模拟增温和降水变化对北京东灵山辽东栎种子出苗和幼苗生长的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2012.00819

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

气候变化将增加地表平均气温、改变降水格局, 会影响到种子出苗和幼苗生长, 进而影响物种的更新动态。为探讨增温和降水变化对东灵山地区建群树种辽东栎(Quercus mongolica)种子出苗和一年生幼苗生长和适应状况的影响, 该文利用环境控制生长箱开展了温度和降水量的双因素控制实验, 温度设置3个梯度: 月平均气温(对照)、增温2 ℃和增温6 ℃; 降水量设置3个梯度: 月平均降水量(对照)、减水30%和加水30%。结果表明: 1)辽东栎的种子出苗率和一年生幼苗的生长对增温和降水变化的响应不一致, 种子出苗率主要受到降水及其与温度交互作用的影响, 幼苗生长仅受到温度和降水独立作用的影响; 2)春季增温2 ℃或降水量增加均使辽东栎种子出苗期提前; 增温6 ℃与降水量减少的水热组合延迟了种子出苗期并使其存活率和出苗率显著降低, 但在此温度下增加降水量则增加了出苗速率和出苗率。3)增温2 ℃对其生长无显著影响, 增温6 ℃则在不同水分条件下显著地增加了幼苗的比叶面积、抑制了叶的伸长生长, 同时也显著降低了各器官生物量积累, 并减少了幼苗生物量向根的分配; 降水量减少降低了幼苗根生物量, 但未影响总生物量和根冠比, 降水量增加显著促进了幼苗地上部分的生长, 特别是叶的生长。因此, 适当地增温或增加降水量将增加辽东栎幼苗的更新潜力, 但增温和降水量减少导致的干旱化将显著降低幼苗的更新潜力。

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关键词: 气候变化, 东灵山, 更新, 幼苗, 种子

Abstract:

Aims Temperature and water supply are crucial drivers for plant seedling regeneration. Dongling Mountain is one of the temperate areas most sensitive to climate change in China, and Quercus mongolica is the dominant species. Our objective was to investigate how climate change (warming and precipitation change) affects the physiological and ecological processes of seeds and seedlings of Q. mongolica to determine the regeneration mechanisms and change in patterns of this key species.
Methods We used a controlled, growth-chamber experiment for rising temperature and changing water supply. There were three levels for both temperature and water supply: monthly mean temperature (control) over past the 18 years and increased by 2 °C and 6 °C and monthly mean precipitation (control) and +30% and -30%. Seeds of Q. mongolica were collected in fall of 2010, planted in May 2011, and grown in pots under the treatments. We periodically measured traits of seedling emergence and growth during the first growing season.
Important findings Seedling emergence percentage was affected by precipitation and its interaction with temperature, while seedling growth and biomass were affected by temperature and precipitation alone, rather than by their interaction. Increased temperature by 2 °C and water addition shortened the seedling emergence time; increased temperature by 6 °C combined with reduction of water increased seed mortality and reduced seedling emergence percentage, yet with water addition promoted seedling dynamics. Increased temperature by 2 °C had no significant effects on seedling growth, while increased by 6 °C significantly increased the specific leaf area, restricted the seedling growth and biomass, and reduced the ratio of root and shoot. In addition, water reduction reduced only root biomass but not shoot, total biomass and root:shoot. Water addition significantly promoted growth of leaf length, increased leaf numbers and increased aboveground biomass, especially leaf biomass. Therefore, proper temperature elevation or water addition may benefit the potential regeneration ability of Q. mongolica, but highly elevated temperature with reduced precipitation may be deleterious under future climate change.

Key words: climate change, Dongling Mountain, regeneration, seedling, seed

董丽佳, 桑卫国. 模拟增温和降水变化对北京东灵山辽东栎种子出苗和幼苗生长的影响. 植物生态学报, 2012, 36(8): 819-830. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2012.00819

DONG Li-Jia, SANG Wei-Guo. Effects of simulated warming and precipitation change on seedling emergence and growth of Quercus mongolica in Dongling Mountain, Beijing, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2012, 36(8): 819-830. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2012.00819

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2012.00819

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2012/V36/I8/819

图/表 7

图1 东灵山地区1955-2010年春夏的平均气温和降水变化。

Fig. 1 Changes of mean air temperature and precipitation of spring and summer in Dongling Mountain area in 1955-2010.

表1 生长箱的温度设置和实验中的降水设置

Table 1 Temperature setting of growth chamber and precipitation setting in experiment

时间 Time	平均月昼/夜气温 Mean monthly air temperature of day/night (°C)			平均月降水量 Mean monthly precipitation (mm)			降水频次 Frequency of precipitation
时间 Time	T₀	T₁	T₂	W	W-	W+	降水频次 Frequency of precipitation
5月 May	20.5/9.5	22.5/11.5	26.5/15.5	54.7	38.3	71.1	6
6月 June	22.8/13.0	24.8/15.0	28.8/19.0	95.9	67.1	124.7	6
7月 July	24.0/15.9	26.0/17.9	30.0/21.9	150.9	105.6	196.2	6
8月 August	21.9/14.7	23.9/16.7	27.9/20.7	111.0	77.7	144.3	6

图2 增温和降水变化条件下播种两周后的出苗动态(平均值±标准误差)。T0, T1, T2, W, W-和W+同表1。

Fig. 2 Dynamic of seedling emergence after two weeks of sowing in a combination of warming and altered precipitation (mean ± SE). T0, T1, T2, W, W- and W+ see Table 1.

图3 辽东栎种子的出苗率、死亡率和未出土幼苗百分率(平均值±标准误差)。不同小写字母表示在相同的水分处理下, 增温与对照间差异显著(p < 0.05); 不同大写字母表示相同温度下, 降水变化与对照间的差异显著(p < 0.05)。T0、T1、T2、W、W-和W+同表1。

Fig. 3 Seedling emergence percentage, non-emergence percentage and seed mortality of Quercus mongolica (mean ± SE). Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference between elevated air temperature and mean air temperature within same water treatment (p < 0.05); Different uppercase letters indicate significant difference between precipitation change and average precipitation at same temperature level (p < 0.05). T0, T1, T2, W, W- and W+ see Table 1.

表2 双因素方差分析中的F值及概率水平

Table 2 F value and probability levels for independent variables in two-way ANOVA

自变量 Independent variable	变异来源(自由度) Variance source (df)		响应变量的F值 (概率水平) F value and probability levels of response variable
自变量 Independent variable	变异来源(自由度) Variance source (df)	H	RL	LN	LL	SLA	LB
T	2	1.32	0.89	0.44	2.82	6.21^**	3.82^*
W	2	0.27	1.53	2.97	7.93^**	7.23^**	5.17^*
T × W	4	0.33	0.26	0.59	1.47	1.86	0.58
		STB	RB	SB	TB	RSR
T	2	5.71^**	9.46^**	5.29^*	8.17^**	12.21^**
W	2	2.07	3.50^*	5.16^*	4.51^*	3.07
T × W	4	1.22	0.33	0.73	057	0.89

图4 增温和降水处理对辽东栎幼苗形态特征的影响(平均值±标准误差)。不同小写字母表示在相同的水分处理下, 增温与对照间差异显著(p < 0.05); 不同大写字母表示相同温度下, 降水变化与对照间的差异显著(p < 0.05)。T0、T1、T2、W、W-和W+同表1。

Fig. 4 Effects of elevated temperature and precipitation treatment on seedling morphological characteristics of Quercus mongolica (mean ± SE). LL, longest leaf length; LN, leaf number; SLA, specific leaf area. Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference between elevated temperature and mean temperature within same water treatment (p < 0.05); Different uppercase letters indicate significant difference between precipitation change and average precipitation at same temperature level (p < 0.05). T0, T1, T2, W, W- and W+ see Table 1.

图5 增温和降水处理对辽东栎幼苗生物量的影响(平均值±标准误差)。不同小写字母表示在相同的水分处理下, 增温与对照间差异显著(p < 0.05); 不同大写字母表示相同温度下, 降水变化与对照间的差异显著(p < 0.05)。T0、T1、T2、W、W-和W+同表1。

Fig. 5 Effects of elevated temperature and precipitation treatment on seedling biomass of Quercus mongolica (mean ± SE). LB, leaf biomass; RB, root biomass; R/S, root:shoot; SB, shoot biomass; STB, stem biomass; TB, total biomass. Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference between elevated temperature and mean temperature within same water treatment (p < 0.05); Different uppercase letters indicate significant difference between precipitation change and average precipitation at same temperature level (p < 0.05). T0, T1, T2, W, W- and W+ see Table 1.

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