干旱强度影响祁连山西段不同海拔青海云杉的生长恢复

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2023.0165

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着全球气候变化, 干旱的频率和强度不断增加, 导致森林退化和树木生长速率下降甚至死亡。了解干旱对树木径向生长的影响机制, 量化干旱强度对树木径向生长的影响至关重要。该研究利用相关性分析确定祁连山西段3个海拔青海云杉(Picea crassifolia)径向生长的主要气候限制因子, 并基于抵抗力、恢复力、弹性和生长偏离程度比较树木径向生长对不同强度干旱事件的响应差异。结果显示: 1) 3个海拔树木径向生长均对6月平均气温、降水量和标准化降水蒸散发指数响应最强, 尤对后者更为显著, 说明干旱胁迫强烈限制树木径向生长。2) 3个海拔树木径向生长随干湿变化而显著变化; 随着干旱强度增强, 树木应对干旱事件的抵抗力下降, 恢复力上升。3)在中等和极端干旱事件后, 3个海拔树木均表现出补偿性生长, 但这种补偿性生长是短暂的, 在第二年就基本回到干旱前的生长状态; 3个海拔树木在严重干旱事件后第一年没有表现出补偿性生长。因此, 严重干旱事件后第一年的生长动态是预测青海云杉生长恢复的关键。

关键词: 树木年轮, 气候变化, 干旱事件, 补偿性生长, 径向生长, 青海云杉

Abstract:

Aims With global climate change, the increased frequency and intensity of droughts lead to forest degradation, slow down tree growth, and even cause the death of trees. It is critical to understand the mechanisms of how drought influences tree radial growth, and to quantify the effect of drought intensity on tree radial growth.

Methods This study used correlation analysis to determine the main limiting climatic factors for radial growth of Picea crassifolia at three altitudes in the western Qilian Mountains, and then compared the response of tree radial growth to drought events with different levels of intensity, with respect to resistance, recovery, resilience, and growth deviation.

Important findings Tree radial growth across three altitudes was most responsive to the mean temperature of June, precipitation, and standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI), with SPEI being more pronounced, indicating that tree radial growth is strongly limited by drought stress. Radial growth of trees at three altitudes varied significantly with dryness and wetness. In response to increased drought intensity, tree resistance decreased and recovery increased. Trees at three altitudes exhibited compensatory growth after moderate and extreme drought events, but this compensatory growth was transitory, with growth condition returning to the pre-drought level in the second year. Following the severe drought events, trees at three altitudes did not exhibit compensatory growth in the first year. These results suggest that growth dynamics in the first year after a severe drought event is critical for predicting the growth recovery of P. crassifolia.

Key words: tree-ring, climate change, drought event, compensatory growth, radial growth, Picea crassifolia

张鹏, 焦亮, 薛儒鸿, 魏梦圆, 杜达石, 吴璇, 王旭鸽, 李倩. 干旱强度影响祁连山西段不同海拔青海云杉的生长恢复. 植物生态学报, 2024, 48(8): 977-987. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2023.0165

ZHANG Peng, JIAO Liang, XUE Ru-Hong, WEI Meng-Yuan, DU Da-Shi, WU Xuan, WANG Xu-Ge, LI Qian. Drought intensity affected the growth recovery of Picea crassifolia across different altitudes in western Qilian Mountains. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2024, 48(8): 977-987. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2023.0165

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2023.0165

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2024/V48/I8/977

图/表 8

图1 祁连山西段不同海拔青海云杉采样点和气象站位置以及样地景观。HA, 高海拔; LA, 低海拔; MA, 中海拔。

Fig. 1 Locations of sampling points of Picea crassifolia at different altitudes and weather station and landscape of sample plots in western Qilian Mountains. HA, high altitude; LA, low altitude; MA, medium altitude.

图2 祁连山西段1951-2020年的月平均气温、月降水量、年平均气温、年降水量。

Fig. 2 Monthly mean air temperature, monthly precipitation, annual mean air temperature, and annual precipitation from 1951 to 2020 in western Qilian Mountains.

表1 祁连山西段不同海拔青海云杉年表统计特征参数

Table 1 Statistical characteristics of chronology of Picea crassifolia across different altitudes in western Qilian Mountains

年表参数 Dendrochronological parameter	海拔 Altitude (m)
年表参数 Dendrochronological parameter	2 650	2 869	3 070
树/样芯 Number of cores	25/50	25/50	25/50
时间跨度 Time span	1947-2020	1946-2020	1934-2020
平均敏感度 Mean sensitivity	0.330	0.212	0.179
标准差 Standard deviation	0.293	0.233	0.243
一阶序列自相关 Autocorrelation coefficient	0.174	0.477	0.610
序列间相关系数 Correlation coefficient (r)	0.579	0.618	0.442
树内平均相关度 Mean correlation in a tree (r1)	0.843	0.650	0.576
树间平均相关度 Mean correlation between trees (r2)	0.594	0.607	0.438
第一个主分量方差 Variance in the first principal component	0.638	0.640	0.486
信噪比 Signal to noise ratio	25.221	40.514	32.510
样本的总体信号 Expressing population signal	0.962	0.976	0.970

表2 根据标准化降水蒸散发指数(SPEI)值的干湿等级分类

Table 2 Classification of dry and wet grades according to standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) values

SPEI	分类 Classification
2.00-3.00	极端湿润 Extreme wet
1.50-2.00	严重湿润 Severe wet
1.00-1.50	中等湿润 Moderate wet
0.00-1.00	轻度湿润 Mild wet
-1.00-0.00	轻度干旱 Mild drought
-1.50- -1.00	中等干旱 Moderate drought
-2.00- -1.50	严重干旱 Severe drought
-3.00- -2.00	极端干旱 Extreme drought

图3 祁连山西段不同海拔青海云杉径向生长与气候因子的相关系数。HA, 高海拔; LA, 低海拔; MA, 中海拔。 Pre, 降水量; SPEI, 标准化降水蒸散发指数; Tmean, 月平均气温。p表示上一年月份。*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01。

Fig. 3 Correlation coefficients between radial growth of Picea crassifolia and climatic factors at different altitudes in western Qilian Mountains. HA, high altitude; LA, low altitude; MA, medium altitude. Pre, precipitation; SPEI, standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index; Tmean, mean monthly air temperature. p denotes the month of the previous year. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01.

图4 祁连山西段不同海拔青海云杉树轮宽度指数随干旱强度的变化趋势(平均值±标准误)。HA, 高海拔; LA, 低海拔; MA, 中海拔。SPEI, 标准化降水蒸散发指数。A-C中的不同小写字母表示干湿状态下树轮宽度具有显著差异(p < 0.05)。D中阴影代表标准误。

Fig. 4 Trends of tree ring width indices with drought intensity in Picea crassifolia at different altitudes in western Qilian Mountains (mean ± SE). HA, high altitude; LA, low altitude; MA, medium altitude. SPEI, standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index. Different lowercase letters in A-C indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) in tree ring width in dry and wet conditions. Shading in D represents SE.

图5 干旱强度对祁连山西段不同海拔青海云杉抵抗力(Rt)、恢复力(Rc)和弹性(Rs)的影响(平均值±标准误)。ED, 极端干旱; MD, 中度干旱; SD, 严重干旱。HA, 高海拔; LA, 低海拔; MA, 中海拔。不同小写字母代表不同干旱强度下干旱指数具有显著差异(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 5 Effects of drought intensity on resistance (Rt), recovery (Rc), resilience (Rs) of Picea crassifolia at different altitudes in western Qilian Mountains (mean ± SE). ED, extreme drought; MD, moderate drought; SD, severe drought. HA, high altitude; LA, low altitude; MA, medium altitude. Different lowercase letters represent significant differences in drought indices under different drought intensities (p < 0.05).

图6 祁连山西段不同海拔青海云杉在干旱期间(0年)和干旱后1-2年的恢复轨迹(平均值±标准误)。ED, 极端干旱; MD, 中度干旱; SD, 严重干旱。HA, 高海拔; LA, 低海拔; MA, 中海拔。不同小写字母代表不同年份生长恢复具有显著差异(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 6 Recovery trajectories of Picea crassifolia at different altitudes in western Qilian Mountains during drought (year 0) and 1-2 years after drought (mean ± SE). ED, extreme drought; MD, moderate drought; SD, severe drought. HA, high altitude; LA, low altitude; MA, medium altitude. Different lowercase letters represent significant differences in growth recovery among years (p < 0.05).

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