不同放牧条件下锡林郭勒典型草原土壤水分分布特征及降水入渗估算

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2018.0067

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

由人类活动所导致的锡林郭勒草原草场退化、土地沙化等问题日趋严重, 区域土壤水资源评价及其科学管理显得尤为重要。为确定锡林郭勒典型草原不同放牧条件对深层土壤剖面水分动态及降水入渗补给的影响, 选取1979年以来禁牧(UG79)、1999年以来禁牧(UG99)和持续放牧(CG) 3个小区6个土壤剖面, 基于不同深度土层的质量含水量、Cl ^-浓度等数据, 分析了放牧对深层土壤水分特征的影响, 且利用氯质量平衡法估算了降水入渗补给量。结果表明: 1)禁牧可以提高土壤含水量, 且禁牧时间越长, 效果越显著, 尤以表层最为明显。整个土壤剖面(0-5 m)土壤质量含水量的平均值表现为UG79 > UG99 > CG, 但各处理间差异不显著; 0-2 m UG79处理土壤剖面质量含水量分别比UG99和CG处理高26.6%和33.7%, 储水量分别高87.19 mm和82.52 mm, 且UG79处理与UG99、CG差异显著, 但UG99与CG之间差异不显著; 除局部地区受土壤颗粒组成影响含水量不同外, 各处理2-5 m土层含水量和储水量差异较小; 2)不同处理土壤含水量影响因素不同, 0-2 m土层含水量主要受地表植被状况和土壤性质的综合影响, 而2-5 m土层则主要受土壤颗粒组成的影响, 但随着禁牧年限的增加, 土壤有机质(SOM)含量对土壤水分的影响越来越大。UG79整个土壤剖面含水量与土壤颗粒含量和SOM含量呈极显著相关关系, UG99与CG处理0-2 m含水量与SOM含量呈极显著相关关系, 2-5 m土壤含水量与土壤颗粒含量呈极显著相关关系, 而与SOM含量相关性不显著; 3)氯质量平衡法估算得出年降水入渗补给率为UG79 > UG99 > CG, 35年和15年禁牧分别将降水入渗补给率提高了130.2%和44.5%; 考虑干沉降的不确定性, 研究区年降水入渗补给率为1.95-7.61 mm·a ^-1, 仅占年降水量的0.55%-2.13%。总之, 禁牧能够增加土壤含水量和储水量, 增加降水对土壤水分的补给, 但降水不是该区地下水的主要补给源。

关键词: 土壤水分, 降水入渗率, 典型草原, 氯质量平衡法

Abstract:

Aims In the Xilin Gol Steppe, human-induced grassland degradation and land desertification are becoming increasingly severe. Critical evaluation of its impact on soil water and recharge rate is important for sustainable management of soil health and water resources in the region.
Methods In order to determine the effect of different grazing history on dynamics of deep soil moisture contents and precipitation infiltration in the Xilin Gol Steppe, three sites with different grazing history (ungrazed since 1979 or UG79, ungrazed since 1999 or UG99, and continuously grazed or CG) were selected with two sampling spots for each site. The precipitation infiltration was estimated using the chloride mass balance method.
Important findings The results showed that: 1) Average soil water content of 0-5 m was 7.1%, 6.9%, and 6.3% for UG79, UG99, and CG, respectively, with no significant difference. In the soil layer of 0-2 m, the soil water content of UG79 was 26.6% and 33.7% higher than that of UG99 and CG, respectively. The soil water content of UG79 was significantly higher than that of UG79 and UG99 (p < 0.05) with no significant difference between UG99 and CG. The soil water storage capacity of UG79 was 87.19 mm higher than UG99 and 82.52 mm higher than CG. In the deep layer of 2-5 m, no significant difference in the soil water content and the water storage among different grazing history. 2) The factors influencing soil water differed among different grazing treatments. The soil water content was mainly affected by the vegetation conditions and soil properties for the 0-2 m soil layer, but by the composition of soil particles for the 2-5 m soil layer. The effect of soil organic matter (SOM) content on soil water increased with time without grazing. Soil water content of the entire soil profile of UG79 was significantly correlated with soil texture and SOM content (p < 0.01). Soil water content of 0-2 m was significantly correlated with SOM content (p < 0.01), soil water content of 2-5 m was significantly correlated with the soil texture (p <0.01), but soil moisture content of UG99 and CG had no significant correlation with SOM content. 3) Annual recharge rate was 5.64, 3.54, and 2.45 mm·a ^-1 for UG79, UG99 and CG, respectively. The recharge rate increased by 44.5% and 130.2% for the site without grazing for 15 and 35 years, respectively. The recharge rate in the study area ranged from 1.95 to 7.61 mm·a ^-1, accounting for only 0.55%-2.13% of the precipitation. In summary, ungrazing treatment can increase soil water retention, total water storage capacity, and recharge.

Key words: soil moisture, recharge rate, steppe, Chloride Mass Balance

李晋波, 姚楠, 赵英, 范庭, 张建国, 兰志龙, 易军, 司炳成. 不同放牧条件下锡林郭勒典型草原土壤水分分布特征及降水入渗估算. 植物生态学报, 2018, 42(10): 1033-1042. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2018.0067

LI Jin-Bo, YAO Nan, ZHAO Ying, FAN Ting, ZHANG Jian-Guo, LAN Zhi-Long, YI Jun, SI Bing-Cheng. Characteristics of soil water distribution and evaluation of recharge rate under different grazing history in the Xilin Gol Steppe. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2018, 42(10): 1033-1042. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2018.0067

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https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2018/V42/I10/1033

图/表 7

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特征 Characteristic	1979年以来禁牧 Ungrazed since 1979	1999年以来禁牧 Ungrazed since 1999	持续放牧 Continuously grazed
面积 Area (hm²)	24	35	40
海拔 Altitude (m)	1259	1274	1273
地理坐标 Geographic coordinates	43.55° N, 116.65° E	43.55° N, 116.67° E	43.55° N, 116.66° E
土壤有机质含量 Soil organic matter content (g·kg^-1, 0-10 cm)	55.31	49.65	38.70
坡度 Slope (°)	2.7-3.0	2.6-3.0	2.7-2.9
容重 Bulk density (g·cm^-3)
4-8 cm	1.14	1.15	1.30
18-22 cm	1.39	1.26	1.43
30-34 cm	1.44	1.33	1.43
40-44 cm	1.43	1.31	1.46
地上生物量 Aboveground biomass (g·m^-2)	26.33	22.29	0.81
植被覆盖度 Vegetation coverage (%)	41	48	4
优势种 Dominant species	羊草、黄囊薹草、羽茅、大针茅等 Leymus chinensis, Carex korshinskyi, Achnatherum sibiricum, Stipa grandis et al.	黄囊薹草、羊草、大针茅、根茎冰草等 Carex korshinskyi, Leymus chinensis Stipa grandis, Agropyron michnoi et al.	羊草、黄囊薹草、糙隐子草、大针茅等 Leymus chinensis, Carex korshinskyi, Stipa grandis, Cleistogenes squarrosa et al.

特征 Characteristic	1979年以来禁牧 Ungrazed since 1979	1999年以来禁牧 Ungrazed since 1999	持续放牧 Continuously grazed
面积 Area (hm²)	24	35	40
海拔 Altitude (m)	1259	1274	1273
地理坐标 Geographic coordinates	43.55° N, 116.65° E	43.55° N, 116.67° E	43.55° N, 116.66° E
土壤有机质含量 Soil organic matter content (g·kg^-1, 0-10 cm)	55.31	49.65	38.70
坡度 Slope (°)	2.7-3.0	2.6-3.0	2.7-2.9
容重 Bulk density (g·cm^-3)
4-8 cm	1.14	1.15	1.30
18-22 cm	1.39	1.26	1.43
30-34 cm	1.44	1.33	1.43
40-44 cm	1.43	1.31	1.46
地上生物量 Aboveground biomass (g·m^-2)	26.33	22.29	0.81
植被覆盖度 Vegetation coverage (%)	41	48	4
优势种 Dominant species	羊草、黄囊薹草、羽茅、大针茅等 Leymus chinensis, Carex korshinskyi, Achnatherum sibiricum, Stipa grandis et al.	黄囊薹草、羊草、大针茅、根茎冰草等 Carex korshinskyi, Leymus chinensis Stipa grandis, Agropyron michnoi et al.	羊草、黄囊薹草、糙隐子草、大针茅等 Leymus chinensis, Carex korshinskyi, Stipa grandis, Cleistogenes squarrosa et al.

深度 Depth (m)	储水量 Water storage (mm)			平均含水量 Average water content (%)
深度 Depth (m)	UG79	UG99	CG	UG79	UG99	CG
0-1	119.40 ± 11.43^a	110.52 ± 8.49^a	93.74 ± 19.67^a	8.52 ± 0.76^a	8.07 ± 0.58^a	6.40 ± 1.20^a
1-2	139.75 ± 2.32^a	61.44 ± 3.97^b	82.89 ± 1.44^b	8.91 ± 0.18^a	4.59 ± 0.24^b	5.17 ± 0.10^b
2-3	103.39 ± 27.89^b	138.66 ± 23.60^a	87.03 ± 31.86^b	6.40 ± 1.72^b	8.53 ± 1.45^a	5.39 ± 2.26^b
3-4	85.76 ± 26.60^a	86.16 ± 2.60^a	110.19 ± 17.07^a	5.28 ± 1.64^a	5.28 ± 0.16^a	6.77 ± 1.05^a
4-5	44.57 ± 8.12^b	143.75 ± 3.85^a	149.90 ± 59.55^ab	5.47 ± 0.63^a	8.82 ± 0.24^a	9.19 ± 3.65^a

深度 Depth (m)	储水量 Water storage (mm)			平均含水量 Average water content (%)
深度 Depth (m)	UG79	UG99	CG	UG79	UG99	CG
0-1	119.40 ± 11.43^a	110.52 ± 8.49^a	93.74 ± 19.67^a	8.52 ± 0.76^a	8.07 ± 0.58^a	6.40 ± 1.20^a
1-2	139.75 ± 2.32^a	61.44 ± 3.97^b	82.89 ± 1.44^b	8.91 ± 0.18^a	4.59 ± 0.24^b	5.17 ± 0.10^b
2-3	103.39 ± 27.89^b	138.66 ± 23.60^a	87.03 ± 31.86^b	6.40 ± 1.72^b	8.53 ± 1.45^a	5.39 ± 2.26^b
3-4	85.76 ± 26.60^a	86.16 ± 2.60^a	110.19 ± 17.07^a	5.28 ± 1.64^a	5.28 ± 0.16^a	6.77 ± 1.05^a
4-5	44.57 ± 8.12^b	143.75 ± 3.85^a	149.90 ± 59.55^ab	5.47 ± 0.63^a	8.82 ± 0.24^a	9.19 ± 3.65^a

处理 Sampling plots	样本数 Number of samples	土壤有机质 SOM	沙粒 Sand	粉粒 Silt	黏粒 Clay
UG79 (0-2 m)	20	0.537^**	-0.597^**	0.633^**	0.441^**
UG99 (0-2 m)	20	0.890^**	-0.295	0.195	0.390*
CG (0-2 m)	20	0.795^**	-0.436^*	0.467^*	0.362
UG79 (2-5 m)	25	0.720^**	-0.565^**	0.380^*	0.578^**
UG99 (2-5 m)	25	0.233	-0.678^**	0.611^**	0.668^**
CG (2-5 m)	25	-0.199	-0.569^**	0.547^**	0.567^**