“两水世界”假说的研究进展与未来展望

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2025.0070

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

近年来, 随着稳定同位素技术、原位监测设备以及土壤水提取方法的持续改进, 生态水文学对“生态水文分离”现象的认识显著深化: 植物与径流往往分别取自束缚水与自由水两个功能不同的土壤水库。该文系统回顾了“两水世界”假说的发展脉络, 并结合最新研究成果, 详细综述了该假说在小流域实验、跨尺度分析及跨生态系统比较研究中的最新进展。文章系统归纳了降水入渗后土壤中束缚水与自由水的形成机制、时空动态以及两者之间一定程度的连通性; 同时讨论了植物水源判识、土壤水采样技术标准化和生态水文模型构建中面临的关键问题。基于最新高频观测与提取技术, 该文提出未来研究方向, 包括深入揭示植物吸水机理、改进同位素在线监测方法、建立多尺度耦合模型以及开展不同气候和植被条件下的对比研究。期望更准确评估植被用水与径流形成的耦合关系，为生态恢复与流域管理提供过程可解释的依据。

关键词: 生态水文分离, 两水世界假说, 束缚水, 自由水, 稳定同位素, 植物水源判识

Abstract:

Recent advances in stable isotope techniques, in-situ monitoring devices, and soil water extraction methods have increasingly supported the ecohydrological separation phenomenon: plants and streams appear to use water from different soil reservoirs and return it to the hydrosphere. This review summarizes the evolution of the “Two water worlds” (TWW) hypothesis since its initial proposal and discusses the latest research progress, particularly in small-scale field experiments, cross-scale analyses, and cross-ecosystem comparisons. We systematically review the mechanisms and spatiotemporal dynamics underlying the separation of bound water and mobile water in the soil. We also discuss the connectivity between these water pools under various environmental conditions. Key issues, including identifying plant water source, standardizing soil water sampling methods, and addressing model uncertainty, are examined. Future research should focus on investigating plant water uptake mechanisms, improving water stable isotope monitoring techniques, integrating ecohydrological separation processes into hydrological models, and conducting cross-regional comparative studies. This study seeks to improve the accuracy of assessing the coupling between vegetation water use and runoff formation, offering a process-interpretable basis for ecological restoration and watershed management.

Key words: ecohydrological separation, “Two water worlds” hypothesis, bound water, mobile water, stable isotope, plant water source identification

杨浩林, 赵英, 胡秋丽. “两水世界”假说的研究进展与未来展望. 植物生态学报, 2025, 49(9): 1344-1362. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2025.0070

YANG Hao-Lin, ZHAO Ying, HU Qiu-Li, Jeffrey John MCDONNELL. “Two water worlds” hypothesis: advances and future prospects. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2025, 49(9): 1344-1362. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2025.0070

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2025.0070

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2025/V49/I9/1344

图/表 4

图1 两水世界假说示意图(改编自Goldsmith等(2012)和McDonnell (2014))。A, 高移动性水混合空间。B, 低移动性水混合空间。δ2H和δ18O分别为样品的氢氧同位素比值相对于标准物质同位素比值的千分差。

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of the two-water world hypothesis with mobile water mixing space (A) and low mobility water mixing space (B) (adapted from Goldsmith et al. (2012) and McDonnell (2014)). δ²H and δ18O represent the stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios corresponding to the international isotope ratio standard V-SMOW.

图2 土壤束缚水和自由水分区图。

Fig. 2 Diagram of bound water and mobile water in soil.

表1 常见土壤水分采集方法

Table 1 Common methods for soil moisture collection

方法 Method	水分类型 Types of water	缺点 Disadvantage
低温真空抽提法 Cryogenic vacuum extraction	土壤中全部水分 All moisture in the soil	真空、加热条件, 存在分馏 The occurrence of isotopic fractionation under vacuum and heating conditions
离心法 Centrifugation	特定吸力下的水分 Water content at a specific suction level	无法提取小孔隙水 Inability to extract water from small soil pores
共沸蒸馏法 Azeotropic distillation	土壤中全部水分 All moisture in the soil	步骤复杂, 存在有机质污染 Complexity in experimental procedure and susceptibility to organic contamination
机械压榨法 Mechanical squeezing	一定压力下的水分 Water content at a given pressure	土壤类型受限, 效率低 Limitations to specific soil types and low extraction efficiency

图3 生态水文过程及其分离机制未来研究展望示意图。ΔS, 土壤储水量变化; D, 渗漏; E, 蒸发; P, 降雨; T, 蒸腾。δ2H和δ18O分别为样品的氢氧同位素比值相对于标准物质同位素比值的千分差。

Fig. 3 Schematic diagram of ecohydrological processes. ΔS, change of soil water storage; D, drainage; E, evaporation; P, precipitation; T, transpiration. δ²H and δ18O represent the stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios corresponding to the international isotope ratio standard V-SMOW.

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