牦牛和藏羊放牧对高寒草地植物和微生物碳氮库的影响

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2025.0006

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 高寒草地作为全球生态系统的重要组成部分, 对气候变化和人类活动尤为敏感。植物和微生物碳、氮库是草地生态系统碳、氮库的重要组成部分。放牧作为高寒草地主要利用方式, 直接决定了植物与土壤微生物对碳、氮资源的分配、储存与利用。该研究在青海省海北州西海镇设置不同放牧方式试验, 即: 不放牧(CK), 单独牦牛放牧(YG), 单独藏羊放牧(SG), 牦牛藏羊分别以1:2、1:4、1:6的比例混合放牧。结果发现, 在碳库方面, 未放牧处理下高寒草地植物群落碳库和微生物生物量碳库含量分别是930.81和58.43 g·m^-2。牦牛单独放牧显著降低了植物群落碳库, 却不影响微生物生物量碳库; 混合放牧同样降低植物群落碳库, 但显著增加了微生物生物量碳库。对氮库而言, 未放牧处理下高寒草地植物群落氮库和微生物生物量氮库含量分别是20.50和11.87 g·m^-2。牦牛、藏羊单独放牧时植物群落氮库无变化, 微生物生物量氮库显著增加; 混合放牧则显著减少植物群落氮库, 而微生物生物量氮库不受影响。以上结果表明: 即使是中度放牧, 不同的放牧方式也会对植物群落碳、氮库和微生物生物量碳、氮库产生不同的效应。

关键词: 放牧, 高寒草地, 植物, 微生物, 碳库, 氮库

Abstract:

Aims Alpine grasslands, a critical component of global ecosystems, are highly sensitive to climate change and human activities. The carbon and nitrogen pools of plants and soil microbes constitute essential parts of the carbon and nitrogen pools in these ecosystems. Grazing, one of the primary land-use practices in alpine grasslands, directly shapes the allocation, storage, and utilization of carbon and nitrogen resources by both plants and soil microbes.
Methods To investigate the effects of different grazing regimes on alpine grassland carbon and nitrogen pools, a field experiment was conducted in Xihai Town, Haibei Prefecture, Qinghai Province. The experiment included six treatments: only yak grazing (YG), only Tibetan sheep grazing (SG), mixed grazing of yak and Tibetan sheep at ratios of 1:2 (MG1:2), 1:4 (MG1:4), and 1:6 (MG1:6), as well as a no-grazing control (CK).
Important findings The results revealed that under no-grazing conditions, the plant community carbon pool and microbial biomass carbon pool were 930.81 and 58.43 g·m^-2, respectively. Yak grazing significantly reduced the plant community carbon pool, but had no effect on microbial biomass carbon pool. Similarly, mixed grazing treatments decreased the plant community carbon pool, but notably increased microbial biomass carbon pool. Regarding nitrogen pools, the no-grazing treatment had plant community nitrogen and microbial biomass nitrogen pools of 20.50 and 11.87 g·m^-2, respectively. Both yak and Tibetan sheep grazing did not alter plant community nitrogen pools, yet significantly increased microbial biomass nitrogen pool. In contrast, mixed grazing significantly reduced plant community nitrogen pools, but leaved microbial biomass nitrogen unchanged. The above results indicate that even under moderate grazing intensities, different grazing regimes exert divergent effects on the plant community and microbial carbon and nitrogen pools in alpine grasslands.

Key words: grazing, alpine grassland, plant, microorganism, carbon pool, nitrogen pool

吕卫东, 董全民, 孙彩彩, 刘文亭, 刘玉祯, 张振祥, 李梦棋, 杨晓霞. 牦牛和藏羊放牧对高寒草地植物和微生物碳氮库的影响. 植物生态学报, 2025, 49(9): 1424-1433. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2025.0006

LÜ Wei-Dong, DONG Quan-Min, SUN Cai-Cai, LIU Wen-Ting, LIU Yu-Zhen, ZHANG Zhen-Xiang, LI Meng-Qi, YANG Xiao-Xia. Effects of yak and Tibetan sheep grazing on plant and microbial carbon and nitrogen pools in alpine grassland. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2025, 49(9): 1424-1433. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2025.0006

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2025.0006

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2025/V49/I9/1424

图/表 5

图1 环青海湖地区牦牛和藏羊放牧实验研究地点。

Fig. 1 Research site of grazing experiments on yaks and Tibetan sheep in the area around Qinghai Lake.

表1 放牧实验设计

Table 1 Experimental design of grazing

处理 Treatment	牦牛数量(头) Number of yaks (head)	藏羊数量(只) Number of Tibetan sheep (head)	小区面积 Area of plot (hm²)	小区重复个数 Number of plots
不放牧 CK	0	0	0.05	3
藏羊单牧 SG	0	2	0.17	3
牦牛单牧 YG	1	0	0.26	3
牦牛藏羊1:2混牧 MG1:2	1	2	0.43	3
牦牛藏羊1:4混牧 MG1:4	1	4	0.60	3
牦牛藏羊1:6混牧 MG1:6	1	6	0.76	3

表2 不同放牧方式对植物群落生物量及碳、氮含量的影响(平均值±标准误)

Table 2 Effects of different grazing livestock on plant community biomass and carbon and nitrogen content (mean ± SE)

	CK	SG	YG	MG1:2	MG1:4	MG1:6
生物量 Biomass (g·m^-2)
地上 Aboveground	168.9 ± 15.29^ab	161.7 ± 8.14^ab	182.4 ± 14.88^a	114.5 ± 13.18^c	117.0 ± 6.85^c	141.1 ± 5.52^bc
根系 Root	2 569.2 ± 292.6^a	2 344.7 ± 215.1^a	2 391.5 ± 237.7^a	1 321.9 ± 166.1^b	1 483.4 ± 129.3^b	1 648.1 ± 200.4^b
碳含量 Carbon content (g·kg^-1)
地上 Aboveground	409.2 ± 0.60^a	372.4 ± 0.53^e	412.9 ± 1.96^a	379.7 ± 2.46^d	385.8 ± 2.28^c	397.4 ± 0.90^b
根系 Root	335.2 ± 3.98^b	327.1 ± 2.47^b	255.1 ± 3.12^d	297.6 ± 9.10^c	355.4 ± 1.48^a	322.1 ± 1.34^b
氮含量 Nitrogen content (g·kg^-1)
地上 Aboveground	14.1 ± 0.43^c	14.5 ± 0.12^c	18.7 ± 0.27^a	15.0 ± 0.45^bc	15.8 ± 0.18^b	14.7 ± 0.27^c
根系 Root	7.1 ± 0.15^d	7.5 ± 0.08^c	6.7 ± 0.07^e	8.4 ± 0.09^a	7.9 ± 0.06^b	6.8 ± 0.05^e
碳氮比 C:N
地上 Aboveground	29.3 ± 0.93^a	25.6 ± 0.20^bc	22.1 ± 0.27^d	25.4 ± 061^c	24.4 ± 0.22^c	27.0 ± 0.55^b
根系 Root	47.5 ± 1.47^a	43.7 ± 0.68^b	37.9 ± 0.57^c	35.6 ± 1.35^c	44.7 ± 0.46^ab	47.2 ± 0.50^a
容重 Bulk density (g·cm^-3)
	1.1 ± 0.02^ab	1.0 ± 0.01^b	1.1 ± 0.01^a	1.0 ± 0.04^ab	1.0 ± 0.02^ab	0.9 ± 0.02^b

图2 不同放牧方式对植物群落碳、氮库的影响。不同小写字母表示同一指标在不同放牧处理间差异显著(p < 0.05)。CK, 未放牧; SG, 藏羊单独放牧; YG, 牦牛单独放牧。MG1:2, 牦牛藏羊1:2混合放牧; MG1:4, 牦牛藏羊1:4混合放牧; MG1:6, 牦牛藏羊1:6混合放牧。

Fig. 2 Effects of different grazing livestock on carbon and nitrogen pools in plant communities. Different lowercase letters represent significant differences in the same index between different grazing treatments (p < 0.05). CK, no grazing; SG, only Tibetan sheep grazing; YG, only yak grazing. MG1:2, mixed grazing with ratio of yak to Tibetan sheep as 1:2; MG1:4, mixed grazing with ratio of yak to Tibetan sheep as 1:4; MG1:6, mixed grazing with ratio of yak to Tibetan sheep as 1:6.

图3 不同放牧方式对土壤微生物生物量碳氮含量及其碳氮库的影响。不同小写字母表示同一指标在不同放牧处理间差异显著(p < 0.05)。CK, 未放牧; SG, 藏羊单独放牧; YG, 牦牛单独放牧。MG1:2, 牦牛藏羊1:2混合放牧; MG1:4, 牦牛藏羊1:4混合放牧; MG1:6, 牦牛藏羊1:6混合放牧。

Fig. 3 Effects of different grazing livestock on the contents of soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen as well as carbon and nitrogen pools. Different lowercase letters represent significant differences in the same index between different grazing treatments (p < 0.05). CK, no grazing; SG, only Tibetan sheep grazing; YG, only yak grazing. MG1:2, mixed grazing with ratio of yak to Tibetan sheep as 1:2; MG1:4, mixed grazing with ratio of yak to Tibetan sheep as 1:4; MG1:6, mixed grazing with ratio of yak to Tibetan sheep as 1:6.

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