射(Rd)随晴空指数(Rs/R0)的变化。

Fig. 3 Changes in solar radiation (Rs), direct radiation (Rb), and diffuse radiation (Rd) with clearness index (Rs/R0) when solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere (R0) is equal to 40 MJ·m-2·d-1.

图4 阴、阳叶吸收的光合有效辐射(APAR) (A)和总初级生产力(GPP)(B)随太阳辐射变化比例的变化。ΔAPARsh、ΔAPARsun、ΔGPPsh和ΔGPPsun分别为阴叶吸收的APAR、阳叶吸收的APAR、阴叶总初级生产力和阳叶总初级生产力的变化幅度。2003SH、2004SH和2005SH表示2003-2005年阴叶; 2003SUN、2004SUN和2005SUN表示2003-2005年阳叶。

Fig. 4 Variations in the photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) (A) and gross primary production (GPP) (B) with changes in solar radiation for shaded and sunlit leaves. ΔAPARsh, ΔAPARsun, ΔGPPsh and ΔGPPsun are the difference (in percentage) of APAR absorbed by the shaded leaves, APAR absorbed by the sunlit leaves, GPP in the shaded leaves, and GPP in the sunlit leaves. 2003SH, 2004SH and 2005SH represent shaded leaves in 2003-2005, respectively; 2003SUN, 2004SUN and 2005SUN represent sunlit leaves in 2003-2005, respectively.

图5 2003-2005年总初级生产力(GPP)与太阳辐射变化比例的关系。x, 太阳辐射变化比例; y, 年总初级生产力。

Fig. 5 Relationships between gross primary production (GPP) and changes in solar radiation in 2003, 2004, and 2005, respectively. x, changes in solar radiation; y, annual GPP.

图6 2003-2005年太阳辐射变化对各月总初级生产力(GPP)的影响。A、B、C为2003-2005年冠层的GPP。D、E、F为2003-2005年阴叶的GPP。G、H、I为2003-2005年阳叶的GPP。ΔGPP、ΔGPPsh和ΔGPPsun分别为冠层总初级生产力、阴叶总初级生产力和阳叶总初级生产力的变化。

Fig. 6 Impacts of changes in solar radiation on monthly gross primary production (GPP) during 2003-2005. A, B and C are the canopy GPP in 2003, 2004, and 2005, respectively. D, E and F are GPP of the shaded leaves in 2003, 2004, and 2005, respectively. G, H and I are GPP in the sunlit leaves in 2003, 2004, and 2005, respectively. ΔGPP, ΔGPPsh and ΔGPPsun are the differences in the canopy GPP, GPP in the shaded leaves, and GPP in the sunlit leaves, respectively.

图7 不同晴空指数下太阳辐射变化对冠层总初级生产力(GPP)、阴叶总初级生产力(GPPsh)和阳叶总初级生产力(GPPsun)的影响。A、B、C分别为冠层、阴叶和阳叶总初级生产力的变化百分比。D、E、F分别为冠层、阴叶和阳叶总初级生产力变化的差值。

Fig. 7 Impacts of changes in solar radiation on canopy gross primary production (GPP), GPP in the shaded leaves (GPPsh), and GPP in the sunlit leaves (GPPsun) in different clearness index intervals. A, B and C are the differences in the percentage for canopy GPP, GPP in the shaded leaves, and GPP in the sunlit leaves, respectively. D, E and F are the differences in canopy GPP, GPP in the shaded leaves, and GPP in the sunlit leaves, respectively.

表2 2003-2005年不同时期晴空指数分布

Table 2 Distribution of clearness index over different periods during 2003-2005

年份 Year	平均晴空指数 Mean clearness index			晴空指数≤0.43 Clearness index ≤0.43
年份 Year	1-12月 January to December	4-6月 April to June	7-9月 July to September	1-12月 January to December	4-6月 April to June	7-9月 July to September
2003	0.39 (0.21)	0.35 (0.18)	0.51 (0.16)	45%	55%	23%
2004	0.38 (0.20)	0.38 (0.19)	0.47 (0.16)	50%	53%	35%
2005	0.33 (0.21)	0.34 (0.18)	0.45 (0.18)	60%	60%	38%
平均值 Mean	0.37 (0.21)	0.36 (0.18)	0.48 (0.17)	52%	56%	32%

附表1 BEPS模型模拟千烟洲生态系统总初级生产力关键参数

Appendix table 1 The key parameters used in the BEPS model in simulating gross primary production (GPP) of the Qianyanzhou ecosystem

参数描述 Parameter description	参数值 Parameter value	来源 Source
比叶面积 Specific leaf area (m²·kg^-1 C)	15	Li et al., 2007
聚集度指数 Clumping index	0.60	He et al., 2013
冠层消光系数 Canopy extinction coefficient	-0.5	Chen & Cihlar, 1996
最大冠层导度 Maximum canopy conductance (mm·s^-1)	1.6	Running & Coughlan, 1988
最大羧化速率 Maximum carboxylation rate (μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1)	20	Ju et al., 2010
最大叶氮含量 Maximum leaf nitrogen concentration (%)	1.5	Bonan, 1995
最大叶肉导度 Maximum mesophyll conductance (CO₂ m·s^-1)	8.0e-04	Liu, 2013
光合最低温度 Minimum temperature for photosynthesis (℃)	0	Liu, 2013
光合最适温度 Optimum temperature for photosynthesis (℃)	28	Wen et al., 2010
光合最高温度 Maximum temperature for photosynthesis (℃)	37	Liu, 2013
冠层对降雨的截留系数 Precipitation intercept rate (m·LAI^-1·d^-1)	0.001	Liu, 2013
气孔关闭时的叶水势 Leaf water potential at stomatal closure (MPa)	-2.1	Wang et al., 1991
气孔开放时的叶水势 Leaf water potential at stomatal opening (MPa)	-1.0	Wang et al., 1991
光补偿点 Light compensation point (kJ·m^-2·d^-1)	432	Liu, 2013

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太阳辐射变化对亚热带人工常绿针叶林总初级生产力影响的模拟分析

Modelling the effects of changes in solar radiation on gross primary production in subtropical evergreen needle-leaf plantations

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