FACE实验技术和方法回顾及其在全球变化研究中的应用

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2019.0223

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

化石燃料的燃烧和城市化进程的加快导致大气中二氧化碳(CO₂)和臭氧(O₃)浓度日益升高, 大气气体浓度的变化会对植物个体和陆地生态系统结构与功能产生影响。CO₂浓度升高增加了陆地生态系统碳汇能力, 而O₃导致作物减产和生态系统固碳损失。自由空气中气体浓度增加(FACE)系统是最接近自然的一种模拟大气气体浓度增加对生态系统影响的研究平台, 已广泛应用于各种生态系统, 为理解陆地生态系统生态过程对全球变化的响应及评估未来情景的生态风险提供了重要科学依据。该文从FACE技术特点出发, 介绍了国内外建成的大型CO₂/O₃-FACE系统, 分析了FACE系统的不同布气方式在不同生态系统研究过程中的优点与缺点, 概述了全球FACE运行的现状和取得的主要成果, 并指出了FACE系统存在的主要问题和前沿研究方向。

关键词: 自由空气中气体浓度增加(FACE), 二氧化碳, 臭氧, 陆地生态系统, 农田生态系统

Abstract:

Massive fossil fuel burning and the rapid urbanization have caused significant increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) and ozone (O₃) concentrations. The increased gas concentration has significant impacts on the structure and function of terrestrial plants and ecosystems. Rising CO₂ concentration increased the plant growth and productivity, while elevated O₃ decreased grain yield and carbon sequestration capacity. The Free-Air Concentration Enrichment (FACE) is one kind of facility closest to the natural conditions for simulating effects of rising atmospheric gas concentration on ecosystems. FACE has been widely used in various ecosystems and provides key basis to understand the ecological progress in response to global change and parameters for risk assessment in terrestrial ecosystem models. In this paper, CO₂/O₃-FACE facility around world and their technology are reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of the design of each FACE in different terrestrial ecosystems were discussed. The current status of global FACE facility and progress in research achievements are also introduced. Furthermore, the problems in running current FACE and the frontiers of scientific questions are also highlighted.

Key words: Free-Air Concentration Enrichment (FACE), carbon dioxide (CO₂), ozone (O₃), terrestrial ecosystem, agricultural ecosystem

冯兆忠, 徐彦森, 尚博. FACE实验技术和方法回顾及其在全球变化研究中的应用. 植物生态学报, 2020, 44(4): 340-349. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2019.0223

FENG Zhao-Zhong, XU Yan-Sen, SHANG Bo. Free-Air Concentration Enrichment (FACE) techniques, experimental approach and its application in the field of global change ecology: a review. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2020, 44(4): 340-349. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2019.0223

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2019.0223

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2020/V44/I4/340

图/表 5

参考文献 52

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名称 Name	生态系统 Ecosystem	控制因子 Factor	地点 Location	开始运行时间 Start time	运行状态 Status	文献 Reference
Maricopa FACE	C₃和C₄作物 C₃ and C₄ crop	CO₂	美国亚利桑那州 Arizona, USA	1989	停止运行 Stop	Lewin et al., 1994
Rice FACE	水稻 Oryza sativa	CO₂	日本雫石町 Shizukuishi, Japan	1998	停止运行 Stop	Okada et al., 2001
Tsukuba FACE	水稻 Oryza sativa	CO₂	日本筑波 Tsukuba, Japan	2010	停止运行 Stop
Rapolano Mid FACE	葡萄和茄子 Vitis vinifera and Solanum melongena	CO₂	意大利基安蒂 Chianti, Italy	1995	停止运行 Stop	Miglietta et al., 1997
Soy FACE	大豆和玉米 Glycine max and Zea mays	CO₂, O₃	美国伊利诺伊州 Illinois, USA	2001	停止运行 Stop
Iso FACE	山毛榉和云杉混交林 A mixed Fagus longipetiolata and Picea abies forest	CO₂	德国克兰斯伯格森林 Kranzberg Forest, Germany	2007	正在运行 Running	Grams et al., 2011
Duke Forest FACE	火炬松 Pinus taeda	CO₂	美国北卡罗来纳州 North Carolina, USA	1996	停止运行 Stop	Hendrey et al., 1999
Euc FACE	桉树 Eucalyptus	CO₂	澳大利亚悉尼 Sydney, Australia	2012	正在运行 Running
Oak Ridge	枫香 Liquidambar	CO₂	美国田纳西州 Tennessee, USA	1998	停止运行 Stop	Norby et al., 2001
POPFACE	杨树 Populus tremula	CO₂	意大利维泰博省 Viterbo Province, Italy	1999	停止运行 Stop	Miglietta et al., 2001
Swiss alpine treeline	挪威云杉 Pinus sylvestris	CO₂	瑞士巴塞尔 Basel, Switzerland	2000	停止运行 Stop
Aspen FACE	山杨 Populus davidiana	CO₂, O₃	美国威斯康辛州 Wisconsin, USA	2001	停止运行 Stop	Dickson et al., 2000
Kranzberg Ozone Fumigation Experiment (KROFEX)	成熟云杉和山毛榉 Grown-up P. abies and F. longipetiolata	O₃	德国弗赖辛 Freising, Germany	2000	停止运行 Stop	Werner & Fabian, 2002
Sapporo Forest	山毛榉和橡树幼苗 F. longipetiolata and Quercus albus saplings	O₃	日本北海道 Hokkaido, Japan	2011	停止运行 Stop	Watanabe et al., 2013
BioCON	自然草地 Natural grassland	CO₂	美国明尼苏达州 Minnesota, USA	1997	正在运行 Running	Reich et al., 2001
Swiss Eschikon FACE	牧草 Pasture	CO₂	瑞士 Switzerland	1993	停止运行 Stop	Zanetti et al., 1996
Pasture FACE	牧草 Pasture	CO₂	新西兰布尔斯 Bourse, New Zealand	1997	停止运行 Stop	Edwards et al., 2001
Swiss calcareous FACE	草地 Grassland	CO₂	瑞士 Switzerland		停止运行 Stop
Irish seminatural FACE	半自然草地 Semi-natural Grassland	CO₂	爱尔兰 Ireland		停止运行 Stop
Nevada Desert	沙漠 Desert	CO₂	美国内华达州 Nevada, USA	1997	停止运行 Stop	Jordan et al., 1999
3D ozone FACE	盆栽 Plot	O₃	意大利佛罗伦萨 Florence, Italy	2015	正在运行 Running	Paoletti et al., 2017

名称 Name	生态系统 Ecosystem	控制因子 Factor	地点 Location	开始运行时间 Start time	运行状态 Status	文献 Reference
Maricopa FACE	C₃和C₄作物 C₃ and C₄ crop	CO₂	美国亚利桑那州 Arizona, USA	1989	停止运行 Stop	Lewin et al., 1994
Rice FACE	水稻 Oryza sativa	CO₂	日本雫石町 Shizukuishi, Japan	1998	停止运行 Stop	Okada et al., 2001
Tsukuba FACE	水稻 Oryza sativa	CO₂	日本筑波 Tsukuba, Japan	2010	停止运行 Stop
Rapolano Mid FACE	葡萄和茄子 Vitis vinifera and Solanum melongena	CO₂	意大利基安蒂 Chianti, Italy	1995	停止运行 Stop	Miglietta et al., 1997
Soy FACE	大豆和玉米 Glycine max and Zea mays	CO₂, O₃	美国伊利诺伊州 Illinois, USA	2001	停止运行 Stop
Iso FACE	山毛榉和云杉混交林 A mixed Fagus longipetiolata and Picea abies forest	CO₂	德国克兰斯伯格森林 Kranzberg Forest, Germany	2007	正在运行 Running	Grams et al., 2011
Duke Forest FACE	火炬松 Pinus taeda	CO₂	美国北卡罗来纳州 North Carolina, USA	1996	停止运行 Stop	Hendrey et al., 1999
Euc FACE	桉树 Eucalyptus	CO₂	澳大利亚悉尼 Sydney, Australia	2012	正在运行 Running
Oak Ridge	枫香 Liquidambar	CO₂	美国田纳西州 Tennessee, USA	1998	停止运行 Stop	Norby et al., 2001
POPFACE	杨树 Populus tremula	CO₂	意大利维泰博省 Viterbo Province, Italy	1999	停止运行 Stop	Miglietta et al., 2001
Swiss alpine treeline	挪威云杉 Pinus sylvestris	CO₂	瑞士巴塞尔 Basel, Switzerland	2000	停止运行 Stop
Aspen FACE	山杨 Populus davidiana	CO₂, O₃	美国威斯康辛州 Wisconsin, USA	2001	停止运行 Stop	Dickson et al., 2000
Kranzberg Ozone Fumigation Experiment (KROFEX)	成熟云杉和山毛榉 Grown-up P. abies and F. longipetiolata	O₃	德国弗赖辛 Freising, Germany	2000	停止运行 Stop	Werner & Fabian, 2002
Sapporo Forest	山毛榉和橡树幼苗 F. longipetiolata and Quercus albus saplings	O₃	日本北海道 Hokkaido, Japan	2011	停止运行 Stop	Watanabe et al., 2013
BioCON	自然草地 Natural grassland	CO₂	美国明尼苏达州 Minnesota, USA	1997	正在运行 Running	Reich et al., 2001
Swiss Eschikon FACE	牧草 Pasture	CO₂	瑞士 Switzerland	1993	停止运行 Stop	Zanetti et al., 1996
Pasture FACE	牧草 Pasture	CO₂	新西兰布尔斯 Bourse, New Zealand	1997	停止运行 Stop	Edwards et al., 2001
Swiss calcareous FACE	草地 Grassland	CO₂	瑞士 Switzerland		停止运行 Stop
Irish seminatural FACE	半自然草地 Semi-natural Grassland	CO₂	爱尔兰 Ireland		停止运行 Stop
Nevada Desert	沙漠 Desert	CO₂	美国内华达州 Nevada, USA	1997	停止运行 Stop	Jordan et al., 1999
3D ozone FACE	盆栽 Plot	O₃	意大利佛罗伦萨 Florence, Italy	2015	正在运行 Running	Paoletti et al., 2017

名称 Name	研究对象 Object	控制因子 Factor	研究机构 Research institution	地点 Location	开始运行时间 Start time	运行状态 Status	文献 Reference
China FACE	水稻和小麦 Oryza sativa and Triticum aestivum	CO₂, O₃	中国科学院南京土壤研究所 Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences	江苏江都 Jiangdu, Jiangsu	2001	停止运行 Stop	Tang et al., 2011
O₃-FACE	杨树 Populus deltoides	O₃	中国科学院生态环境研究中心 Research Center for Eco-environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences	北京延庆 Yanqing, Beijing	2017	正在运行 Running
CO₂-FACE	水稻 O. sativa	CO₂, 温度 CO₂, temperature	南京农业大学 Nanjing Agricultural University	江苏常熟 Changshu, Jiangsu		正在运行 Running

名称 Name	研究对象 Object	控制因子 Factor	研究机构 Research institution	地点 Location	开始运行时间 Start time	运行状态 Status	文献 Reference
China FACE	水稻和小麦 Oryza sativa and Triticum aestivum	CO₂, O₃	中国科学院南京土壤研究所 Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences	江苏江都 Jiangdu, Jiangsu	2001	停止运行 Stop	Tang et al., 2011
O₃-FACE	杨树 Populus deltoides	O₃	中国科学院生态环境研究中心 Research Center for Eco-environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences	北京延庆 Yanqing, Beijing	2017	正在运行 Running
CO₂-FACE	水稻 O. sativa	CO₂, 温度 CO₂, temperature	南京农业大学 Nanjing Agricultural University	江苏常熟 Changshu, Jiangsu		正在运行 Running