氮磷添加对常绿阔叶林土壤团聚体稳定性及其碳氮含量的影响

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2024.0417

植物生态学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (1): 55-69.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0417

氮磷添加对常绿阔叶林土壤团聚体稳定性及其碳氮含量的影响

戴允泽¹^,², 姚良锦³, 陈淼⁴, 徐小牛²^,^*()

¹ 苏州农业职业技术学院, 苏州 215008
² 安徽农业大学林学与园林学院, 合肥 230036
³ 浙江省林业科学研究院, 杭州 310023
⁴ 四川省林业科学研究院森林和湿地生态恢复与保育四川省重点实验室, 成都 610081

收稿日期:2024-11-22 接受日期:2025-02-26 出版日期:2026-01-20 发布日期:2026-02-13
通讯作者: *徐小牛(xnxu2007@ahau.edu.cn)
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(31770672);国家自然科学基金(31370626);国家重点基础研究发展计划(2010CB950602);江苏省高等学校基础科学研究面上项目(23KJB220009)

Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus additions on the stability of soil aggregates and their carbon and nitrogen contents in evergreen broadleaf forests

DAI Yun-Ze¹^,², YAO Liang-Jin³, CHEN Miao⁴, XU Xiao-Niu²^,^*()

¹ Suzhou Polytechnic Institute of Agriculture, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215008, China
² School of Forestry & Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
³ Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310023, China
⁴ Ecological Restoration and Conservation on Forest and Wetland Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Forestry, Chengdu 610081, China

Received:2024-11-22 Accepted:2025-02-26 Online:2026-01-20 Published:2026-02-13
Contact: *XU Xiao-Niu (xnxu2007@ahau.edu.cn)
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(31770672);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31370626);National Key Basic Research Program of China(2010CB950602);General Project of Basic Sciences in Higher Education Institutions in Jiangsu Province(23KJB220009)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

近代工农业发展引起的生态系统活性氮(N)和磷(P)输入可以通过影响土壤团聚体结构及其稳定性, 改变土壤储碳(C)能力。目前, 亚热带地区还缺少关于模拟N、P沉降对土壤团聚体影响的观测研究, 且较少关注P沉降与N沉降的相互作用。为了探明生态系统N富集及其与P沉降相互作用如何影响土壤团聚体固碳机制, 在中国南方亚热带森林中进行了连续7年的N、P添加实验, 实验设计了对照(CK, 0 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)、低氮添加(LN, 50 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)、氮添加(NA, 100 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)、氮磷添加(N+P, 100 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1 + 50 kg P·hm^-2·a^-1) 4个处理, 测定了土壤性质、土壤团聚体及其C、N含量和各粒级团聚体C、N稳定同位素组成。结果表明, 常绿阔叶林大团聚体(直径>250 μm)是土壤优势粒级, 占土壤总质量的83%-87%, LN处理增加大团聚体形成和平均质量直径、平均几何直径, 而NA和N+P处理小幅降低土壤团聚体稳定性。该地区N富集主要通过提高各粒级团聚体C、N浓度来增加团聚体C、N含量, 增加的有机质主要富集在大团聚体中。大团聚体主要增加高C:N、富¹³C的有机质。相比于低N添加, 过量的N输入不利于土壤团聚体结构稳定及其C固存。在N添加条件下, 添加P并未显著改变该地区团聚体稳定性及其碳氮含量。N、P添加下, 常绿阔叶林土壤C、N、P总含量对土壤团聚体形成没有促进作用, 而土壤pH的显著降低对团聚体C、N含量增加有显著的促进意义。该研究结果提高了对常绿阔叶林团聚体变化机制的了解, 从而对预测未来N、P沉降下常绿阔叶林和其他条件相似地区的土壤C汇潜力有重要参考价值。

关键词: 氮磷添加, 常绿阔叶林, 土壤团聚体, 碳含量, 氮含量, 稳定同位素

Abstract:

Aims Ecosystem reactive nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) inputs induced by recent industrial and agricultural development can modify soil carbon (C) storage capacity by affecting soil aggregate structure and stabilization. However, observational studies on modeling the effects of N and P deposition on soil aggregates are still lacking in subtropical regions, with research on P-N interactions being comparatively scarce.

Methods In order to investigate how ecosystem N enrichment and its interactions with P deposition affect C sequestration mechanisms in soil aggregates, N and P addition experiments were conducted for 7 consecutive years in a subtropical forest in southern China. Sample plots of four N addition types were established (control: CK, 0 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1; low N addition: LN, 50 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1; N addition: NA, 100 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1; N and P addition: N+P, 100 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1 + 50 kg P·hm^-2·a^-1). Soil properties, soil aggregates and their C, N contents, and C, N stable isotopes composition of aggregates at each aggregate level were determined.

Important findings Evergreen broadleaf forest macroaggregates (diameter > 250 μm) were the dominant soil aggregate size, accounting for 83%-87% of the total soil mass, and LN treatment increased macroaggregate formation, mean mass diameter and mean geometric diameter, while NA and N+P treatments marginally reduced soil aggregate stability. N enrichment in this region primarily increased the C and N contents of aggregate, attributable on an increase in the concentration of these elements at each grain level. The added organic matter was predominantly enriched in macroaggregates, which were characterized by a high C to N ratio and rich ¹³C abundance. Conversely, excessive N input was detrimental to the stabilization of soil aggregate structure and C sequestration, in comparison with low N addition. The addition of P did not significantly alter the stability of local aggregates or their C and N components. The total soil C, N, and P contents of evergreen broadleaf forests under N addition did not promote soil aggregate formation, and the decrease in pH significantly promoted the increase of C and N contents of aggregates. The results of this study enhance our understanding of the mechanisms of aggregate change, and thus represent important references for predicting the potential of soil C sinks in evergreen broadleaf forests and other areas with similar conditions under future N and P deposition.

Key words: nitrogen and phosphorus addition, evergreen broadleaf forest, soil aggregates, carbon content, nitrogen content, stable isotope

戴允泽, 姚良锦, 陈淼, 徐小牛. 氮磷添加对常绿阔叶林土壤团聚体稳定性及其碳氮含量的影响. 植物生态学报, 2026, 50(1): 55-69. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0417

DAI Yun-Ze, YAO Liang-Jin, CHEN Miao, XU Xiao-Niu. Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus additions on the stability of soil aggregates and their carbon and nitrogen contents in evergreen broadleaf forests. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2026, 50(1): 55-69. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0417

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2024.0417

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2026/V50/I1/55

图/表 9

图1 氮磷添加下的土壤理化性质(平均值±标准差)。不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(p < 0.05)。CK, 对照; LN, 低氮添加; NA, 氮添加; N+P, 氮磷添加。DOC, 可溶性有机碳含量; DON, 可溶性有机氮含量; MBC, 土壤微生物生物量碳含量; MBN, 土壤微生物生物量氮含量; SOC, 土壤有机碳含量; STN, 土壤全氮含量; TP, 土壤全磷含量。

Fig. 1 Soil physicochemical properties under nitrogen and phosphorus addition (mean ± SD). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments (p < 0.05). CK, control check; LN, low nitrogen addition; NA, nitrogen addition; N+P, nitrogen and phosphorus addition. DOC, dissolved organic carbon content; DON, dissolved organic nitrogen content; MBC, soil microbial biomass carbon content; MBN, soil microbial biomass nitrogen content; SOC, soil organic carbon content; STN, soil total nitrogen content; TP, soil total phosphorus content.

表1 土壤团聚体组分方差分析

Table 1 ANOVA of soil aggregate fractions

指标 Index	LN		NA		N+P
指标 Index	F	p	F	p	F	p
大团聚体质量百分比 Macroaggregate mass percentage	1.29	0.27	0.21	0.65	0.33	0.57
微团聚体质量百分比 Microaggregate mass percentage	1.04	0.32	0.11	0.75	0.02	0.89
粉黏粒质量百分比 Silt + clay mass percentage	1.24	0.28	0.40	0.54	0.91	0.36
MWD	1.30	0.27	0.21	0.65	0.34	0.57
GMD	0.98	0.34	0.22	0.65	0.52	0.48
大团聚体碳(C)浓度 Macroaggregate carbon concentration	18.95	<0.01^**	10.12	<0.01^**	4.28	0.06
微团聚体C浓度 Microaggregate carbon concentration	19.24	<0.01^**	16.34	<0.01^**	4.43	0.05
粉黏粒C浓度 Silt + clay carbon concentration	12.12	<0.01^**	6.07	0.03^*	5.21	0.04^*
大团聚体氮(N)浓度 Macroaggregate nitrogen concentration	10.15	<0.01^**	4.70	0.04^*	2.37	0.14
微团聚体N浓度 Microaggregate nitrogen concentration	13.71	<0.01^**	5.33	0.03^*	2.69	0.12
粉黏粒N浓度 Silt + clay nitrogen concentration	7.60	0.01^*	1.78	0.20	3.79	0.07
大团聚体SOC:STN Macroaggregate SOC:STN	9.42	<0.01^**	31.80	<0.01^**	6.59	0.02^*
微团聚体SOC:STN Microaggregate SOC:STN	0.72	0.41	7.20	0.02^*	2.48	0.14
粉黏粒SOC:STN Silt + clay SOC:STN	0	0.99	2.40	0.14	0.69	0.42
大团聚体C含量 Macroaggregate carbon content	21.48	<0.01^**	13.84	<0.01^**	4.05	0.06
微团聚体C含量 Microaggregate carbon content	2.02	0.17	3.74	0.07	2.94	0.11
粉黏粒C含量 Silt + clay carbon content	1.59	0.23	4.34	0.05	3.80	0.07
大团聚体N含量 Macroaggregate nitrogen content	11.82	<0.01^**	5.93	0.03	1.96	0.18
微团聚体N含量 Microaggregate nitrogen content	1.28	0.28	2.02	0.18	1.92	0.19
粉黏粒N含量 Silt + clay nitrogen content	1.10	0.31	2.66	0.12	3.53	0.08
大团聚体δ¹³C Macroaggregate δ¹³C	1.98	0.14	1.98	0.14	1.98	0.14
微团聚体δ¹³C Microaggregate δ¹³C	6.84	<0.01^**	6.84	<0.01^**	6.84	<0.01^**
粉黏粒δ¹³C Silt + clay δ¹³C	2.92	0.04^*	2.92	0.04^*	2.92	0.04^*
大团聚体δ¹⁵N Macroaggregate δ¹⁵N	13.89	<0.01^**	13.89	<0.01^**	13.89	<0.01^**
微团聚体δ¹⁵N Microaggregate δ¹⁵N	1.70	0.19	1.70	0.19	1.70	0.19
粉黏粒δ¹⁵N Silt + clay δ¹⁵N	4.72	<0.01^**	4.72	<0.01^**	4.72	<0.01^**

表1 土壤团聚体组分方差分析

Table 1 ANOVA of soil aggregate fractions

指标 Index	LN		NA		N+P
指标 Index	F	p	F	p	F	p
大团聚体质量百分比 Macroaggregate mass percentage	1.29	0.27	0.21	0.65	0.33	0.57
微团聚体质量百分比 Microaggregate mass percentage	1.04	0.32	0.11	0.75	0.02	0.89
粉黏粒质量百分比 Silt + clay mass percentage	1.24	0.28	0.40	0.54	0.91	0.36
MWD	1.30	0.27	0.21	0.65	0.34	0.57
GMD	0.98	0.34	0.22	0.65	0.52	0.48
大团聚体碳(C)浓度 Macroaggregate carbon concentration	18.95	<0.01^**	10.12	<0.01^**	4.28	0.06
微团聚体C浓度 Microaggregate carbon concentration	19.24	<0.01^**	16.34	<0.01^**	4.43	0.05
粉黏粒C浓度 Silt + clay carbon concentration	12.12	<0.01^**	6.07	0.03^*	5.21	0.04^*
大团聚体氮(N)浓度 Macroaggregate nitrogen concentration	10.15	<0.01^**	4.70	0.04^*	2.37	0.14
微团聚体N浓度 Microaggregate nitrogen concentration	13.71	<0.01^**	5.33	0.03^*	2.69	0.12
粉黏粒N浓度 Silt + clay nitrogen concentration	7.60	0.01^*	1.78	0.20	3.79	0.07
大团聚体SOC:STN Macroaggregate SOC:STN	9.42	<0.01^**	31.80	<0.01^**	6.59	0.02^*
微团聚体SOC:STN Microaggregate SOC:STN	0.72	0.41	7.20	0.02^*	2.48	0.14
粉黏粒SOC:STN Silt + clay SOC:STN	0	0.99	2.40	0.14	0.69	0.42
大团聚体C含量 Macroaggregate carbon content	21.48	<0.01^**	13.84	<0.01^**	4.05	0.06
微团聚体C含量 Microaggregate carbon content	2.02	0.17	3.74	0.07	2.94	0.11
粉黏粒C含量 Silt + clay carbon content	1.59	0.23	4.34	0.05	3.80	0.07
大团聚体N含量 Macroaggregate nitrogen content	11.82	<0.01^**	5.93	0.03	1.96	0.18
微团聚体N含量 Microaggregate nitrogen content	1.28	0.28	2.02	0.18	1.92	0.19
粉黏粒N含量 Silt + clay nitrogen content	1.10	0.31	2.66	0.12	3.53	0.08
大团聚体δ¹³C Macroaggregate δ¹³C	1.98	0.14	1.98	0.14	1.98	0.14
微团聚体δ¹³C Microaggregate δ¹³C	6.84	<0.01^**	6.84	<0.01^**	6.84	<0.01^**
粉黏粒δ¹³C Silt + clay δ¹³C	2.92	0.04^*	2.92	0.04^*	2.92	0.04^*
大团聚体δ¹⁵N Macroaggregate δ¹⁵N	13.89	<0.01^**	13.89	<0.01^**	13.89	<0.01^**
微团聚体δ¹⁵N Microaggregate δ¹⁵N	1.70	0.19	1.70	0.19	1.70	0.19
粉黏粒δ¹⁵N Silt + clay δ¹⁵N	4.72	<0.01^**	4.72	<0.01^**	4.72	<0.01^**

图2 氮磷添加下土壤团聚体分布变化(平均值±标准差)。CK, 对照; LN, 低氮添加; NA, 氮添加; N+P, 氮磷添加。不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 2 Changes in the distribution of soil aggregates under nitrogen and phosphorus addition (mean ± SD). CK, control check; LN, low nitrogen addition; NA, nitrogen addition; N+P, nitrogen and phosphorus addition. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments (p < 0.05).

图3 氮磷添加对土壤团聚体平均质量直径(MWD)、平均几何直径(GMD)的影响(平均值±标准差)。CK, 对照; LN, 低氮添加; NA, 氮添加; N+P, 氮磷添加。不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 3 Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus addition on mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD) of soil aggregates (mean ± SD). CK, control check; LN, low nitrogen addition; NA, nitrogen addition; N+P, nitrogen and phosphorus addition. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments (p < 0.05).

图4 氮磷添加下土壤团聚体碳、氮浓度变化(平均值±标准差)。CK, 对照; LN, 低氮添加; NA, 氮添加; N+P, 氮磷添加。不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 4 Changes in carbon and nitrogen concentrations in soil aggregates under nitrogen and phosphorus addition (mean ± SD). CK, control check; LN, low nitrogen addition; NA, nitrogen addition; N+P, nitrogen and phosphorus addition. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments (p < 0.05).

图5 氮磷添加下土壤团聚体碳氮比变化(平均值±标准差)。CK, 对照; LN, 低氮添加; NA, 氮添加; N+P, 氮磷添加。SOC, 土壤有机碳含量; STN, 土壤全氮含量。不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 5 Changes in carbon to nitrogen ratio of soil aggregates under nitrogen and phosphorus addition (mean ± SD). CK, control check; LN, low nitrogen addition; NA, nitrogen addition; N+P, nitrogen and phosphorus addition. SOC, soil organic carbon content; STN, soil total nitrogen content. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments (p < 0.05).

图6 氮磷添加下土壤团聚体碳、氮含量变化(平均值±标准差)。CK, 对照; LN, 低氮添加; NA, 氮添加; N+P, 氮磷添加。不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 6 Changes in carbon and nitrogen content of soil aggregates under nitrogen and phosphorus addition (mean ± SD). CK, control check; LN, low nitrogen addition; NA, nitrogen addition; N+P, nitrogen and phosphorus addition. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments (p < 0.05).

表2 氮磷添加下土壤团聚体同位素变化(平均值±标准差, ‰)

Table 2 Isotopic changes in soil aggregates under nitrogen and phosphorus addition (mean ± SD, ‰)

处理 Treatment	大团聚体δ¹³C Macroaggregate δ¹³C	微团聚体δ¹³C Microaggregate δ¹³C	粉黏粒δ¹³C Silt + clay δ¹³C	大团聚体δ¹⁵N Macroaggregate δ¹⁵N	微团聚体δ¹⁵N Microaggregate δ¹⁵N	粉黏粒δ¹⁵N Silt + clay δ¹⁵N
CK	-27.71 ± 1.92^b	-27.85 ± 0.04^a	-30.80 ± 4.47^a	-24.65 ± 10.18^a	-10.96 ± 4.84^a	-5.19 ± 0.86^a
LN	-26.27 ± 0.46^a	-31.11 ± 1.68^b	-34.16 ± 6.37^a	-47.04 ± 5.67^c	-11.33 ± 5.55^a	-5.73 ± 0.64^b
NA	-26.88 ± 1.80^ab	-29.65 ± 1.37^b	-54.83 ± 37.96^b	-33.55 ± 9.85^b	-8.88 ± 1.15^a	-4.67 ± 0.43^a
N+P	-26.46 ± 0.52^ab	-30.85 ± 2.63^b	-33.65 ± 3.82^a	-41.03 ± 3.13^c	-7.79 ± 2.12^a	-5.19 ± 0.30^ab

图7 土壤团聚体组分与环境因子相关性分析(A)和土壤团聚体分布及其碳氮浓度变化对土壤碳氮稳定性的影响(B)。DOC, 可溶性有机碳含量; DON, 可溶性有机氮含量; GMD, 平均几何直径; MBC, 土壤微生物生物量碳含量; MBN, 土壤微生物生物量氮含量; MAC-δ13C, 大团聚体13C同位素比值(δ13C); ; MAC-δ15N, 大团聚体15N同位素比值(δ15N); MAC-content, 大团聚体含量; MAC-SOC:STN, 大团聚体SOC:STN; MACC-concentration, 大团聚体碳浓度; MACC-content, 大团聚体碳含量; MANC-concentration, 大团聚体氮浓度; MANC-content, 大团聚体氮含量; MIC-δ13C, 微团聚体δ13C; MIC-δ15N, 微团聚体δ15N; MIC-content, 微团聚体含量; MIC-SOC:STN, 微团聚体SOC:STN; MICC-concentration, 微团聚体碳浓度; MICC-content, 微团聚体碳含量; MINC-concentration, 微团聚体氮浓度; MINC-content, 微团聚体氮含量; MWD, 平均质量直径; SC-δ13C, 粉黏粒δ13C; SC-δ15N, 粉黏粒δ15N; SC-content, 粉黏粒含量; SC-SOC:STN, 粉黏粒SOC:STN; SCC-concentration, 粉黏粒碳浓度; SCC-content, 粉黏粒碳含量; SMC, 土壤含水量; SNC-concentration, 粉黏粒氮浓度; SNC-content, 粉黏粒氮含量; SOC, 土壤有机碳含量; STN, 土壤全氮含量; TP, 土壤全磷含量。*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001。

Fig. 7 Correlation analysis between soil aggregate fractions and environmental factors (A), and effect of soil aggregate distribution and its carbon, nitrogen concentration changes on soil carbon and nitrogen stability (B). DOC, dissolved organic carbon content; DON, dissolved organic nitrogen content; GMD, geometric mean diameter; MBC, soil microbial biomass carbon content; MBN, soil microbial biomass nitrogen content; MAC-δ13C, macroaggregate 13C isotope ratio (δ13C); MAC-δ15N, macroaggregate 15N isotope ratio (δ15N); MAC-content, macroaggregate content; MAC-SOC:STN, macroaggregate SOC:STN; MACC-concentration, macroaggregate carbon concentration; MACC-content, macroaggregate carbon content; MANC-concentration, macroaggregate nitrogen concentration; MANC-content, macroaggregate nitrogen content; MIC-δ13C, microaggregate δ13C; MIC-δ15N, microaggregate δ15N; MIC-content, microaggregate content; MIC-SOC:STN, microaggregate SOC:STN; MICC-concentration, microaggregate carbon concentration; MICC-content, microaggregate carbon content; MINC-concentration, microaggregate nitrogen concentration; MINC-content, microaggregate nitrogen content; MWD, mean weight diameter; SC-δ13C, silt + clay δ13C; SC-δ15N, silt + clay δ15N; SC-content, silt + clay content; SC-SOC:STN, silt + clay SOC:STN; SCC-concentration, silt + clay carbon concentration; SCC-content, silt + clay carbon content; SMC, soil moisture content; SNC-concentration, silt + clay nitrogen concentration; SNC-content, silt + clay nitrogen content; SOC, soil organic carbon content; STN, soil total nitrogen content; TP, soil total phosphorus content. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001.

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氮磷添加对常绿阔叶林土壤团聚体稳定性及其碳氮含量的影响

Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus additions on the stability of soil aggregates and their carbon and nitrogen contents in evergreen broadleaf forests

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