Effects of glyphosate on interspecific competition between Solidago canadensis and Imperata cylindrica

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2016.0331

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims The extensive use of herbicide to control invasive plants would change the relationship between alien and neighboring plants. In order to provide data for rational use of herbicide and a theoretical reference for further studies on the ecological effects of glyphosate, we explored the variation of the relationship between an invasive plant Solidago canadensis and a native plant Imperata cylindrica when they were sprayed glyphosate.
Methods A replacement series experiment was conducted from June to August 2016 in Wetland Ecosystem Research Station of Hangzhou Bay, State Forestry Administration, to examine the effects of glyphosate at seven concentration levels (0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8 mL·L^-1) on the growth and interspecific competition of S. canadensis and I. cylindrica.
Important findings (1) Glyphosate treatment significantly inhibited the growth of S. canadensis and I. cylindrica (p < 0.05). During the test, cumulative growth of height and leaf number of S. canadensis were apparently reduced with the increase of glyphosate concentration, but the leaf number of S. canadensis treated with 0.3- 1.5 mL·L^-1 glyphosate was re-growing with time, while the one treated with 1.8 mL·L^-1was mostly dead. The withering rate of tiller and green leaf of I. cylindrica also significantly increased with the increase of glyphosate concentration, and the growth indices of this plant treated with 0.3-0.6 mL·L^-1 were also re-growing with time. (2) Glyphosate treatment significantly affected interspecific competition (p < 0.05), which diminished as the glyphosate concentration increased. (3) Interspecific competition has significant influence on the biomass allocation of S. canadensis (p < 0.05). When facing competition, S. canadensis would allocate more organic matter to root and thus increase the ratio of root to shoot. Competition only inhibited the tiller number and total biomass of I. cylindrica, but insignificantly affected its ratio of root to shoot. (4) The interaction between glyphosate treatment and S. canadensis-I. cylindrica interspecific relationship also significantly influenced the biomass of S. canadensis and I. cylindrica (p < 0.05), but insignificantly affected the root/shoot ratio of two plants. Different plants have different tolerance to glyphosate stress. Compared with native plant I. cylindrica, S. canadensis has stronger tolerance to glyphosate. Low-concentration glyphosate could decrease the competitive intensity between S. canadensis and I. cylindrica, which may disturb the structure and dynamics of plant communities.

Key words: herbicide, invasive plant, native plant, growth, interspecific relationship

Chun-Feng GU, Xiao-Qi YE, Ming WU, Xue-Xin SHAO, Sheng-Wu JIAO. Effects of glyphosate on interspecific competition between Solidago canadensis and Imperata cylindrica[J]. Chin J Plan Ecolo, 2017, 41(4): 439-449.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2016.0331

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2017/V41/I4/439

Figures/Tables 7

Table 1 Plant mortality rate of Solidago canadensis and Imperata cylindrica treated with different concentrations of glyphosate (mean ± SE)

草甘膦处理 Glyphosate treatment	植株死亡率 Plant mortality rate (%)
草甘膦处理 Glyphosate treatment	单种加拿大一枝黄花 S. canadensis grown in monoculture	混种加拿大一枝黄花 S. canadensis grown in mixture	单种白茅 I. cylindrica grown in monoculture	混种白茅 I. cylindrica grown in mixture
G0	0.00 ± 0.00^aA	0.00 ± 0.00^aA	0.00 ± 0.00^aA	0.00 ± 0.00^aA
G0.3	0.00 ± 0.00^aA	0.00 ± 0.00^aA	0.00 ± 0.00^aA	0.00 ± 0.00^aA
G0.6	14.28 ± 10.71^aA	0.00 ± 0.00^aB	14.29 ± 9.22^bA	14.29 ± 9.22^aA
G0.9	7.14 ± 4.61^aA	7.14 ± 7.14^aA	39.29 ± 12.02^bA	7.14 ± 7.14^aA
G1.2	25.00 ± 14.43^abA	0.00 ± 0.00^aB	71.43 ± 12.71^cA	50.00 ± 15.43^bA
G1.5	21.43 ± 8.50^abA	50.00 ± 10.91^bA	89.29 ± 7.43^cA	57.14 ±14.86^bcB
G1.8	46.43 ± 14.86^bA	64.29 ± 14.28^bA	92.86 ± 7.14^cA	85.71 ± 9.2^bA

Fig. 1 The growth indices of Solidago canadensis after spraying glyphosate at different growth stages (mean ± SE). A, B, S. canadensis grown in monoculture. C, D, S. canadensis grown in mixture. G0, G0.3, G0.6, G0.9, G1.2, G1.5 and G1.8 see Table 1.

Fig. 2 The growth indices of Imperata cylindrica after spraying glyphosate at different growth stages (mean ± SE). A, B, I. cylindrica grown in monoculture. C, D, I. cylindrica grown in mixture. G0, G0.3, G0.6, G0.9, G1.2, G1.5 and G1.8 see Table 1.

Table 2 Effects of planting method and glyphosate treatment on the growth of Solidago canadensis and Imperata cylindrica

生长指标 Growth index	种植方式 Planting method		草甘膦处理 Glyphosate treatment		交互作用 Interaction
生长指标 Growth index	F	p	F	p	F	p
加拿大一枝黄花 S. canadensis
总生物量 Total biomass	69.695	0.000^**	20.433	0.000^**	2.965	0.011^*
地上生物量 Aboveground biomass	82.594	0.000^**	20.185	0.000^**	0.473	0.030^*
地下生物量 Underground biomass	22.363	0.000^**	11.761	0.000^**	2.881	0.013^*
株高 Plant height	18.520	0.000^**	18.010	0.000^**	3.000	0.010^*
绿叶数 Green leaf number	0.604	0.439	11.192	0.000^**	1.621	0.151
根冠比 Root /shoot ratio	6.773	0.011^*	0.826	0.553	1.643	0.145
植株死亡率 Plant mortality rate	0.012	0.912	11.057	0.000^**	2.336	0.039^*
白茅 I. cylindrica
总生物量 Total biomass	37.776	0.000^**	37.701	0.000^**	7.802	0.000^**
地上生物量 Aboveground biomass	32.195	0.000^**	29.126	0.000^**	5.642	0.000^**
地下生物量 Underground biomass	36.954	0.000^**	36.851	0.000^**	8.675	0.000^**
分蘖数 Tiller number	13.195	0.000^**	50.831	0.000^**	5.75	0.000^**
绿叶长度 Length of green leaf	1.379	0.244	52.523	0.000^**	1.254	0.288
根冠比 Root/shoot ratio	0.615	0.435	0.599	0.730	2.357	0.058
植株死亡率 Plant mortality rate	5.242	0.025^**	34.112	0.000^**	0.971	0.450

Fig. 3 Effects of different concentrations of glyphosate on total biomass (A), aboveground biomass (B), belowground biomass (C) and root/shoot ratio (D) of Solidago canadensis (mean ± SE). Different lowercase letters indicate that the indices are significantly different among different concentrations of glyphosate (p < 0.05) for plants grown in monocultures. Different uppercase letters indicate that the indices are significantly different among different concentrations of glyphosate (p < 0.05) for plants grown in mixtures. G0, G0.3, G0.6, G0.9, G1.2, G1.5 and G1.8 see Table 1.

Fig. 4 Effects of different concentrations of glyphosate on total biomass (A), aboveground biomass (B), belowground biomass (C) and root/shoot ratio (D) of Imperata cylindrica (mean ± SE). Different lowercase letters indicate that the indices are significantly different among different concentrations of glyphosate (p < 0.05) for plants grown in monocultures. Different uppercase letters indicate that the indices are significantly different among different concentrations of glyphosate (p < 0.05) for plants grown in mixtures. G0, G0.3, G0.6, G0.9, G1.2, G1.5 and G1.8 see Table 1.

Fig. 5 Effects of different concentrations of glyphosate on the relative yields of Solidago canadensis (A) and Imperata cylindrica (B) (mean ± SE). Different lowercase letters indicate that relative yields are significantly different among different concentrations of glyphosate (p < 0.05). G0, G0.3, G0.6, G0.9, G1.2, G1.5 and G1.8 see Table 1.

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