森林土壤氮转化速率特征及其影响因素

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2024.0292

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

土壤氮矿化、硝化和微生物氮固持是关键的土壤氮循环过程, 对土壤供氮能力具有重要影响。了解森林土壤氮转化速率特征有助于深入理解森林土壤氮动态及森林生态系统生产力。该研究通过整合分析78篇已发表论文中的685项观测数据, 探究了全球尺度上的森林土壤总氮矿化速率、总硝化速率及微生物氮固持速率特征及其关键影响因素。结果表明: (1)森林土壤总氮矿化速率、总硝化速率和微生物氮固持速率的平均值分别为(6.65 ± 0.61)、(1.99 ± 0.21)和(8.10 ± 1.45) mg N·kg^-1·d^-1。(2)土壤总氮矿化速率和微生物氮固持速率在不同森林类型间存在显著差异。热带森林和温带针叶林具有较高氮矿化速率, 而亚热带阔叶林和亚热带针叶林的氮矿化速率较低; 温带针阔混交林具有较高的微生物氮固持速率, 而亚热带阔叶林和亚热带针叶林的微生物氮固持速率较低。(3)土壤总硝化速率在不同森林类型间无显著差异。(4)热带/亚热带森林和温带森林土壤总氮转化速率空间变异的主要影响因素为土壤总氮含量和微生物生物量。总体而言, 森林土壤总氮转化速率在全球范围内变异较大, 其空间变异主要受土壤底物供应及微生物生物量调控。

关键词: 森林生态系统, 土壤氮循环, 总氮矿化速率, 总硝化速率, 微生物氮固持速率

Abstract:

Aims Soil nitrogen mineralization, nitrification and microbial nitrogen immobilization are key processes in soil nitrogen cycle, which have an important impact on soil nitrogen supply. Exploring the spatial variations in soil nitrogen transformation rates of forest may contribute to in-depth understanding of forest soil nitrogen dynamics and forest ecosystem productivity.

Methods In this study, we integrated and analyzed 685 observations from 78 published papers, and aimed to analyze the rate characteristics of soil gross nitrogen mineralization, gross nitrification and microbial nitrogen immobilization of forest ecosystem and the main influencing factors.

Important findings The results showed that: (1) The average rate of soil gross nitrogen mineralization, gross nitrification and microbial nitrogen immobilization of forest ecosystem were (6.65 ± 0.61), (1.99 ± 0.21) and (8.10 ± 1.45) mg N·kg^-1·d^-1, respectively. (2) The soil gross nitrogen mineralization rate and gross nitrification rate differed significantly among various forest types. Higher gross nitrogen mineralization rates were observed in tropical forest and temperate coniferous forest, while lower rates in subtropical broad-leaved forest and subtropical coniferous forest. The microbial nitrogen immobilization rates were higher in temperate coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, but was lower in subtropical coniferous and broad-leaved forest. (3) Soil gross nitrification rates exhibited no significant differences among various forest types. (4) The spatial variations in soil gross nitrogen transformation rates were main regulated by soil total nitrogen content and microbial biomass. Overall, the gross nitrogen transformation rates exhibited large spatial variability across global forest, and they were mainly affected by substrate supply and microbial biomass.

Key words: forest ecosystem, soil nitrogen cycle, gross nitrogen mineralization rate, gross nitrification rate, microbial nitrogen immobilization rate

冉佳鑫, 何舒婷, 罗素萍, 王云, 毛超. 森林土壤氮转化速率特征及其影响因素. 植物生态学报, 2026, 50(1): 45-54. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0292

RAN Jia-Xin, HE Shu-Ting, LUO Su-Ping, WANG Yun, MAO Chao. Global patterns and drivers of soil gross nitrogen transformations of forest ecosystems. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2026, 50(1): 45-54. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0292

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2024.0292

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2026/V50/I1/45

图/表 5

图1 森林土壤总氮转化速率研究地点的全球分布图。SBF, 亚热带阔叶林; SCF, 亚热带针叶林; SMF, 亚热带针阔混交林; TBF, 温带阔叶林; TCF, 温带针叶林; TMF, 温带针阔混交林; TF, 热带森林。

Fig. 1 Global distribution map of the forest soil gross nitrogen transformation rate research sites. SBF, subtropical broad-leaved forest; SCF, subtropical coniferous forest; SMF, subtropical coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest; TBF, temperate broad-leaved forest; TCF, temperate coniferous forest; TMF, temperate coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest; TF, tropical forest.

图2 全球森林土壤总氮矿化速率(GNM, A)、总硝化速率(GNN, B)和微生物氮固持速率(GI, C)的频率分布。

Fig. 2 Frequency distribution of soil gross nitrogen mineralization rates (GNM, A), gross nitrification rates (GNN, B) and microbial nitrogen immobilization rates (GI, C) among the global forests. N, sample number; SE, standard error.

表1 不同森林类型间土壤总氮矿化速率、总硝化速率和微生物氮固持速率(平均值±标准误)

Table 1 Gross nitrogen (N) mineralization rates, gross nitrification rates and microbial N immobilization rates in various forest types (mean ± SE)

森林类型 Forest type	总氮矿化速率 GNM (mg N·kg^-1·d^-1)	总硝化速率 GNN (mg N·kg^-1·d^-1)	微生物氮固持速率 GI (mg N·kg^-1·d^-1)
热带森林 Tropical forest	8.43 ± 2.18^ab (27)	2.19 ± 0.52^a(25)	10.83 ± 4.94^ab(9)
亚热带阔叶林 Subtropical broad-leaved forest	3.77 ± 0.57^c (30)	2.83 ± 0.70^a (25)	2.77 ± 0.55^b (16)
亚热带针叶林 Subtropical coniferous forest	3.94 ± 1.52^bc (20)	2.03 ± 1.16^a(20)	3.86 ± 2.09^b (17)
亚热带针阔混交林 Subtropical mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest	3.37 ± 1.17^c (5)	2.68 ± 1.04^a (5)	4.34 ± 0.90^b (4)
温带阔叶林 Temperate broad-leaved forest	7.15 ± 1.16^abc (56)	2.01 ± 0.38^a (57)	9.88 ± 2.88^ab (24)
温带针叶林 Temperate coniferous forest	8.57 ± 1.33^a (59)	1.66 ± 0.28^a (58)	9.59 ± 3.98^ab(13)
温带针阔混交林 Temperate mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest	3.46 ± 1.06^c (10)	1.05 ± 0.40^a (12)	15.22 ± 7.29^a (12)
热带/亚热带森林 Tropical/subtropical forest	5.32 ± 0.86 (82)	2.39 ± 0.42 (75)	4.88 ± 1.29 (46)
温带森林 Temperate forest	7.52 ± 0.82 (125)	1.76 ± 0.21 (127)	11.11 ± 2.47 (49)
所有类型 Overall	6.65 ± 0.61 (207)	1.99 ± 0.21 (202)	8.10 ± 1.45 (95)

图3 热带/亚热带森林(A)和温带森林(B)土壤总氮转化速率与气候、土壤理化及微生物属性的相关关系。*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01。C:N, 土壤碳氮含量比; GI, 微生物氮固持速率; GNM, 总氮矿化速率; GNN, 总硝化速率; MAP, 年降水量; MAT, 年平均气温; MB, 微生物生物量含量; NH4+-N, 铵态氮含量; NO3--N, 硝态氮含量; TN, 土壤总氮含量。

Fig. 3 Relationships between soil gross nitrogen transformations and climate, soil physiochemical and microbial properties in tropical/subtropical forest (A) and temperate forest (B). *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01. C:N, soil carbon to nitrogen content ratio; GI, microbial nitrogen immobilization rates; GNM, gross nitrogen mineralization rates; GNN, gross nitrification rates; MAP, mean annual precipitation; MAT, mean annual air temperature; MB, microbial biomass content; NH4+-N, ammonium nitrogen content; NO3--N, nitrate nitrogen content; TN, soil total nitrogen content.

图4 气候因子、土壤理化性质和微生物属性调控土壤总氮转化速率的结构方程模型。A、B、C分别代表热带/亚热带森林土壤总氮矿化速率、总硝化速率和微生物氮固持速率。D、E、F分别代表温带森林土壤总氮矿化速率、总硝化速率和微生物氮固持速率。实线箭头表示正相关, 虚线箭头表示负相关, 线条的粗细表示变量之间影响的强度。C:N, 土壤碳氮含量比; GI, 微生物氮固持速率; GNM, 总氮矿化速率; GNN, 总硝化速率; MAP, 年降水量; MAT, 年平均气温; MB, 微生物生物量; NH4+-N, 铵态氮含量; NO3--N, 硝态氮含量; TN, 土壤总氮含量。*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001。

Fig. 4 Results of structural equation model analysis examining the effects of climatic, soil physiochemical and microbial properties on soil gross nitrogen transformations. A, B and C represent soil gross nitrogen mineralization rates, gross nitrification rates and microbial nitrogen immobilization rates in tropical/subtropical forest, respectively. D, E and F represent soil gross nitrogen mineralization rates, gross nitrification rates and microbial nitrogen immobilization rates in temperate forest, respectively. Solid arrows represent positive relationship, dashed arrows represent negative relationship, line thickness indicates the strength of the effects of variables on each other. C:N, soil carbon to nitrogen content ratio; GI, microbial nitrogen immobilization rates; GNM, gross nitrogen mineralization rates; GNN, gross nitrification rates; MAP, mean annual precipitation; MAT, mean annual temperature; MB, microbial biomass; NH4+-N, ammonium nitrogen content; NO3--N, nitrate nitrogen content; TN, soil total nitrogen content. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001.

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