不同时间尺度下缙云山针阔混交林能量通量特征及影响因子分析

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2024.0276

植物生态学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (1): 70-81.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0276

不同时间尺度下缙云山针阔混交林能量通量特征及影响因子分析

赵琨¹^,², 王云琦¹^,²^,^*(), 梁军³, 周小舟⁴, 冯印成⁵, 祁子寒¹^,², 李俊杰¹^,², 崔芯蕊¹^,², 刘烜沃¹^,², 毛维¹^,²

¹ 北京林业大学水土保持学院重庆三峡库区森林生态系统教育部野外科学观测研究站, 北京 100083
² 北京林业大学水土保持学院重庆缙云山三峡库区森林生态系统国家定位观测研究站, 北京 100083
³ 重庆市中林峰科技发展有限公司, 重庆 400036
⁴ 重庆市林业科学研究院, 重庆 401147
⁵ 生态环境部固体废物与化学品管理技术中心, 北京 100029

收稿日期:2024-08-14 接受日期:2025-05-28 出版日期:2026-01-20 发布日期:2026-02-13
通讯作者: *王云琦(wangyunqi@bjfu.edu.cn)
基金资助:
“十四五”国家重点研发计划(2023YFF1305201)

Characteristics and influencing factors of energy fluxes in the coniferous and broadleaf forests in Jinyun Mountains at different temporal scales

ZHAO Kun¹^,², WANG Yun-Qi¹^,²^,^*(), LIANG Jun³, ZHOU Xiao-Zhou⁴, FENG Yin-Cheng⁵, QI Zi-Han¹^,², LI Jun-Jie¹^,², CUI Xin-Rui¹^,², LIU Xuan-Wo¹^,², MAO Wei¹^,²

¹ Field Scientific Observation and Research Station for Forest Ecosystems in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, Ministry of Education, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
² National Positioning Observation and Research Station for Forest Ecosystems in Jinyun Mountain, Three Gorges Reservoir Area, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
³ Chongqing Zhonglinfeng Technology Development Co., Ltd, Chongqing 400036, China
⁴ Chongqing Academy of Forestry Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China
⁵ Technology Center for Solid Waste and Chemical Management, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100029, China

Received:2024-08-14 Accepted:2025-05-28 Online:2026-01-20 Published:2026-02-13
Contact: *WANG Yun-Qi (wangyunqi@bjfu.edu.cn)
Supported by:
Fourteenth Five-Year Plan National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFF1305201)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在全球气候变化背景下, 该研究分析了缙云山针阔混交林能量通量在不同时间尺度的动态特征及其对环境因子的响应。该研究选取缙云山针阔混交林为研究区域, 基于涡度相关法测得的数据, 使用相关性因子分析和结构方程模型分析缙云山针阔混交林2020、2021和2023年(2022年数据缺失)的长时间序列的通量数据。主要结论: (1)净辐射(Rn)、显热通量(H)和潜热通量(LE)在日尺度上呈现出单峰型趋势, 峰值分别出现于14:00时, 并于19:00后趋近于0; 而土壤热通量(G)呈双峰模式, 日最低值出现于日出前, 最高值出现于14:00时。(2)在月份尺度上, Rn对能量通量的驱动效应自4月起增强, 7-8月达峰值, 随后逐渐减弱; 冠层导度(Gs)对LE的限制呈同步趋势。(3)在生长季尺度上, Rn是能量通量变化的主要影响因子, 从相关因子判断Gs对H有轻微限制作用, 而对LE有明显限制作用, 但其实植物的水分平衡机制影响最大能量。(4) 3年的年均波文比(β)分别为0.69、0.63和0.76。(5)受极端干旱影响, 该地区年尺度H出现双峰型趋势。该研究通过对缙云山针阔混交林能量通量特征与影响因子进行分析, 揭示了能量通量的动态变化过程, 量化了环境因子的影响, 为评估亚热带森林生态系统对气候变化的响应和森林保育提供了科学依据。

关键词: 针阔混交林, 能量通量, 潜热通量, 显热通量, 能量流动

Abstract:

Aims Under the background of global climate change, this study investigated the dynamic characteristics of energy fluxes in Jinyun Mountain’s coniferous-broadleaf mixed forest across different temporal scales and their responses to environmental factors.

Methods We selected the mixed coniferous and broadleaf forests in Jinyun Mountains as the study area, and analyzed the long time series flux data of the mixed coniferous and broadleaf forests in Jinyun Mountains for the years 2020, 2021, and 2023 (data for 2022 are missing) using correlation factor analysis and structural equation modeling based on the data measured by eddy correlation technique.

Important findings (1) At the diurnal scale, net radiation (Rn), sensible heat flux (H), and latent heat flux (LE) exhibited unimodal trends, with their peak values occurring at 14:00 local time, and approaching near-zero values after 19:00. In contrast, soil heat flux (G) displayed a bimodal pattern, reaching its daily minimum prior to sunrise and attaining its daily maximum at 14:00 local time. (2) At the monthly scale, the influence of Rn on energy fluxes increased from April, reached its maximum in July and August, then gradually decreased. The influence of canopy conductance (Gs) on LE followed the same trend. (3) At the growing season scale, Rn was the primary influencing factor for energy flux variations. Correlation factor analysis indicated that Gs had a slight limiting effect on H but a significant limiting effect on LE. However, the plant water balance mechanism exerted the strongest influence. (4) The annual mean Bowen ratios (β) for the three years were 0.69, 0.63, and 0.76, respectively. (5) Influenced by extreme drought, the sensible heat flux at the annual scale exhibited a bimodal trend. This study analyzed the characteristics and influencing factors of energy fluxes in the Jinyun Mountain coniferous-broadleaf mixed forests, revealing the dynamic processes of energy fluxes, quantifying the impacts of environmental factors, and providing a scientific basis for assessing the response of subtropical forest ecosystems to climate change and forest conservation.

Key words: coniferous and broadleaf mixed forest, energy flux, latent heat flux, sensible heat flux, energy flows

赵琨, 王云琦, 梁军, 周小舟, 冯印成, 祁子寒, 李俊杰, 崔芯蕊, 刘烜沃, 毛维. 不同时间尺度下缙云山针阔混交林能量通量特征及影响因子分析. 植物生态学报, 2026, 50(1): 70-81. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0276

ZHAO Kun, WANG Yun-Qi, LIANG Jun, ZHOU Xiao-Zhou, FENG Yin-Cheng, QI Zi-Han, LI Jun-Jie, CUI Xin-Rui, LIU Xuan-Wo, MAO Wei. Characteristics and influencing factors of energy fluxes in the coniferous and broadleaf forests in Jinyun Mountains at different temporal scales. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2026, 50(1): 70-81. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0276

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2024.0276

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2026/V50/I1/70

图/表 8

图1 重庆市缙云山研究区位置及通量塔照片。

Fig. 1 Location of the Jinyun Mountain Research Area and pictures of the flux tower in Chongqing.

图2 缙云山针阔混交林的能量闭合状况。

Fig. 2 Energy closure of the coniferous and broadleaf mixed forest in Jinyun Mountains. G, soil heat flux; H, sensible heat flux; LE, latent heat flux; Rn, net radiation.

图3 缙云山针阔混交林生态系统的能量通量日尺度变化分布。A, 2020年24 h通量趋势图。B, 2021年24 h通量趋势图。C, 2023年24 h通量趋势图。D, 逐年土壤热通量24 h趋势图。

Fig. 3 Diurnal variation of energy flux in coniferous and broadleaf mixed forest ecosystems in Jinyun Mountains. A, 24-h flux trend chart in 2020. B, 24-h flux trend chart in 2021. C, 24-h flux trend chart in 2023. D, 24-h trend graph of soil heat flux on a year-by-year basis. G, soil heat flux; H, sensible heat flux; LE, latent heat flux; Rn, net radiation.

图4 缙云山针阔混交林生态系统的能量通量日均值的季节变化。

Fig. 4 Seasonal variations of daily mean energy fluxes in coniferous-broadleaved mixed forest ecosystems in Jinyun Mountains. A, Sensible heat flux (H). B, Latent heat flux (LE). C, Bowen ratio (β).

图5 缙云山针阔混交林生态系统各环境因子日变化。

Fig. 5 Diurnal variation distribution of environmental factors in the coniferous and broadleaf mixed forest ecosystems in Jinyun Mountains. Gs, canopy conductance; P, precipitation; RH, relative humidity; TA, air temperature; VPD, vapor pressure deficit; WS, wind speed.

图6 缙云山针阔混交林生态系统显热通量(H)与净辐射(Rn)、相对湿度(RH)、气温(TA)、风速(WS)、饱和水汽压差(VPD)、冠层导度(Gs)和降水量(P)的相关系数。A, 2020年显热通量逐月相关系数。B, 2021年显热通量逐月相关系数。C, 2023年显热通量逐月相关系数。D, 显热通量生长季逐年相关系数。

Fig. 6 Correlation coefficients between sensible heat flux (H) and net radiation (Rn), relative humidity (RH), air temperature (TA), wind speed (WS), saturated water vapor pressure difference (VPD), canopy conductance (Gs) and precipitation (P) in coniferous and broadleaf mixed forest ecosystems in Jinyun Mountains. A, Monthly correlation coefficient of sensible heat flux in 2020. B, Monthly correlation coefficient of sensible heat flux in 2021. C, Monthly correlation coefficient of sensible heat flux in 2023. D, Correlation coefficient of sensible heat flux in the growing season is year-by-year.

图7 缙云山针阔混交林生态系统潜热通量(LE)与净辐射(Rn)、相对湿度(RH)、气温(TA)、风速(WS)、饱和水汽压差(VPD)、冠层导度(Gs)和降水量(P)的相关系数。A, 2020年潜热通量逐月相关系数。B, 2021年潜热通量逐月相关系数。C, 2023年潜热通量逐月相关系数。D, 潜热通量生长季逐年相关系数。

Fig. 7 Correlation coefficients between latent heat flux (LE) and net radiation (Rn), relative humidity (RH), air temperature (TA), wind speed (WS), saturated water vapor pressure difference (VPD), canopy conductance (Gs) and precipitation (P) in coniferous and broadleaf mixed forest ecosystems in Jinyun Mountains. A, Month-by-month correlation coefficient of latent heat flux in 2020. B, Month-by-month correlation coefficient of latent heat flux in 2021. C, Month-by-month correlation coefficient of latent heat flux in 2023. D, Year-by-year correlation coefficient of latent heat flux growing season.

图8 环境因子对能量通量的直接和间接影响。A, 环境因子与显热通量的结构方程模型路径分析。B, 环境因子与潜热通量的结构方程模型路径分析。标准化路径系数(ρ: -1-1)与路径箭头一起显示, 其中ρ < 0和ρ > 0分别表示负相关和正相关。所有路径模型的拟合优度指数(GFI)和均方根近似误差(RMSEA)分别>0.80和<0.06。Gs, 冠层导度; H, 显热通量; LE, 潜热通量; P, 降水量; RH, 相对湿度; Rn, 净辐射; TA, 气温; VPD, 饱和水汽压差; WS, 风速。

Fig. 8 Direct and indirect effects of environmental factors on energy flux. A, Structural equation model path analysis of environmental factors and sensible heat fluxes. B, Structural equation model path analysis of environmental factors and latent heat fluxes. Standardized path coefficients (ρ: -1-1) are shown along with path arrows, where ρ < 0 and ρ > 0 indicate negative and positive correlations, respectively. The goodness-of-fit index (GFI) and root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA) for all path models were >0.80 and <0.06, respectively. Gs, canopy conductance; H, sensible heat flux; LE, latent heat flux; P, precipitation; RH, relative humidity; Rn, net radiation; TA, air temperature; VPD, saturated water vapour pressure difference; WS, wind speed.

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不同时间尺度下缙云山针阔混交林能量通量特征及影响因子分析

Characteristics and influencing factors of energy fluxes in the coniferous and broadleaf forests in Jinyun Mountains at different temporal scales

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