Progress of plant-soil feedback in ecology studies

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2023.0055

Abstract

Abstract:

Plant-soil feedback experiment is an important way for studying plant-soil biota interactions. Plant growth can change soil physical, chemical, and biotic properties in ways that then alter subsequent plant performance, population fluctuation, and community dynamics. This process, referred to as “plant-soil feedback” (PSF), might play a key role in biodiversity maintenance, sustainable agriculture development, and ecological restoration. In this review, we first provide an overview of the concept and research methods of PSF. Second, we review the research progress of the role of PSF in the maintenance of plant species diversity, plant community succession, plant invasions and range shifts, ecological response to climate change, above- and below-ground multitrophic interactions, ecosystem restoration, and crop performance in different cropping systems. We suggest three directions for future PSF studies, including: (1) the transition from single-species to community-level interactions between plants and soil biota; (2) the test of PSF experiments in field conditions; (3) the expansion of theoretical knowledge into ecological practice.

Key words: soil-borne pathogens, mycorrhizal fungi, negative density-dependent effect, community succession, biological invasion, above- and below-ground interaction, ecological restoration, agricultural cropping system

ZHAO Rong-Jiang, CHEN Tao, DONG Li-Jia, GUO Hui, MA Hai-Kun, SONG Xu, WANG Ming-Gang, XUE Wei, YANG Qiang. Progress of plant-soil feedback in ecology studies[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2023, 47(10): 1333-1355.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2023.0055

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2023/V47/I10/1333

Figures/Tables 6

Fig. 1 An illustration of plant-soil feedback. Soil α and soil β represent the soil biological community conditioned by the growth of species A and B, respectively. αA and βB represent the conspecific plant-soil feedback through changes in the soil biological community of species A on species A and vice versa. αB and βA represent the heterospecific plant-soil feedback through changes in the soil biological community of species A on species B and vice versa.

Fig. 2 Two-phase experiments of plant-soil feedback. In the conditioning stage, species A and B are grown in homogeneous soil for a period of time, which results in species-specific soil biological communities, namely soil α and soil β, respectively. In the feedback stage, the new individuals of species A are planted in the conspecific soil conditioned by species A and the heterospecific soil conditioned by species B, and so are species B. After growing for a period of time, the performances of species A and B in the conspecific soil (αA, βB) and the heterospecific soil (βA, αB) are measured. Unconditioned or sterilized soil (soil γ) as a control. The performances of species A and B in the soil γ are recorded as γA and γB.

Table 1 Research methods and factors influencing feedback results in plant-soil feedback

阶段 Phase	研究方法 Research method	影响因素 Influence factor
驯化阶段 Conditioning phase	在温室、室外盆栽或大田中人工栽培特定植物/群落; 或是直接选取特定植物长期生长下的自然土壤 Cultivation of specific plants in a greenhouse, outdoor pot, or field plot; or the selection of natural soil under the long-term growth of specific plants	植物的功能特性、丰度、物种组成和多样性、植物根系分泌物和凋落物的成分及数量等 Plant functional characteristics, abundance, species composition and diversity, component and quantity of plant root exudates and litters, etc.
反馈阶段 Feedback phase	比较植物在“自身驯化后的土壤”和“其他植物驯化后的土壤”中的生长差异 Compare the performance of plants growing in “own soil” and “foreign soil”	土壤微生物群落组成及其特异性、土壤食物网中各功能群多样性和物种丰度等 The composition and specificity of soil microbial community, functional group diversity and species abundance in soil food web, etc.
	比较灭菌与未灭菌土壤中新种植的植物的生长表现 Compare the performance of newly planted plants growing in sterilized and unsterilized soil
	比较全土灭菌与全土灭菌+接种土壤微生物造成的植物生长差异 Compare the performance of plants growing in “sterilized whole-soil with soil microorganism inoculum” and “sterilized whole-soil”
	通过土壤杀真菌剂、杀细菌剂、杀线虫剂等探究土壤特定生物类群在植物-土壤反馈中所起的作用 Explore the role of soil specific biota group in plant-soil feedback by applying soil fungicides, bactericides, and nematicides
	采用湿筛法分离土壤, 将得到的大小不同的土壤有机体分别接种到灭菌土壤中来检验土壤中不同粒径大小的生物类群对植物-土壤反馈的影响 Separate soil by the wet sieving method and inoculate soil organisms of different sizes into sterilized soil to test the effects of different-sized soil biota groups on plant-soil feedback

Table 1 Research methods and factors influencing feedback results in plant-soil feedback

阶段 Phase	研究方法 Research method	影响因素 Influence factor
驯化阶段 Conditioning phase	在温室、室外盆栽或大田中人工栽培特定植物/群落; 或是直接选取特定植物长期生长下的自然土壤 Cultivation of specific plants in a greenhouse, outdoor pot, or field plot; or the selection of natural soil under the long-term growth of specific plants	植物的功能特性、丰度、物种组成和多样性、植物根系分泌物和凋落物的成分及数量等 Plant functional characteristics, abundance, species composition and diversity, component and quantity of plant root exudates and litters, etc.
反馈阶段 Feedback phase	比较植物在“自身驯化后的土壤”和“其他植物驯化后的土壤”中的生长差异 Compare the performance of plants growing in “own soil” and “foreign soil”	土壤微生物群落组成及其特异性、土壤食物网中各功能群多样性和物种丰度等 The composition and specificity of soil microbial community, functional group diversity and species abundance in soil food web, etc.
	比较灭菌与未灭菌土壤中新种植的植物的生长表现 Compare the performance of newly planted plants growing in sterilized and unsterilized soil
	比较全土灭菌与全土灭菌+接种土壤微生物造成的植物生长差异 Compare the performance of plants growing in “sterilized whole-soil with soil microorganism inoculum” and “sterilized whole-soil”
	通过土壤杀真菌剂、杀细菌剂、杀线虫剂等探究土壤特定生物类群在植物-土壤反馈中所起的作用 Explore the role of soil specific biota group in plant-soil feedback by applying soil fungicides, bactericides, and nematicides
	采用湿筛法分离土壤, 将得到的大小不同的土壤有机体分别接种到灭菌土壤中来检验土壤中不同粒径大小的生物类群对植物-土壤反馈的影响 Separate soil by the wet sieving method and inoculate soil organisms of different sizes into sterilized soil to test the effects of different-sized soil biota groups on plant-soil feedback

Fig. 3 Plant-soil feedback and plant community succession. The feedback effect of soil organisms on plants at each succession stage affects the species substitution in the process of plant succession. The red arrow indicates the negative feedback effect of soil organisms on plants, and the green arrow indicates the positive feedback effect of soil organisms on plants. The thickness of the arrow indicates the strength of the feedback effect. +, positive influence; -, negative influence.

Fig. 4 Plant-soil feedback and plant invasion. Invasive exotic plant species can switch from negative plant-soil feedback caused by soil-borne pathogens in their native range to positive feedback caused by beneficial soil microorganisms or soil nutrients in their invasive range. The red arrow indicates the negative feedback effect of soil organisms on plants and the green arrow indicates the positive feedback effect of soil organisms on plants. The thickness of the arrow indicates the strength of the feedback effect. The black arrow indicates having influence. “+” means positive influence.

Fig. 5 Pant-soil feedback effects on above- and below-ground multitrophic interactions. The aboveground or belowground herbivory in the conditioning phase may cause feedback on the growth performance or defense characteristics of plants that grow later in the soil by affecting the composition of soil biological communities. The aboveground or belowground herbivory in the feedback phase may affect the growth performance and defense characteristics of plants in the feedback phase. The plant-soil feedback effect could further affect the growth performance of aboveground herbivores.

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