陆地生态系统野外增温控制实验的技术与方法

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2019.0179

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

由于人类活动导致的碳排放急剧增加, 工业革命以来全球地表温度显著增加约1 ℃, 未来全球气候还将持续变暖, 到21世纪末最高可升温4 ℃。这种前所未有的气候变化不仅影响陆地植被的适应策略, 也深刻影响生态系统的结构和功能。其中陆地生态系统碳收支对全球变暖的反馈, 是决定未来气候变化强度的关键因素, 因此全球已经开展了大量的生态系统尺度的野外增温控制实验, 研究生态系统碳收支对气温升高的响应, 从而提高地球系统模型的预测精度。然而由于增温技术和方法的不同, 不同研究的结果之间难以进行比较。该文系统总结了常见的野外增温技术和方法, 包括主动增温和被动增温, 阐述了其优缺点、适用对象以及相关研究成果。同时简要介绍了野外增温控制实验的前沿研究方向——新一代野外增温技术(包括全土壤剖面增温和全生态系统增温)和基于新一代增温技术开展的野外增温联网实验。

关键词: 陆地生态系统, 模拟增温, 增温技术, 碳收支, 深层土壤

Abstract:

Due to the sharp increase in carbon emissions from human activities, global surface air temperature has increased significantly by approximately 1 °C since the Industrial Revolution, and it will continue to increase by up to 4 °C by the end of 21st century. This unprecedented climate change will not only affect the adaptation strategies of terrestrial vegetation, but also profoundly affect the structure and function of terrestrial ecosystems. The feedbacks of terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycling to warming is the key factor controlling the speed of future climate change. Therefore, a large number of ecosystem-scale field warming manipulation experiments have been conducted globally to study the carbon budget of terrestrial ecosystems and to improve the prediction accuracy of earth system models. However, due to differences in techniques and methods of these field warming experiments, results among different studies are difficult to compare and synthesize. This paper reviews the common techniques and methods of field warming manipulation experiments, including active warming and passive warming. It also summarizes advantages and disadvantages, applicable objects and related publications for these techniques and methods. Moreover, it briefly introduces future directions of field warming manipulation experiments—the next-generation field warming techniques, namely whole-soil-profile warming and whole-ecosystem warming, and calls for establishing a coordinated distributed network of field warming manipulation experiments using these techniques.

Key words: terrestrial ecosystems, simulated warming, warming techniques, carbon balance, deep soil

朱彪, 陈迎. 陆地生态系统野外增温控制实验的技术与方法. 植物生态学报, 2020, 44(4): 330-339. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2019.0179

ZHU Biao, CHEN Ying. Techniques and methods for field warming manipulation experiments in terrestrial ecosystems. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2020, 44(4): 330-339. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2019.0179

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2019.0179

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2020/V44/I4/330

图/表 3

参考文献 52

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技术 Technique	方法 Method	优点 Advantage	缺点 Disadvantage	适用对象 Object	应用举例 Example
被动增温 Passive warming	土壤移位 Soil translocation	成本低, 易操作, 方便多点多重复 Low cost, easy to operate, convenient for multiple locations and replicates	小尺度, 有扰动, 不能用于森林 Small scale, disturbed, not suitable for forests	植物和表层土壤增温, 任何生态系统, 特别是草地 Plants and surface soil warming, any ecosystem, especially grassland	Wu et al., 2012; Li et al., 2016
	温室 Greenhouse	成本低, 适用于偏远无电源地区 Low cost, suitable for remote power-free areas	小尺度, 密闭系统, 不能用于森林 Small scale, closed system, not suitable for forests	植物和表层土壤增温, 植物较矮、没有电源的生态系统 Plants and surface soil warming, short-stature, power-free ecosystem	Sistla et al., 2013
	开顶式同化箱 Open-top chamber	成本低, 多梯度增温, 适用于偏远无电源地区 Low cost, multi-gradient warming, suitable for remote power-free areas	小尺度, 半密闭系统, 不能用于森林 Small scale, closed system, not suitable for forests	植物和表层土壤增温, 植物较矮、没有电源的生态系统 Plants and surface soil warming, short-stature, power-free ecosystem	Henry & Molau, 1997; Elmendorf et al., 2012; Shi et al., 2017
主动增温 Active warming	红外辐射器 Infrared radiators	扰动少, 模拟真实情景 Low disturbance, simulate real warming scenario	成本较高, 小尺度, 不能加热深层土壤, 样地面积较小 High cost, small scale, cannot heat deep soil, small plot area	植物和表层土壤增温, 植物较矮、有电源的生态系统 Plants and surface soil warming, short-stature, power-accessible ecosystem	Harte et al., 1995; Kimball et al., 2008, 2018; Kimball & Conley, 2009; Wan et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2012; Harte et al., 2015; Liu et al., 2018
主动增温 Active warming	加热电缆 Heating cables	可以用于加热土壤, 特别是森林土壤 Can be used to heat soil, especially forest soil	成本较高, 小尺度, 不能加热空气和深层土壤, 有一定扰动 High cost, small scale, cannot heat air and deep soil, some disturbance	土壤增温, 有电源, 任何生态系统, 特别是森林 Soil warming, power-accessible, any ecosystem, especially the forest	Melillo et al., 2011, 2017; Lin et al., 2018
新一代实验 Next- generation	全土壤剖面 Whole-soil-profile	扰动少, 模拟真实土壤增温情景, 包括深层土壤 Low disturbance, simulate real soil warming scenario, including deep soil	成本较高, 尺度较小, 不能加热空气 High cost, smaller scale, no heating of air	土壤增温, 有电源, 任何生态系统 Soil warming, power-accessible, any ecosystem	Hanson et al., 2011; Hicks Pries et al., 2017
	全生态系统 Whole-ecosystem	扰动少, 最接近真实的生态系统增温情景 Low disturbance, closest to the real ecosystem warming scenario	成本很高, 尺度较小, 难推广, 不能用于森林 High cost, small scale, difficult to use widely, not suitable for forest	全生态系统增温, 有电源, 植物较矮的生态系统 Whole-ecosystem warming, power-accessible, short-stature ecosystem	Wilson et al., 2016; Gill et al., 2017; Hanson et al., 2017; Richardson et al., 2018

技术 Technique	方法 Method	优点 Advantage	缺点 Disadvantage	适用对象 Object	应用举例 Example
被动增温 Passive warming	土壤移位 Soil translocation	成本低, 易操作, 方便多点多重复 Low cost, easy to operate, convenient for multiple locations and replicates	小尺度, 有扰动, 不能用于森林 Small scale, disturbed, not suitable for forests	植物和表层土壤增温, 任何生态系统, 特别是草地 Plants and surface soil warming, any ecosystem, especially grassland	Wu et al., 2012; Li et al., 2016
	温室 Greenhouse	成本低, 适用于偏远无电源地区 Low cost, suitable for remote power-free areas	小尺度, 密闭系统, 不能用于森林 Small scale, closed system, not suitable for forests	植物和表层土壤增温, 植物较矮、没有电源的生态系统 Plants and surface soil warming, short-stature, power-free ecosystem	Sistla et al., 2013
	开顶式同化箱 Open-top chamber	成本低, 多梯度增温, 适用于偏远无电源地区 Low cost, multi-gradient warming, suitable for remote power-free areas	小尺度, 半密闭系统, 不能用于森林 Small scale, closed system, not suitable for forests	植物和表层土壤增温, 植物较矮、没有电源的生态系统 Plants and surface soil warming, short-stature, power-free ecosystem	Henry & Molau, 1997; Elmendorf et al., 2012; Shi et al., 2017
主动增温 Active warming	红外辐射器 Infrared radiators	扰动少, 模拟真实情景 Low disturbance, simulate real warming scenario	成本较高, 小尺度, 不能加热深层土壤, 样地面积较小 High cost, small scale, cannot heat deep soil, small plot area	植物和表层土壤增温, 植物较矮、有电源的生态系统 Plants and surface soil warming, short-stature, power-accessible ecosystem	Harte et al., 1995; Kimball et al., 2008, 2018; Kimball & Conley, 2009; Wan et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2012; Harte et al., 2015; Liu et al., 2018
主动增温 Active warming	加热电缆 Heating cables	可以用于加热土壤, 特别是森林土壤 Can be used to heat soil, especially forest soil	成本较高, 小尺度, 不能加热空气和深层土壤, 有一定扰动 High cost, small scale, cannot heat air and deep soil, some disturbance	土壤增温, 有电源, 任何生态系统, 特别是森林 Soil warming, power-accessible, any ecosystem, especially the forest	Melillo et al., 2011, 2017; Lin et al., 2018
新一代实验 Next- generation	全土壤剖面 Whole-soil-profile	扰动少, 模拟真实土壤增温情景, 包括深层土壤 Low disturbance, simulate real soil warming scenario, including deep soil	成本较高, 尺度较小, 不能加热空气 High cost, smaller scale, no heating of air	土壤增温, 有电源, 任何生态系统 Soil warming, power-accessible, any ecosystem	Hanson et al., 2011; Hicks Pries et al., 2017
	全生态系统 Whole-ecosystem	扰动少, 最接近真实的生态系统增温情景 Low disturbance, closest to the real ecosystem warming scenario	成本很高, 尺度较小, 难推广, 不能用于森林 High cost, small scale, difficult to use widely, not suitable for forest	全生态系统增温, 有电源, 植物较矮的生态系统 Whole-ecosystem warming, power-accessible, short-stature ecosystem	Wilson et al., 2016; Gill et al., 2017; Hanson et al., 2017; Richardson et al., 2018