海南岛霸王岭热带低地雨林植被恢复动态

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.00577

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

热带次生林具有重要的物种保育和固碳功能, 然而高强度的干扰会导致次生林早期出现类似季雨林的阶段, 因而群落恢复速度和方向是当前热带生态学研究中最为关注的议题之一。该文以海南岛在刀耕火种弃耕地形成的不同演替阶段的次生林为研究对象, 比较森林不同恢复时间(12年、25年、55年)群落中的不同年龄(幼树、小树、成年树)个体与低地雨林老龄林的物种组成、多样性和群落结构差异, 探讨刀耕火种弃耕地恢复过程中的群落组配过程。首先, 在海南岛霸王岭林区内建立7个1 hm²(100 m × 100 m)的样地, 并调查样地内所有胸径≥ 1 cm的木本植物个体(不包括木质藤本)的种类、胸径大小和树高。无度量多维标定法(NMS)排序结果表明, 刀耕火种弃耕地恢复群落与老龄林的物种组成存在明显差异, 并且其物种组成差异随着径级增加而逐渐减小。刀耕火种弃耕地群落物种累积速度缓慢, 25年和55年恢复群落的种面积、种个体和种多度曲线无差异, 存在一个明显的停滞阶段。与物种组成相比, 群落结构恢复相对较迅速, 但仍没有形成老龄林阶段中的复杂结构。萌生个体在早期恢复群落中占有较高比例, 其个体密度和胸高断面积分别占总数的39.9%和55.9%, 但在恢复中后期迅速降低。刀耕火种弃耕地恢复群落中以先锋种和非先锋喜光种为主。虽然耐阴种随演替而逐渐增加, 但恢复中后期群落中的耐阴种重要值仅为老龄林的27.7%。这些结果表明, 虽然刀耕火种弃耕地恢复群落缓慢地逐渐接近最终恢复目标, 但仍然存在很大的不确定性。刀耕火种弃耕地恢复过程中的异速恢复和停滞阶段需要纳入今后群落演替模型构建和森林固碳效益核甘共苦算中。

关键词: 群落恢复, 干扰, 功能群, 海南岛, 次生林, 刀耕火种, 热带低地雨林

Abstract:

Aims Our objective was to elucidate the trajectory and pattern of tree succession on lands abandoned after multiple cycles of shifting cultivation in comparison to old-growth communities.

Methods We established seven 100 m × 100 m plots in lowland sites. There were two old-growth forest plots, one 12-year-old fallow plot, two 25-year-old fallow plots, and two 55-year-old fallow plots. We recorded species, diameter at breast height (DBH), and height of all woody stems (excluding lianas) ≥1 cm DBH in 100 subplots (10 m × 10 m) in each plot. Analysis methods included non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS).

Important findings NMS showed large differences in community composition between fallow and old-growth forest, even after 55 years of natural recovery. Saplings (DBH < 5 cm) showed more convergence with old-growth forest composition than did adult trees (DBH ≥10 cm). Species accumulation rates for all three ages of fallow plots were slower than for old-growth forests. The recovery of community structure was relatively faster, especially for tree height, but structural complexity did not reach that of old-growth forests. Sprouting stems accounted for 39.9% of density and 55.9% of basal area in the 12-year-old fallow plot, but less in older plots. The proportion of three functional groups (pioneer, non-pioneer light-demanding and shade-tolerant species) showed directional patterns of change during succession, indicating that pattern of recovery was determined by life-history traits. However, cessation of recovery during mid succession indicated that return to pre-disturbance species composition may take centuries or never occur. This should be considered when structuring successional models and predicting carbon accumulation in tropical forest.

Key words: community recovery, disturbance, functional groups, Hainan Island, secondary forest, shifting cultivation, tropical lowland rain forest

丁易, 臧润国. 海南岛霸王岭热带低地雨林植被恢复动态. 植物生态学报, 2011, 35(5): 577-586. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.00577

DING Yi, ZANG Run-Guo. Vegetation recovery dynamics of tropical lowland rain forest in Bawangling of Hainan Island, South China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2011, 35(5): 577-586. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.00577

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.00577

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2011/V35/I5/577

图/表 5

图2 不同恢复时间次生林和老龄林样地中3个年龄等级(幼树、小树、成年树)的种面积累积曲线、种多度累积曲线、种多度等级分布曲线。灰色虚线表示12年次生林样地; 黑色点线表示25年次生林样地; 灰色线表示55年次生林样地; 黑色线表示老龄林样地。

Fig. 2 The species-area accumulation curves, species-abundance accumulation curves, and species rank-abundance distribution curves for saplings (A, D, G), treelets (B, E, H), and adult trees (C, F, I) in plots across secondary forests with different recovery time and old growth forests. Gray dashed lines represent 12-year-old secondary forest plots; black dotted lines represent 25-year-old secondary forest plots; gray lines represent 55-year-old secondary forest plots; black lines represent old growth forest plots.

图3 不同恢复时间次生林和老龄林样地中成年个体树的胸径(A)和树高(B)分布图。图中粗体黑色短线表示平均值。A图中纵坐标经过对数转换。样地编号中的前2个字符, 数字表示恢复时间(年), OG表示老龄林; 样地编号中的第3个字符是霸王岭各样地所在地点的简称。B, 白龙潭; D, 东干线; M, 芒果地; N, 南叉河; W, 五里桥。

Fig. 3 Beanplots of diameter at breast height (DBH) (A) and height (B) for adult trees in plots across secondary forests with different recovery time and old growth forests. The bold black short lines represent mean values of DBH and height of adult trees. Y axis in Fig. A is logarithmic transformed. Of the first two characters of plot codes, figures represent recovery time (year), OG represents old growth forest. The third character of plot code represents abbreviation of the site name of each plot located in Bawangling. B, Bailongtan; D, Dongganxian; M, Mangguodi; N, Nanchahe; W, Wuliqiao.

图4 不同恢复时间次生林和老龄林中萌生(黑色条形图)和实生(白色条形图)的个体密度(A)和胸高断面积(B)。OG表示老龄林。

Fig. 4 Individual density (A) and basal area (B) for sprouting stems (black bars) and seeder stems (white bars) across secondary forests with different recovery time and old growth forests. OG represents old growth forest.

图5 不同恢复时间次生林和老龄林中3个功能群的重要值。黑色条形表示先锋种; 白色条形表示非先锋喜光种; 灰色条形表示耐阴种。OG表示老龄林。

Fig. 5 Important value for three functional groups across secondary forests with different recovery time and old growth forests. Black bars represent pioneer species; white bars represent non-pioneer light-demanding species; gray bars represent shade-tolerant species. OG represents old growth forest.

图1 不同恢复时间次生林和老龄林样地中3个年龄等级(s, 幼树; t, 小树; at, 成年树)的无度量多维标定图。图中下划线前符号表示样地编号。白色正方形表示12年次生林样地; 白色三角形表示25年次生林样地; 白色圆圈表示55年次生林样地; 黑色正方形表示老龄林样地。

Fig. 1 Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) for saplings (s), treelets (t), and adult trees (at) in plots across secondary forests with different recovery time and old growth forest. The symbols before underline represent codes of plots. White squares represent 12-year-old secondary forest plot; white triangles represnet 25-year-old secondary forest plots; white circles represent 55-year-old secondary forest plots; black squares represent old growth forest plots.

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